Mount Wutai - the fourth of the four famous mountains of Chinese Buddhism

 五台山

——中国佛教四大名山之四

Mount Wutai, located in the northeast of Shanxi Province, is at the northern end of the Taihang Mountains. Wutai County, Fanshi County, Dai County, Yuanping County and Dingxiang County across Xinzhou District cover more than 500 kilometers in a week. The central area is Taihuai Town, 90 kilometers from Wutai County, 160 kilometers from Xinzhou City, and 240 kilometers from Taiyuan City, the capital of Shanxi Province.

Mount Wutai is one of the earliest land on the earth. Its breeding can be traced back to 2.6 billion years ago in the Archaean era. In the Sinian period, it also experienced the famous "Wutai Uplift" movement, forming the most magnificent mountains in North China. During the Quaternary period, glaciers covered Mount Wutai, leaving precious periglacial landforms. The Wutai Mountain strata are complete and rich. In particular, the Precambrian strata, with typical development, have become the key areas for research and comparison across the country. Most of the stratigraphic formations in Wutai Mountain are named after the mountains, waters, villages and towns in the region, which fully shows their role in the geological position.

Mount Wutai is the highest peak in North China, with the lowest elevation of only 624 meters and the highest elevation of 3061 meters. The nature has created many unique landscapes for cockroaches and crisscross peaks and ridges.

Qifeng Lingya is everywhere, and there are more than 50 famous people. After sprinkling the writing cliff with water, wipe it carefully with a handkerchief, and the cliff surface will show handwriting similar to seal script and official script, and the water dry character is hidden. Someone has removed the cuticle layer, but the words can still be erased from the lower layer. There are different characters. It is reported that he once found the joint sentence of "the three treasures of the sky, the sun, the moon and the stars, the three treasures of the earth, the water, fire and wind, and the three treasures of the human essence, qi and spirit".

Clear springs and green pools are inlaid with mountains. There are more than 20 places that have been praised as having aura in history. Among them, Yueyu Grottoes is located on the cliff, with a diameter of about feet. Every year around the Tomb Sweeping Day, there are fish crowding out of the cave with the flowing water, even breaking their bodies and exposing their gills, until May and June. The big fish is more than jin, and the small tail is two. Most of them are carp and crucian carp, which are very delicious. Zhang Shen of the Qing Dynasty described it as "no hawks and cranes are allowed to cross the river, but whales and carp are coming. The wind may break the wall, and the water may cause thunder".

There are more than thirty wonderful stones in the Buddha Cave. Among them, cow heart stone is like cow liver. It is said that the ox demon king returns to Buddhism and cultivates good fruit. His wife, Luo Cha, is in love with her, so she is here to catch up. The ox demon king committed suicide by caesarean section to clarify his mind. Later, it will be turned into this stone, which can cure heart disease after being scraped and eaten. Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty toured Mount Wutai, and Cong subjects competed for chiseling. Emperor Kangxi wrote the word "time", which means that although the stone is big, the time is ruthless, arbitrary chiseling will inevitably destroy the scenic spots.

Qingliang Mountain Annals describes Mount Wutai as follows: "The cool mountain is the character of the Great Man Manjusri." According to the Yan Dynasty, it is a vast number of states in the four passes, with a circumference of more than 500 miles. It is adjacent to Hengyue on the left, showing thousands of peaks; it is overlooking Hutuo and Changliu on the right; it is the purple fortress in the north, which suppresses thousands of miles of smoke and dust; it is surrounded by the Central Plains in the south, which is the shield of a large country. The situation of the mountain is inexplicable. The five peaks are neutral, with thousands of obstacles open. The winding is graceful, and the long stream is locked. The green and blue mountains are folded, and the mountains are heavy. It is towering and thick, There is nothing like him, so he looks like a man. In the meantime, the spring resounds and thousands of gullies fly. Jiamu is dense, and thousands of mountains are spreading. It is a mysterious thing, storing and releasing clouds and dragons. It is no more than the abode of Brahman. The hidden ring is full of real people's houses. Although the cold wind is strong, the auspicious grass competes for fragrance. Snow flies in summer, and famous flowers compete. White clouds clot in the Chengjiang River. The sun will rise to see the sea. This is the usual situation. " The beautiful scenery of Mount Wutai can be said to be passed down through the ages.

The most wonderful natural landscape of Mount Wutai is that the "round light" reflects the shadow of tourists. The general rainbow, which is arc-shaped, usually occurs after rainfall. If it doesn't rain in Wutai Mountain, there will also be a rainbow in a circle. Sometimes the circle can reach two circles inside and outside. What is more strange is that in the colorful circle, there will be various landscapes, such as birds, animals, halls, Buddha statues, and even observers themselves. This natural landscape, which is a combination of physical, geographical, meteorological and other conditions, is magnificent and mysterious, and has always been regarded by religious circles as "the treasure of the mountain".

There are more than 600 plant species in Wutai Mountain. Among them, there are nearly 400 kinds of high-quality forage grass, forming a unique natural pasture, leading to the "June Mule and Horse Conference" with a long history. There are more than 200 flowering plants with ornamental value. In the Tang Dynasty, Wu Zetian visited her family and heard that the Buddha's flowers were different. She transplanted many precious flowers and plants from Mount Wutai and planted them in the imperial garden. There are more than 150 kinds of medicinal plants, among which Taishen, Huangmao, Huangling and other medicinal materials are of high quality and famous at home and abroad. Mushroom, a fungus plant, is both a precious medicine and a delicacy. It has been honored as a tribute in history, and today it has become a good gift for relatives and friends. Climbing Mount Wutai in summer and autumn, the flowers are in full bloom. In the ancient cave in the shadow of the mountains, you can also enjoy "thousands of years of ice" and "thousands of years of snow", which can be described as "playing cool and refreshing, four seasons of wind and snow flying, and the world of silver; grand bliss, the lotus flower opens in June, turning into the golden universe".

Wutai Mountain, the first known as Wufeng Mountain, means that five main peaks are suddenly pulled up in the mountains. After the popularity of religious activities in the mountains, it was found that "the five peaks rose without trees on the top, like a platform built on earth". According to the development and evolution of "Taiwan" in Chinese history, it was renamed Wutai Mountain. In addition, Mount Wutai also has other aliases such as Qingliang Mountain, Zifu Mountain, Yuanguang Mountain, Baiyun Mountain, Yanmen Mountain, Lingjiu Mountain, Wuding Mountain, Wulong Mountain, etc. According to historical facts, classics and legends, it is full of interest.

The five main peaks of Mount Wutai are named after the five directions. They are called Dongtai, Beitai, Xitai, Nantai and Zhongtai respectively. The five platforms have fingers, and the east platform looks at the sea peak and the west platform hangs on the moon peak are always the same. The other three have changed in history. Beitai was originally designated as Dahuang Jianshan and later changed to Ye Doufeng; In the middle stage, it was first set as Ye Doufeng and later changed to Cuiyan Peak; Nantai was first designated as Cuiyan Peak, then changed to Gunantai, and finally was designated as Jinxiu Peak. The change of Wutai refers to the religious activities in history. It is an objective reflection of the development from north to south.

There are five main peaks of Mount Wutai today. The east, north, west and middle are a series of mountains, and the south is an independent peak. The mountain rocks are mainly composed of gneiss, marble and quartzite, with high strength and are not easy to denude. The formation of a gentle mountaintop, landing aircraft; The valley is deep and U-shaped. The five terraces have their own landscapes. In the east, there are Liyue fire beads, in the north, there are Yujian agar, in the west, there are Linong Yaoshi, in the south, there are Dongguang bead trees, and in the middle, there are self-bright gold and the wall of ring light. Yuan Haowen, a poet of a generation, exclaimed: "This scene should only be in the sky. How could you know that you are at the wonderful peak?".

The famous Haifeng in Dongtai, with an altitude of 2795 meters, is like a ridge at the top, and the Wanghai Temple is built around the three miles. Standing on the platform, you can see that the clouds and mist are diffused in the mountains, revealing the peaks. The scene is like a floating boat on the sea. The sea of clouds is sometimes calm and soft as silk; Sometimes it billows up and down, and clouds billow. The peaks of the cloud sea appear and disappear from time to time, as if floating in the waves. When you climb to the top and watch the sunrise, you can see a red sun leaping out of the sea of clouds. The sea and sky are red, like red damask, which is spectacular.

Nantai is known as the Splendid Peak, with an altitude of 2485 meters. If the top is covered with a bowl, there is a Puji Temple built around Monday. "Cool Mountain Annals" said: "The mountain peaks are steep, the smoke is light and green, the grass is mixed with flowers, and the mountains are covered, and the brocade is still spread, so it is named."

Xitai is named Hangyue Peak, with an altitude of 2773 meters and a flat and wide top. On Tuesday, there was a Farei Temple. When the bright moon sets in the west, it looks like a hanging mirror.

Beitai is known as Yedou Peak, with an altitude of 300058 meters. It is the "first peak in North China". Its top is flat and wide. On Thursday, there was a Lingying Temple. There is a folk saying that "lie on the top of the north platform and touch the stars". According to the Qingliang Mountain Annals, "It looks up at the bottom and touches the dipper on the top, so it is named. The wind, clouds and thunderstorms come from the half of the mountain. Sometimes there is a shower below, and it is sunny on the top... Sometimes there is a fierce wind and thunder, which is terrifying. There is a strong wind, which blows people into the stream, like withered leaves. Look at the sea air in the east and the desert in the north."

The middle platform is called Cuiyan Peak, with an altitude of 2894 meters and a flat and wide top. On Friday, there is a performance temple. The peak is connected with the north and west platforms, overlooking Jinyang Plain in the south and Yanmen Pass in the north. The peaks are majestic and the green mist is floating in the sky, so it is named Cuiyan Peak.

Mount Wutai is a famous Buddhist holy land at home and abroad. It is known as the four famous Buddhist mountains in China, together with Mount Emei in Sichuan, Mount Jiuhua in Anhui and Mount Putuo in Zhejiang. Mount Wutai, with its long history and large scale, ranks first among the four famous Buddhist mountains. From ancient times to modern times, emperors worshipped the building, eminent monks acted well, and countless Chinese and foreign Buddhist believers and tourists came in droves to worship the Buddha and visit the mountains.

The five peaks are towering, the tops are flat and wide, and the thousands of peaks are open in a ring. They are graceful and graceful, and Buddhism regards them as the spiritual district of Foshan. The Mahayana Sutra says: "There is a place in the northeast, named Qingliang Mountain. Since the past, all the Bodhisattvas have stopped in it. The existing Bodhisattvas, named Manjusri Shili, and their relatives, all the Bodhisattvas, are 10000 people. They often speak in it." "The Buddha told Vajra that the main message was: 'After I perished, there was the name of the country, Da Zhenna, in the northeast of the former Fubu Island, including the mountains and the five peaks of the sun. Manjushri children, who marched and lived for all sentient beings, said in the middle." Da Zhenna, or the kingdom of Sindan, both refer to China. Manjusri Shili, or Manjusri Shili, is a transliteration of Sanskrit, one of the Mahayana Bodhisattvas of Buddhism, sometimes referred to as Manjusri, sometimes referred to as Manjusri Boy, all of which refer to various adaptations. In the Huayan Sutra, Manjusri Bodhisattva and Samantabhadra Bodhisattva are both regarded as the threatening servants of Sakyamuni Buddha. Manjusri Bodhisattva is on the left, and his statues mostly ride lions. General Buddhist scriptures record that Mount Wutai is the place where Manjusri Bodhisattva performs his teachings.

Sakyamuni, the founder of Buddhism, was born in the ancient Indian state of Kapila Wei (present Nepal) from the seventh to sixth century BC. Sakyamuni's surname is Jotama and his name is Siddhartha. After becoming a Buddha, Sakyamuni is called Buddha, which means the enlightened. Because his family is Sakyamuni, he is generally called Sakyamuni, which means the sage of Sakyamuni. Sakyamuni was a prince. He once married and had children, and later became a monk. After becoming a Taoist priest, he traveled all over ancient India to publicize his teachings. His disciples also increased. According to the scriptures, the Buddha said that there is a mountain in the northeast called Wuding. The left flank of Sakyamuni Buddha, the Manjusri Bodhisattva who specializes in "wisdom", said in the middle. Therefore, Wutai Mountain, as a Buddhist holy land, is also famous at home and abroad.

At what time did Mount Wutai begin to build temples? According to many ancient books, there were temple buildings in Mount Wutai during the Yongping period of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is said that Liu Zhuang, the Ming Emperor of the Han Dynasty, dreamed that the golden man was sitting on the auspicious cloud and floating from the western sky. Knowing that there was a Buddha's feeling, he immediately sent ministers such as Cai An and Qin Jing to visit the west to worship the Buddha. Cai, Qin and others got the Buddhist scriptures and statues in Dayue, and happened to meet Gao Zengcheng Moten and Zhufran of Tianzhu (now India), who were preaching in the local area, and invited them to China. In the tenth year of Yongping (AD 67), Buddhist monks and Han envoys arrived in Luoyang with scriptures and Buddha statues on white horses. When Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty saw the Buddha of Sakyamuni, as he had seen in his dream, he believed in Buddhism more and more, so he ordered the construction of the White Horse Temple in Luoyang, and took pictures of Motem and Zhu Flange to spread Buddhism in China. In the eleventh year of Yongping, the two eminent monks came to Wutai Mountain, a cool holy land, and saw the inner platform surrounded by five platform tops. Its mountain shape and landform were indistinguishable from that of Shakyamuni Buddha's practice site, Lingjiu Mountain. After returning to Luoyang, they asked Emperor Ming of Han Dynasty to build a temple on Wutai Mountain. Therefore, Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty issued an order to build Dafu Lingzhao Temple on Mount Wutai. Dafu means Hongxin. The temple is called Lingjiu, which means that the hinterland of Wutai Mountain in the eastern region is similar to Lingjiu Mountain in the western region. In this way, Luoyang White Horse Temple and Dafu Lingjiu Temple in Wutai Mountain became the earliest temples in China. Dafu Lingzhao Temple is the predecessor of Xiantong Temple.

Historically, with the spread of Buddhism, the worship of emperors, and the good deeds of eminent monks, Mount Wutai has become more and more famous as the Manjusri Bodhisattva ashram, and its status has become higher and higher. There are more and more temple buildings, and the scale is becoming larger and larger. There were also ups and downs of Buddhism, and the situation was different in different periods. Since the time of Emperor Ming of the Han Dynasty, when he took pictures of Moten and Zhufang to promote Buddhism and built the Dafu Lingjiu Temple, more than 200 temples have been built in Wutai Mountain during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The destruction of temples in Wutai Mountain and other places is very serious. In the early Sui Dynasty, temples were rebuilt again, and Buddhism revived. In the Tang Dynasty, when Buddhism flourished, there were more than 360 temples in Mount Wutai. The Emperor Wuzong of the Tang Dynasty would destroy the Dharma, and the Buddhism of Mount Wutai fell into the middle, and the number of temples decreased. In the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan dynasties, although they were built repeatedly, they were not fully recovered due to the destruction of war. In the Ming Dynasty, Buddhism revived, and more than 100 temples, monasteries and nunneries were rebuilt and built in Mount Wutai. Since the Qing Dynasty, with the introduction of Lamaism to Mount Wutai, some Qing temples have been changed to Huang temples, and new Huang temples have been built. The two temples have their own characteristics, and the monks of Han, Tibetan, Mongolian and Manchu nationalities live in harmony. Since the founding of New China. The Party and the state have correctly implemented religious policies, attached great importance to the protection of cultural relics, and have allocated a large amount of funds to repair and renovate temples. Monks also use temples to maintain temples, and use alms to supplement the statues. Rebuild the halls and tidy the temples. "When you pick up a stalk of grass casually, it is always a golden lion". Mount Wutai has made great contributions to the development of Chinese Buddhism.

Mount Wutai was the center of studying the Huayan Sutra in the northern region during the Gaoqi period. Chengguan, an eminent monk in the Tang Dynasty, developed the Huayan character to its peak. He was once the teacher of the seven emperors, and was granted the title of "Professor Monk", "Cool National Teacher" and so on. He was honored as the fourth ancestor of Huayan Sect. The real prosperity of Huayan Sect was in the Chengguan period. According to Manjusri Bodhisattva in the Huayan Sutra, the ashram is in the Qingliang Mountain in the northeast. Mount Wutai is not only in the northeast of Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, but also in the northeast of ancient India, the birthplace of Buddhism. The climate in the mountain is covered with ice every year, and it still snows in summer, and there was no heat, which is consistent with what is said in the Huayan Sutra. For all these reasons, Mount Wutai Buddhism invited Manjusri to settle in the east, renamed Mount Wutai as Qingliang Mountain, and respected as the ashram where the Manjusri Bodhisattva carried his family members, marched and lived, and taught. After that, a detailed study of Manjusri Bodhisattva was carried out, making the image of Manjusri Bodhisattva continuously tall and plump, and finally rising to "the teacher of the seven Buddhas" and "the mother of the three Buddhas". Wutai Mountain has become the most worshipped Buddhist god by Buddhist believers of all nationalities, and is also honored as the "golden world" and "cool and clean place". On the basis of learning and inheriting ancient Indian Buddhism, Mount Wutai Buddhism, according to China's national conditions, created a different belief in Bodhisattva from ancient Indian Buddhism, and achieved a high degree of harmony and unity from the combination of Buddhist theory and Buddhist practice. It has played a typical exemplary role in the final formation of the four famous mountains. In the development history of Chinese Buddhism, it has great influence.

Located at the foot of the Great Wall and at the junction of the farming and nomadic peoples in history, Mount Wutai has always been highly valued by the feudal royal family. Since Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty established a summer resort in the mountains, Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty, Emperor Yingzong of the Yuan Dynasty, Emperor Shengzong of the Qing Dynasty, Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty, and others have all traveled to Mount Wutai. As for the emperors and empresses of the past dynasties who sent envoys to the Wutai Mountain, they were even more numerous. When you open the history books of the major temples in Mount Wutai, the word "imperial construction" is always written on the first page. Senior officials and dignitaries followed suit. Writers and writers, brush and express their feelings. The Buddhism often meets the Longmen people, and the Zen forest gathers the Hanlin people, which is the true portrayal of the history of Mount Wutai. Because of this, Mount Wutai Buddhism, with its special position and effect in the history of Chinese thought, has always played a vital role in the issue of national unity and integration in the northern region. If the Great Wall is the product of national confrontation, Mount Wutai Buddhism is the symbol of national integration.

Mount Wutai has always been a place where famous monks gather. Huiyuan, an eminent monk in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, was born in Yuanping County, at the eastern foot of Mount Wutai. Tanluan, Lingbian, Lingxiu, Facong and Jiafu in the Northern Wei Dynasty; Liu Qianzhi in the Northern Qi Dynasty; Huilong and liberation in Sui Dynasty; Daoxuan, Jianji, Huixiang, Chengguan, Fazhao and Jianzhen in the Tang Dynasty; Wisdom, enlightenment, and kindness in the Song Dynasty; Sutuo Shili, Huihong and Fachong in the Jin Dynasty; In the Yuan Dynasty, Basiba, Danba, Zhenjue, Liaoxing, Hongjiao, and Haiyun were the great masters; In the Ming Dynasty, the Great Treasure Dharma King, Miaofeng, Hanshan, Zibai, Zhencheng, Shida Yeshi, Ruxin, and so on. These famous masters in the history of Chinese Buddhism, either born locally, or lived in the mountains for many years, or practiced the mountain temple for life, have made outstanding contributions to the construction of Mount Wutai Buddhism, and even played a huge role in the development of Chinese Buddhism.

The prominent position of Mount Wutai in Chinese Buddhism has attracted many foreign Buddhist believers. During the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Mount Wutai became an institution of higher learning for foreign believers to study and listen to scriptures. After the Tang Dynasty, foreign eminent monks continued to pay homage to Mount Wutai. With its vigorous vitality, Mount Wutai Buddhism has been spreading its influence. During the reign of Zhenguan in the Tang Dynasty, Cizang, an eminent monk in the kingdom of Silla, came to Mount Wutai to learn. After returning to China, Mount Wutai was opened on the Korean Peninsula. Centered on the Zhenru Academy in Central Taiwan, it actively publicized the Manjusri faith and made the Manjusri faith in Mount Wutai in China blossom and bear fruit on the Korean peninsula. The country of Japan has been influenced by Mount Wutai Buddhism since Nara's time. Emperor Saiwu, following the sacred act of Empress Wu Zetian of China, also hung the plaque of the Great Huayan Temple on the south gate of the Great East Temple of Japan. The famous monk of Japan, Yuanren, has a detailed description of Mount Wutai Buddhism in his book "The Journey to the Tang Dynasty to Seek Dharma", which has a great influence in Japan. During the reign of Taiping and rejuvenating the country in the Song Dynasty of China, eminent monks from the Dongda Temple in the south of Japan came to China to worship Mount Wutai. After returning to China, it is planned to rename Aiyan Mountain as Wutai Mountain, and create the National University of Japan's Qingliang Temple, modeled on the oldest Daqingliang Temple in Wutai Mountain in China. It's a pity that when great wishes come, people will die first. His disciples asked the imperial court for permission to change the original Sakyamuni Hall in Qixia Temple to Qingliang Temple, which later became a famous temple integrating the world's beliefs. The ancient temple of Mount Wutai in China was moved to Japan. It can be said that the belief in Mount Wutai has spread to East Asia. Today, Mount Wutai Buddhism attracts a large number of Southeast Asian believers, and there is an endless stream of pilgrims to the mountain every year.

The Buddhist sects of Mount Wutai can be divided into two major systems: Qingjiao and Huangjiao. Qingjiao is the general name of Han Buddhism. There have been Faxiang Sect, Lv Sect, Tiantai Sect, Huayan Sect, Pure Land Sect, Tantra Sect, Zen Sect and its subordinate Linji Sect, Linjicha Sect, Caodong Sect, etc. In history, the monks of Xiantong Temple believed that the temple was founded in the hands of Motemflan, so they called the sect Motemflan. Its doctrine is the blending of Zen and Pure Land, and the era should not be earlier than the Ming Dynasty. Huangjiao is the general name of Tibetan Buddhism. The introduction of Wutai Mountain has been said in the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty, and reached the peak in the Qing Dynasty. In the early Qing Dynasty, the imperial court changed the ten green temples on Mount Wutai into yellow temples, and the monks also changed from monks to lamas. Since then, Han Lamas have appeared in Mount Wutai, which is rare in the country. In the Qing Dynasty, Mount Wutai Huangjiao was divided into two systems: Bodhisattva Dingzasak and Zhenhai Shouzhangjia. Monks have followers of Han, Manchu, Mongolian, Tibetan and Turkish nationalities, and become a holy place for national unity and harmonious coexistence.

There are two kinds of monastery organizations in Mount Wutai, namely, Sun Yat-sen and Shifang. The children's temple accepts young monks and ranks them in the order of Shizu, Shifu, apprentice and apprentice. A temple is divided into multiple families. In addition to the common property of the temple, each family can also have private property, such as houses, gold and silver, etc. After the death of the teacher, the apprentice should divide the inheritance. According to the strict regulations of the temple of descendants, the duties of the temple must be held by the monks of the temple. Family auction of private property must be sold to other families in the temple. Most of the temples in Mount Wutai are descendants' temples, which are the basic organizational form to maintain the lasting prosperity of Mount Wutai Buddhism. Shaving is not allowed in Shifang Temple. Monks are all called by their peers. When wandering monks enter the temple, they are a natural member of the temple. As long as you abide by the rules and have considerable ability, you can hold important posts. The famous Shifang Temple in Wutai Mountain includes Lion's Nest, Qingliang Bridge, Bishan Temple, Shifang Hall, etc. Among them, Bishan Temple has the greatest impact.

Mount Wutai Temple, known as more than 200 in the Northern Qi Dynasty. There are 64 famous people in the middle age of Tang Dynasty. During the reign of Song Jiayou, 72 famous people were found. In the 31st year of the Wanli reign of the Ming Dynasty (16O3), there are 90 steles, which are divided into four levels, including 12 big temples, 5 five-top temples, 39 small and medium-sized temples in the mountains, and 34 quiet names in the mountains and jungles. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, 104 temples were collected in the renewal of the Qingliang Annals, of which 68 were called temples within the platform, and the five temples within the platform top were called temples within the platform; The five temples outside Taixiang are called Taiwai temples, with 36. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, among the temples in Mount Wutai, there were ten Qingmiao and ten Dahuang temples. Among the two green and yellow temples in the whole mountain, the leader is called the five places to go. There are three green temples, including Xiantong Temple, Tayuan Temple and Juxiang Temple; There are two yellow temples, namely Bodhisattva Summit and Luohou Temple. In 1956, 124 temples were found, including 99 Qingmiao and 25 Huangmiao. There are 43 existing temples, including 37 in the platform and 6 outside the platform.

Today, Mount Wutai has become a rare treasure house of ancient Chinese architecture.

The earliest preserved ancient temple wooden structures in China are relics of the Tang Dynasty. The main hall of Nanchan Temple and the east hall of Foguang Temple in Wutai Mountain are the ancestors and models of wood structure architecture in the Tang Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty, Song, Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming, Qing, and the Republic of China all left typical large wooden structures in Mount Wutai. The architecture of the Tang Dynasty is solemn and simple, the architecture of the Song Dynasty is soft and gorgeous, the architecture of the Liao and Jin Dynasties is bold to reduce the columns, the architecture of the Yuan Dynasty is extensive and natural, the architecture of the Ming Dynasty is strict, the architecture of the Qing Dynasty is luxurious and exquisite, and the architecture of the Republic of China is exquisite and complex. The ancient temple wooden structure buildings in Wutai Mountain have strong continuity of history, magnificent building scale, fine detail components, various styles and typical techniques, which are unique in the country. It can be said that the typical buildings in various historical periods preserved in Wutai Mountain are themselves a vast history of wooden structures in ancient Chinese temples.

There are many pagodas and pagodas on Mount Wutai. In terms of materials used, there are brick towers, stone towers, glass towers, wooden towers, iron towers, copper towers, silver towers, jade towers, crystal towers, etc; From the perspective of architectural form, there are car-block wave tower, dense eave tower, pavilion-type tower, pavilion-type tower, Vajra throne tower, and combined tower; In terms of nature, it can be divided into pagodas and tombs. Among the pagodas are Buddhist relics pagodas, spiritual traces pagodas and general worship pagodas. The tomb tower can be divided into Gaozeng tomb tower and general memorial tower; From the perspective of time, the earliest one is the Stone Pagoda of the Northern Wei Dynasty, which has been built in various periods since then. The latest one is the Buddhist relics pagoda built in recent years for the monks who have passed away from Mount Wutai; From the perspective of scale, the larger one is 56.4 meters high, piercing the sky, and trying to compete with the sky. The small one is only 0.05 meters, exquisite and exquisite. From the point of view of the value of the existing pagodas in the country, the Yuanjian Ayu King Pagoda in Yuanguo Temple, the Sakyamuni Buddhist relics pagoda in Tayuan Temple, the combined copper pagoda in Xiantong Temple, and the "Huayan Sutra" character pagoda are all rare treasures, which can be unique. The towers of Mount Wutai have a long history, a large number, a wide range of materials, a complete range of forms and a complex nature, which are rare in similar regions of the country.

The number of Buddha statues in Mount Wutai has reached 17445 after only 37 temples were investigated by the relevant departments. I'm afraid the number of Buddha statues in the whole mountain will be doubled. In terms of materials used and production, it can be roughly divided into eight types: clay sculpture (including hanging sculpture and mold extension), metal casting (including iron, copper, gilding, gold), stone carving (including jade carving. It can be divided into full carving, relief, cliff stone carving), wood carving, porcelain firing, yarn extension, embroidery, and portrait (including mural, scroll painting, scroll illustration and leaf painting). The earliest Buddha statue is a relic of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the artistic technique of the Jaindra is obvious. The most Buddha statues are clay sculptures, which have been continuous since the Tang Dynasty, forming a unique and complete evolution system. The most rare is the 18 Arhats painted by Ding Yunpeng, a famous painter of the Ming Dynasty, on the leaves of Bodhi, a total of 12 paintings, including single-numbered paintings, double-numbered paintings, and meticulous heavy colors, in one volume. The Wutai Mountain Buddha has different materials, processes and techniques. The whole work is colorful and variegated, which enriches the Wutai Mountain into a rare treasure house of Buddha art.

There are a large number of bells, drums, bowls, plates, steles, tablets, buildings, plaques, plates, couplets, poems, essays, etc. preserved outside the Wutai Mountain Temple. Many of them are precious cultural relics of the country.

Mount Wutai is also a famous summer resort. In the sixth and seventh months of the lunar calendar, the sun is scorching and hot in the summer, but the climate of Mount Wutai is cool and pleasant. Here, the peaks and mountains are verdant, the Jiamu Cong cage, the wild flowers are blooming, the clear springs are everywhere, and the Jialan Temple is scattered among them. Occasionally, there is a gentle breeze blowing on people's cheeks, and white clouds in the blue sky float over their heads, sprinkling a burst of rain, and the sun is shining again, and the eyes are fresh. It's sunny in midsummer, the temperature is moderate, and it is slightly cooler in the morning and evening. It is really a satisfying pleasure to recuperate in this cool and holy land.

In short, Mount Wutai is magnificent and unique. There are many Buddhist temples and cultural relics in the territory. Among them, there are pine pavilions, gurgling springs, floating clouds and mists, and beautiful pavilions. The ancient temple is fragrant in the morning and evening, and the temple bells ring in the morning and evening. There are scenes everywhere and mysterious secrets lurking everywhere. The world praises that "Wutai returns without looking at the temple".

　五台山，位于山西省的东北部，属太行山系的北端。跨忻州地区的五台县、繁峙县、代县、原平县、定襄县，周五百余里。中心地区台怀镇，距五台县城90公里，忻州市160公里，山西省会太原市240公里。 
    
　　五台山，是地球上最早露出水面的陆地之一。它的孕育，可以追溯到太古代的26亿年以前。到震旦纪时期，又经历了著名的“五台隆起”运动，形成了华北地区最雄浑壮伟的山地。第四纪时期，冰川覆盖了五台山，至今留下了弥足珍贵的冰缘地貌。五台山地层，完整丰富。特别是前寒武系地层，发育典型，已经成为全国研究对比的重点地区。五台山境内的绝大部分地层组段，都是以本地区的山、水、村、镇命名，充分显示了其在地学位置中的作用。
    
　　五台山，最低处海拔仅624米，最高处海拔达3061米，为华北最高峰。层峦叠蟑，峰岭交错，大自然为其造就了许多独特的景观。
    
　　奇峰灵崖，随处皆是，著名者达五十余处。其中写字崖，用水洒湿以后，拿手帕仔细拭擦，崖面会显示出类似篆隶体字迹，水干字隐。有人曾揭去表皮石层，结果下层仍能擦出字来。层层有字，字字不同。据载曾发现过“天之三宝日月星，地之三宝水火风，人之三宝精气神”的联句。
    
　　清泉碧池，满山镶嵌，历史上誉为有灵气者二十余处。其中跃鱼石窟，位在山崖，径有尺许。每年清明节前后，窟中有鱼随流水拥挤而出，甚至于破身暴鳃，五六月后方止。鱼大者过斤，小尾数两，多为鲤鱼和鲫鱼，味道特美。清人张绅描述其为“不许鹰鹤渡，谁知鲸鲤来。冲风疑破壁，激水自生雷”。
    
　　佛洞妙石，得名者三十余处。其中牛心石，状如牛肝。传说牛魔王归依佛教，修成正果。其妻罗刹女情丝难断，追赶到此。牛魔王剖腹自杀，以明心迹。后化作此石，刮削石粉食后可疗心疾。清代康熙皇帝巡幸五台山，丛臣竞请凿取。康熙皇帝御笔“岁月”二字，意谓石头虽大，岁月无情，任意凿取，必然毁了名胜。
   
　　《清凉山志》是这样描述五台山的：“清凉山者，乃文殊大士之化字也。……雄据雁代，盘礴数州，在四关之中，周五百余里。左邻恒岳，秀出千峰；右瞰滹沱，长流一带；北陵紫塞，遏万里之烟尘；南拥中原，为大国之屏蔽。山之形势，难以尽言。五峰中立，千障环开。曲屈窈窕，锁千道之长溪。叠翠回岚，幕百重之峻岭。岿巍敦厚，他山莫比，故有大人状焉。其间，鸣泉历历，万壑奔飞。嘉木森森，千峦弥布。幽涵神物，蓄泄云龙。萦纡盘据，无非梵行之栖。隐显环匝，尽是真人之宅。虽寒风劲冽，瑞草争芳。积雪夏飞，名花竞发。白云凝布，在万里之澄江。杲日将升，见一陂之大海。此其常境也。”五台山的奇秀风光，可谓千古传诵。
    
　　五台山最奇妙的自然景观，莫过于“圆光”射游人之影。一般的彩虹，多发生在降雨以后，呈弧形。五台山天不下雨，也会出现彩虹，呈圆环状，有时圆环可达到内外两圈。更为奇特的是七彩圆环中，会出现各种景观，或飞禽、或跑兽、或殿堂、或佛像、甚至是观察者自己。这种由物理、地理、气象等诸条件综合巧汇成的自然景观，壮丽神秘，历来被宗教界视为“镇山之宝”。
    
　　五台山，植物品种多达600余种。其中优质牧草近400余种，形成了得天独厚的天然牧场，导致了历史悠久的“六月骡马大会”。有观赏价值的开花植物200多种。唐代武则天探家回并，闻听佛地花异，曾从五台山移植了许多名贵花草，栽种在御花园内。药用植物150余种，其中台参、黄茂、黄苓等药材质量上乘，名闻中外。菌类植物台顶香蘑，既是珍贵药品，又是食用佳肴。历史上被钦定为贡品，今天已成为馈赠亲友的上乘礼物。夏秋之季登临五台山，百花盛开，万紫千红。而在山阴古洞中，又可以欣赏到“千年冰”、“万年雪”，真可谓“敷演清凉，四时风雪飘飞，幻出银装世界；恢宏极乐，六月莲花始开，翻成金色乾坤”。
    
　　五台山，最早称五峰山，是说重山复岭中突兀拔起五座主峰。宗教活动在山内盛行以后，发现“五峰耸出，顶无林木，有如垒土之台”，依据中国历史上“台”的发展演变过程，改称为五台山。另外，五台山还有清凉山、紫府山、圆光山、白云山、雁门山、灵鹫山、五顶山、五龙山等别名。或据史实，或依经籍，或源传说，无不情趣盎然。
    

　　五台山的五座主峰，以五方来命名。分别称为东台、北台、西台、南台、中台。五台具指，东台望海峰、西合挂月峰始终如此。其余三台历史上曾发生过变化。北台，最早定为大黄尖山，后改为叶斗峰；中台，最早定为叶斗峰，后改为翠岩峰；南台，最早定为翠岩峰，继改为古南台，最后定为锦绣峰。五台具指的变迁，应是历史上宗教活动中。必由北向南发展的客观反映。
    
　　今五台山五座主峰，东台、北台、西台、中台为一列山脉，南台独立为峰。山石多为片麻岩、大理岩、石英岩组成，强度较大，不易剥蚀。形成了山顶平缓，可降飞机；沟谷纵深，状如U形的特殊风貌。五座台顶，又各具景观。东有离岳火珠，北有玉涧琼脂，西有丽农瑶室，南有洞光珠树，中峰则有自明之金，环光之壁。一代诗宗元好问惊叹：“此景祗应天上有，岂知身在妙高峰”。
    
　　东台名望海峰，海拔二千七百九十五米，顶端若鳌脊，环周三里，建有望海寺。伫立台项，可见云雾在群山中弥漫，露出点点山尖，其情景，有如海上浮舟。云海时而平静，轻柔如绢；时而上下翻腾，云浪滚滚。云海上的峰尖时隐时现，象是在急浪中飘游。登顶观日出，能见一轮红日跃出云海，海天一片通红，犹如红绫，煞是壮观。
    
　　南台名锦绣峰，海拔二千四百八十五米，顶端若覆盂，环周一里，建有普济寺。《清凉山志》称：“山峰耸峭，烟光凝翠，细草杂花，千峦弥布，犹铺锦然，故以名焉。”
    
　　西台名挂月峰，海拔二千七百七十三米，顶平广，周二里，建有法雷寺。由明月西沉时远望，有如悬镜而得名。
    
　　北台名叶斗峰，海拔三千零五十八米，为“华北第一峰”，其顶平广，周四里，建有灵应寺。民间有“躺在北台顶，伸手摸星星”的说法。《清凉山志》载：“其下仰视，巅摩斗杓，故以为名。风云雷雨，出自半麓。有时下方骤雨，其上曝晴……时或猛风怒雷，令人悚怖。尝有大风，吹人堕涧，若槁叶耳。东望海气，北眺沙漠。”
    
　　中台名翠岩峰，海拔二千八百九十四米，顶平广，周五里，建有演教寺。该峰与北台、西台接臂而座，南眺晋阳平川，北俯雁门雄关。巅峦伟峙，翠霭浮空，故名翠岩峰。
    
　　五台山是驰名中外的佛教圣地，与四川峨嵋山、安徽九华山、浙江普陀山，并称为我国佛教四大名山。而五台山，以其建寺历史悠久和规模宏大，居于佛教四大名山之首。古往今来，帝王崇建，高僧懿行，不可胜数，中外佛教信徒和游人纷至沓来，朝山礼佛和参观游览。
    
　　五峰巍然，顶皆平广，千峰环开，钟灵毓秀，佛家以此为佛山灵区。《大华严经》云：“东北方有处，名清凉山，从昔以来，诸菩萨众，于中止住。现有菩萨，名文殊师利，与其眷属，诸菩萨众，一万人俱，常在其中而演说法。”《宝藏陀罗尼经》也称：“佛告金刚密迹主言：‘我灭度后，于前赡部洲东北方，有国名大震那，其中有山，名日五顶。文殊童子，游行居住，为诸众生，于中说法。””大震那，或震旦国，都是指中国。文殊师利，或曼殊室利，是梵语音译，佛教大乘菩萨之一，有时称文殊大士，有时称文殊童子，都是指种种应化。《华严经》把文殊菩萨和普贤菩萨同作为释迦牟尼佛的胁侍，文殊菩萨侍左方，其塑像多骑狮子。一般的佛教经典都记载，五台山是文殊菩萨的演教之区。
    
　　释迦牟尼是佛教的创始人，出生于公元前七——六世纪古印度的迦毗罗卫国(今尼泊尔境内)。释迦牟尼姓乔答摩，名悉达多，成过后称为佛陀，略称为佛，意思就是觉悟者。因他的家系属释迦族，一般称他为释迦牟尼，意思就是释迦族圣者。释迦牟尼是王子，曾娶妻生子，后出家苦修，成道后旅行古印度各地，宣传他的教义，信徒弟子也越加增多。经典所载，佛说东北方有山曰五顶，释迦佛的左胁侍，专司“智慧”的文殊菩萨于中说法，因此，五台山作为佛教圣地也名扬海内外。
    
　　究竟在什么时代，五台山开始创建寺院呢？据多种古籍记载，五台山在东汉永平年间已有寺庙建筑。相传汉明帝刘庄夜梦金人端坐祥云，从西天飘然而来，知是有佛感应，随即派大臣蔡暗、秦景等人向西寻访，拜求佛法。蔡、秦等人在大月氏得到佛经佛像，并巧遇正在当地传教的天竺国(今印度)高增摄摩腾和竺法兰，即相邀同至中国。永平十年(公元67年)，梵僧汉使以白马驮载经卷和佛像到了洛阳。汉明帝一见释迦牟尼佛像，果然和梦中所见一样，越加崇信佛教，遂敕令修建了洛阳白马寺，并着摄摩腾、竺法兰在中国传播佛教。永平十一年，二高僧来到清凉圣境五台山，见五座台顶围护的腹地台怀，其山形地貌与释迦牟尼佛的修行地灵鹫山分不出两样，返回洛阳后就奏请汉明帝在五台山修建寺院。于是，汉明帝颁旨，在五台山修建大孚灵骛寺。大孚，是弘信的意思。寺曰灵鹫，指东土五台山腹地与西域灵鹫山相仿佛。这样，洛阳白马寺与五台山的大孚灵鹫寺就成为我国最早创建的寺院。大孚灵骛寺就是现今显通寺的前身。
    
　　历史上，随着佛教的传播，帝王的崇建，高僧的懿行，五台山作为文殊菩萨道场的名气越传越远，地位越来越高，寺庙建筑越来越多，规模越来越大。其间又有佛法的起落兴衰，各个时期的情况亦不大相同。自汉明帝时摄摩腾、竺法兰弘扬佛教，建大孚灵鹫寺开始，到南北朝时期，五台山已建寺二百多处。周武灭法，五台山和其它地方一样，寺庙毁灭的情况十分严重。隋初，又复建寺庙，佛教再兴。在佛教极盛的唐代，五台山寺院多达三百六十多处。唐武宗会昌灭法，五台山佛教随入中落，寺庙减少。宋、辽、金、元各代，虽屡有修建，但由于战乱毁坏，未能尽数复原。到了明代，佛教再兴，五台山重修和创建寺庙院庵多达百余处。清代以来，随着喇嘛教传入五台山，有的青庙改为黄庙，并新建黄庙，出现了青黄二庙各具特色，汉、藏、蒙、满各族僧众和睦相处的佛地风貌。新中国成立以来。党和国家正确贯彻宗教政策，十分重视文物保护工作，先后拨出大量资金维修和翻修寺庙。僧人也以庙养庙，用布施钱币补塑圣像。重修殿堂，整饬寺宇。“信手拈起一茎草，总是金毛狮子威”，五台山对中国佛教的发展作出了巨大的贡献。
    
　　五台山，高齐时为北方地区研习《华严经》的中心。唐代高僧澄观将华严字发展到巅峰，曾为七帝之师，被敕封为“教授和尚”、“清凉国师”等等，尊为华严宗四祖。华严宗的真正兴旺光大，是在澄观时期。《华严经》中叙述文殊菩萨的说法道场在东北方的清凉山。五台山不仅位于唐都长安的东北方，也在佛教发源地古印度的东北方。山内气候岁积坚冰，夏仍飞雪，曾无炎暑，与《华严经》所说吻合。凡此种种，五台山佛教便请文殊菩萨东来定居，改称五台山为清凉山，尊为中华大地上文殊菩萨携带家眷、游行居住、演教说法的道场。其后，又对文殊菩萨展开详尽的研讨，使文殊菩萨的形象不断高大丰满，最后上升为“七佛之师”、“三世诸佛以为母”。成为各民族佛教信徒最崇拜的佛教神，五台山也被尊为“金色世界”、“清凉净地”。五台山佛教在学习、继承古印度佛教的基础上，根据中国的国情，创立了不同于古印度佛教的菩萨信仰，并从佛学理论与佛教实践的结合上，达到了高度的和谐统一。对四大名山的最终形成，起到了典型示范作用。在中国佛教发展史上，具有鼎足轻重的影响力。
    
　　五台山地处长城脚下，位于历史上农耕民族与游牧民族的交界地带，历来受到封建王室的极端重视。从北魏孝文帝在山内建立避暑胜地开始，隋炀帝、宋太宗、元英宗、清圣祖、清高宗等都曾驾幸五台山。至于历朝历代皇帝、皇后遣使礼扎五台山者，更是从未间断，数不胜数。翻开五台山各大寺庙史册，第一页上总是赫然书写着“敕建”二字。达官显贵，纷纷效仿。文人墨客，挥笔吐情。佛门常会龙门客，禅林时集翰林人，就是五台山历史的真实写照。正因为如此，五台山佛教以其在中国思想史中的特殊位置与功效，于北方地区民族团结融合问题上一直产生着至关重要的作用。如果说长城是民族对抗的产物，则五台山佛教就是民族融合的象征了。
    
　　五台山，一直是名僧汇粹的地方。东晋高僧慧远，就诞生在五台山东麓的原平县。北魏时期的昙鸾、灵辩、令休、法聪、嘉福；北齐时的刘谦之；隋代的惠龙、解脱；唐代的道宣、窥基、慧祥、澄观、法照、鉴真；宋代的慧悟、成觉、善慧；金代的苏陀室利、慧洪、法冲；元代的八思巴、胆巴、真觉、了性、弘教、海云大士；明代的大宝法王、妙峰、憨山、紫柏、镇澄、释达也失、如馨律师等等，这些中国佛教史上的名师巨匠，或出生在本地，或在山内居住多年，或终身修持山寺，皆对五台山佛教的建设作出了杰出的贡献，甚至对中国佛教的发展产生巨大作用。
    
　　五台山在中国佛教中的显赫位置，使得不少国外佛教信徒慕名而来。盛唐时期，五台山成了国外信徒留学听经的高等学府。唐以后，国外高僧仍然不断朝拜巡礼五台山。五台山佛教以旺盛的生命力，不断向外扩散着影响。唐贞观年间，新罗王国的高僧慈藏来五台山参学。回国后，在朝鲜半岛开辟了五台山。以中台的真如院为中心，积极宣扬文殊信仰，使中国五台山的文殊信仰在朝鲜半岛开花结果。日本国从奈良时代就受到了五台山佛教的影响，圣武天皇仿效中国武则天赐额五台山大华严寺的圣举，也曾将大华严寺的匾额挂在日本国东大寺的南大门上。日本国高僧圆仁《入唐求法巡礼打记》，其中对五台山佛教有着详细的描述，在日本国内影响很大。中国宋太平兴国年间，日本国南部东大寺的高僧来到中国，朝拜了五台山。回国以后，计划将爱岩山改称五台山，仿照中国五台山中最古老的大清凉寺，创建日本国大清凉寺。可惜宏愿来现，人先圆寂。其弟子请求朝廷恩准，将原来栖霞寺内的释迦堂改称为清凉寺，后成为集天下信仰的名刹。中国五台山古刹被移到日本，可以说五台山信仰已经普及到了东亚地区。今天，五台山佛教，又吸引着众多的东南亚信徒，每年朝山拜佛者络绎不绝。
    
　　五台山佛教宗派，大的方面分为青教与黄教两大系统。青教是汉传佛教的总称，先后有过法相宗、律宗、天台宗、华严宗、净土宗、密宗、禅宗及其属下的临济宗、临济岔宗、曹洞宗等等。比较特殊的是摩腾法兰宗，历史上，显通寺僧人认为该寺创建于摩腾法兰之手，便将该寺宗派自诩为摩腾法兰宗。其教义为禅宗与净土宗的揉合，时代不应早过明。黄教，是藏传佛教的总称。传入五台山的时间，有唐代与元代两说，清代达到顶峰。清初，朝廷将五台山十座青庙改为黄庙，僧人也由和尚变作喇嘛。从此，五台山出现了汉族喇嘛，这在全国还是罕见的。五台山黄教，在清代分菩萨顶札萨克与镇海寿章嘉两大系统。僧人有汉、满、蒙、藏、土各民族信徒，成为民族团结、和睦相处的圣洁之地。
    
　　五台山寺院组织，分子孙与十方两种。子孙庙接受小沙弥，按师祖、师父、徒弟、徒孙序列排位。一个寺庙内分成多个家族。寺庙除共有财产外，每个家族还可以有私产，像房舍、金银等等。师付圆寂后，徒弟要分遗产。子孙庙严格规定，本寺职事必须由本寺僧人担任。家族拍卖私产，必须售给本寺其它家族。五台山大部分寺庙，属子孙庙，他是保持五台山佛教常盛不衰的基本组织形式。十方庙，不准剃度，僧人一律按平辈称呼。云游僧人进寺，挂了挡，就是寺庙中的当然一员。只要遵守戒规，具有相当能力，即可担任重要职事。五台山出名的十方庙，有狮子窝、清凉桥、碧山寺、十方堂等等。其中以碧山寺影响最大。
    
　　五台山寺庙，北齐时号称200余座。唐大中年间可查到有名者64座。宋嘉佑年间可查到有名者72座。明万历三十一年(16O3)碑刻90座，分四个等级，其中大寺12座，五顶寺庙5座，诸山中小寺39座，诸山丛林静名34座。清初续修《清凉山志》收集寺庙104座，其中五座台顶以内的寺庙称台内寺庙，有68座；五座台项以外的寺庙称台外寺庙，有36座。清末，五台山诸寺中有十大青庙，十大黄庙之称。全山青黄二庙中，为首者称五大去处，计有青庙3座，为显通寺、塔院寺、殊像寺；黄庙 2座，为菩萨顶、罗候寺。公元1956年调查，发现有寺庙124处，其中青庙99座，黄庙25座。现存寺庙四十三处，其中台内三十七处，台外六处。
    

　　今天，五台山已经成了中国古代建筑的稀世宝库。
    
　　我国保存下来的寺庙木结构古建筑，最早的是唐代遗物。五台山南禅寺大殿与佛光寺东大殿，则是唐代木结构建筑的鼻祖与典范。唐代以后，宋、辽、金、元、明、清，直到民国年间，均在五台山留下了典型的木结构大型建筑物。唐代建筑庄重朴实，宋代建筑柔和绚丽，辽金建筑大胆减柱，元代建筑粗扩自然，明代建筑规矩谨严，清代建筑豪华精巧，民国时期的建筑细腻繁杂。五台山的寺庙木结构古建筑，历史沿革连续性强，建筑规模宏伟，细部构件精细，样式繁多，手法典型，在全国绝无仅有。完全可以说，五台山保存下来的各个历史时期的典型建筑，本身就是一部篇幅浩繁的中国古代寺庙木结构建筑史。
    
　　五台山，还有众多的佛塔宝刹。从使用材料上看，有砖塔、石塔、琉璃塔、木塔、铁塔、铜塔、银塔、玉塔、水晶塔等等；从建筑形制上看，有车堵波式塔、密檐式塔、楼阁式塔、亭阁式塔、金刚宝座式塔、组合式塔；从性质上看，有佛塔与墓塔之分。佛塔中为舍利塔、灵迹塔及一般的供奉塔。墓塔中可分为高增墓塔与一般性纪念塔；从时代上看，最早的是北魏石塔，以后各个时期均有，最迟的是近年来为五台山圆寂高僧建的舍利塔；从规模上看，大者高56.4米，刺破苍穹，欲与天公试比高。小者仅0.05米，精巧玲珑。从全国现存佛塔价值角度考虑，圆果寺的元建阿育王塔，塔院寺的释迦文佛舍利宝塔，显通寺的组合式铜塔，以及《华严经》字塔，均属稀世珍品，皆可独领风骚。五台山的塔，沿革之久，数量之多，用材之广，形制之全，性质之繁，都是全国同类地区所罕见的。
    
　　五台山的佛像，有关部门仅对37座寺庙调查，数字就达到了17445尊。全山佛像，恐怕会成倍于这一数字。在使用材料与制作方面，大致可以分为八种类型：泥塑(含悬塑与模拓)，金属铸造(有铁、铜、鎏金、金)，石刻(含玉雕。可分为全雕、浮雕、摩崖石刻)，木雕，烧瓷，拓纱，刺绣，画像(含壁画、轴画、经卷插图树叶画)。最早的佛像为南北朝时期遗物，键陀罗艺术手法明显。最多的佛像为泥塑，自唐至今，连续不断，形成了独特的完整的沿革体系。最罕见的是明代著名画家丁云鹏在菩提树叶上彩绘的十八罗汉图，共12幅，单数绘单，双数绘双，工笔重彩，共成一册。五台山佛像，原料不同，工艺有别，时代手法各异，整个作品嫣红姹紫，斑驳陆离，将五台山充实成一座罕见的佛像艺术宝库。
    
　　五台山寺内寺外保存下来的钟、鼓、钵、板、碑、碣、幢、匾、牌、联、诗、文等等，数量浩繁。其中不少属于国家珍贵的文物。
    
　　五台山又是久负盛名的避暑胜地。农历六、七月，三伏骄阳炎炎，燥热难耐，然而五台山却气候清凉，爽快宜人。这里峰峦叠翠，嘉木葱笼，野花烂漫，清泉遍地，伽蓝寺宇，散布其间。时有清风徐徐，拂人面颊，蓝天上白云从头上飘过，洒一阵碎雨，复又阳光灿烂，满目清新。盛夏白昼，气温适中，早晚还略显些凉意。在这清凉圣境避暑调养，确实是一件称心惬意的快事。
    
　　总之，五台山风光壮美，景色独特。境内梵宇林立，文物遍布。置身其中，松亭亭，泉淙淙，云山雾海沉浮中，楼阁姿容秀。古刹晨昏天香飘，佛寺早晚金钟鸣。三步一趣典，五步一掌故，到处有景致，到处又隐伏着神奇的秘密。世人赞说：“五台归来不看庙”。

 (This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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1The wisdom of traditional Chinese culture changes the destiny: filial piety to parents+five in one+self-improvement

1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

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3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

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9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

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