Learn and use "Sun Tzu's Art of War"

Learn and use "Sun Tzu's Art of War"

This is the first article of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which serves as a summary of the book. It mainly discusses the importance of studying and planning war, discusses the basic conditions that determine the victory or defeat of war, and puts forward the military motto of "attack unprepared, surprise".

---------Inscription

original text

Sun Tzu said, "The military is the great event of the country, the place of death and life, and the way of survival and death.".

Therefore, according to the five things in the scripture and the plan in the school, we can find out the situation: the first is the Tao, the second is the Heaven, the third is the Earth, the fourth is the General, and the fifth is the Law. The Tao makes the people agree with the Lord, and can die with him or live with him without fear of danger. The sky is also characterized by yin and yang, cold and heat, and time system. The land is far, near, dangerous, narrow, dead and alive. The general is wise, trustworthy, benevolent, brave and strict. The Dharma is also used by the song system, the official way and the master. All these five things will be heard. Those who know will win, and those who don't know will win. Therefore, the school asked for the situation based on the plan and said, "Who has the right way?"? Who can? Who gets it from heaven and earth? Which is the law? Who is better than others? Which soldier should be trained? Which is better? I know the outcome by this.

Will listen to my plan, use it to win, and keep it; Will not listen to my plan, use it will fail, and go.

To plan for profit and listen is to help others. Those who are powerful will control power because of their interests.

Soldiers are crafty. Therefore, we can show what we can't, use what we can't, use what we can't, show what we can't do, show what we can't do when we are near, and show what we can't do when we are far away. To lure others by profit, to take them in disorder, to be practical and to be prepared, to be strong and to avoid them, to be angry and to thwart them, to be humble and arrogant, to be lost and to be laborious, to be close and to leave them, to attack them unprepared, and to take them by surprise. The victory of this strategist must not be spread first.

The winner of the temple before the battle will be more; Those who do not win the battle and the temple is not won, will get less. More wins, less wins, not to mention nothing! I can see the outcome from this point of view.

[Translation]

Sun Tzu said that war is a major matter of the country, which is related to the life and death of the military and the people, and the survival of the country. It is necessary to study it carefully.

Therefore, we should analyze and study from five aspects and compare the various conditions of the two sides in order to explore the situation of the victory or defeat of the war: the first is the Tao, the second is the sky, the third is the earth, the fourth is the general, and the fifth is the law. The way is to make the people agree with the wishes of the monarch, so that the people can go through life and death for the monarch in the war without fear of danger. Day refers to the law of seasonal changes of weather such as day and night, sunny and rainy, cold, hot, and the change of four seasons. Land refers to the distance of the geographical location, the dangerous and flat terrain, the wide and narrow terrain, as well as the dead and living places. General refers to the wisdom and ability of the general, rewards and punishment are trustworthy, caresses the soldiers, is brave and decisive, and has strict military discipline. The law refers to the institutional provisions of the military organization and establishment, the administration and division of duties of officials, and the supply and management of military materials. There is nothing that the generals do not know about these five aspects; However, there is only profound understanding. Only those who really master can win, otherwise, they cannot win. Therefore, we should analyze and compare from the following seven aspects in order to explore the situation of the victory and defeat of the war. Which side of the country is more wise? Which side's generals are more talented? Which side has the most favorable weather and geographical conditions? Which party's laws can be effectively implemented? Which side has a strong army? Which side of the taxi is well trained? Which side has strict rewards and punishment? Based on these, we can determine who wins and who loses.

If I can follow my plan, I will stay here; If I can't follow my plan, the war will fail, and I will leave.

A favorable strategy has been adopted, and we should try to create a favorable situation as an auxiliary condition for winning. The so-called "potential" is to take corresponding measures according to whether the situation is favorable.

It is a treacherous act to fight with soldiers. Therefore, if you can play, pretend not to play; To fight and pretend not to fight; Pretend to be near and far away; Pretend to be close to the distance; For the greedy enemy, we should lure him with small profits; For the enemy in chaos, we should seize the opportunity to attack it; For the enemy with substantial strength, we should redouble our defense against it; For the powerful enemy, we should avoid it temporarily; For the irritable enemy, we should use provocative methods to irritate it; We should be more proud of the enemy who despises us; For the enemy who has fully recuperated, we should try to fatigue it; For the enemy of internal unity, we should try to alienate it. We should attack the enemy unprepared, and take action when the enemy is unexpected. This is the secret of the military strategist's victory. It is based on the situation that changes at any time, and can't be specified in advance.

Those who are expected to win before the war, because the conditions for winning are sufficient; What is not expected to win before the war is that the conditions for winning are insufficient. If conditions are sufficient, we can win. If conditions are not sufficient, we can't win. There are no conditions for victory! From these aspects, we can see clearly the victory and defeat of the war.

Narration:

This is the first article of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which serves as a summary of the book. It mainly discusses the importance of studying and planning war, discusses the basic conditions that determine the victory or defeat of war, and puts forward the military motto of "attack unprepared, surprise".

（1） Basic attitude towards war

Sun Tzu's attitude towards war is very cautious, very serious and very serious. At the very beginning of this article, it is pointed out that "the military is the great event of the country. The place of death and life, the way of survival and death, should not be neglected." This understanding is a step forward than "the great event of the country is in the sacrifice and military service" (the 13th year of the founding of the Duke of Zuo Zhuan). In this sentence, "the place of death and life, the way of survival and death" is relative to the text, and "the place" and "the way" are intertextual, referring to means and methods. This makes it clear that the reason why war is a major event of the country is that it is not only a means for the army to fight for life and death, but also a way for the survival of the country. Therefore, Sun Tzu advocated that before using the army, we should explore the basic conditions for deciding the victory or defeat of the war. This kind of thought of heavy and cautious war is valuable and is one of the common characteristics of the progressive military thought of the pre-Qin period. It has a great impact on later generations (at home and abroad), and we have introduced it in the comments.

（2） Basic conditions for deciding the outcome of the war

With regard to the discussion of the basic conditions for determining the victory or defeat of the war, Sun Tzu said, "Therefore, the five things are the primary conditions for the discussion, and the seven things are the primary conditions for the discussion.

（3） Conditions for achieving victory in the war

(1) Select will. It is to select the generals who can implement the "temple calculation" plan.

(2) Build momentum. It is to try to create a favorable situation on the battlefield. Sun Tzu's analysis of the victory and defeat of the war did not stop at the comparison of the "five things", but immediately put forward an important proposition: "To gain by listening is to use the potential to help others. The potential is to control the power because of the advantage." Initiative and flexibility are also important conditions for creating a favorable situation. For example, to preempt, to catch the enemy unprepared, and to force the enemy to be in a passive position. Mastering favorable fighters, seizing the enemy's weakness and advancing rapidly are all important conditions for creating favorable situation.

(3) Use tricks. Make friends by faith, and fight stubborn enemies by deception. Military struggle has its own laws and characteristics. For the first time in China's military academic history, Sun Tzu clearly put forward the tactical principle of "the soldier is deceitful" and "the soldier is based on deceit" ("Military Struggle"). Under the guidance of this principle, he listed twelve tactics. People habitually call it "twelve tricks". The first four methods of the "twelve tricks" are to use "show", that is, to use deception and camouflage to paralyze the enemy and win the war. The other eight methods refer to eight different methods of dealing with the enemy in eight different situations. The purpose of the "twelve tricks" is to "attack the enemy unprepared and surprise", and then suddenly attack the enemy. Therefore, it can also be said that "attack unprepared, surprise" is the summary of "twelve tricks". "Attack unprepared, surprise" is the essence of Sun Tzu's "force of power and deceit", and is also the gist of strategic use in the launching stage of offensive operations. The history of war has shown that the sudden attack at a time and place when the enemy is out of alert or unexpected can achieve great military and psychological results, and make the other party make wrong judgments, formulate wrong plans and take wrong actions in panic, resulting in successive failures.

（4） More wins, less wins

The final conclusion of this article is: "more wins, less wins". That is to say, with careful calculation and many conditions for victory, the enemy can be defeated, otherwise, the enemy cannot be defeated.

 活学活用《孙子兵法》 计篇第一

活学活用《孙子兵法》 计篇第一

  本篇是《孙子兵法》的首篇，具有提挈全书的作用。它主要论述研究和谋划战争的重要性，探讨决定战争胜负的基本条件，并提出了“攻其无备，出其不意”的军事名言。

                         --------- 题记

原文

孙子曰：兵者，国之大事，死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。

故经之以五事，校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。道者，令民与上同意也，可以与之死，可以与之生，而不畏危。天者，阴阳、寒暑、时制也。地者，远近、险易、广狭、死生也。将者，智、信、仁、勇、严也。法者，曲制、官道、主用也。凡此五者，将莫不闻，知之者胜，不知之者不胜。故校之以计而索其情，曰：主孰有道？将孰有能？天地孰得？法令孰行？兵众孰强？士卒孰练？赏罚孰明？吾以此知胜负矣。

将听吾计，用之必胜，留之；将不听吾计，用之必败，去之。

计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。

兵者，诡道也。故能而示之不能，用而示之不用，近而示之远，远而示之近。利而诱之，乱而取之，实而备之，强而避之，怒而挠之，卑而骄之，佚而劳之，亲而离之，攻其无备，出其不意。此兵家之胜，不可先传也。

夫未战而庙算胜者，得算多也；未战而庙算不胜者，得算少也。多算胜，少算不胜，而况于无算乎！吾以此观之，胜负见矣。

[译文]

孙子说：战争是国家的大事，关系到军民的生死，国家的存亡，是不可以不认真研究的。

所以，要从五个方面分析研究，比较敌对双方的各种条件，以探求战争胜负的情形：一是道，二是天，三是地，四是将，五是法。道，是使民众与国君的意愿相一致，这样，民众在战争中就可为国君出生入死而不怕危险。天，是指昼夜、晴雨、寒冷、炎热、四季更替等天候季节变化的规律。地，是指地理位置的远近，地形的险阻与平坦，广阔与狭窄以及哪是死地、生地等。将，是指将帅的智谋才能，赏罚有信，爱抚士卒，勇敢果断，军纪严明。法，是军队组织编制、将吏的统辖管理和职责区分、军用物资的供应和管理等制度规定。凡属这五个方面的情况将帅们没有不知道的；然而，只有深刻了解。确实掌握的才能打胜仗，否则，就不能取胜。所以，要从以下七个方面来分析比较，以探求战争胜负的情势。要看哪一方的国君比较贤明？哪一方的将帅比较有才能？哪一方占据比较有利的天时地利条件？哪一方的法令能切实贯彻执行？哪一方的军队实力强盛？哪一方的士卒训练有素？哪一方赏罚严明？我们根据这些，就可以判明谁胜谁败了。

如果能够听从我的计谋，用兵作战一定能够胜利，我就留在这里；如果不能听从我的计谋，用兵作战必定失败，我就告辞而去。

有利的计策已被采纳，还要设法造成有利的态势，作为取胜的辅助条件。所谓“势”，就是根据情况是否有利而采取相应的措施。

用兵打仗是一种诡诈的行为。所以，能打装作不能打；要打装作不想打；要向近处装作要向远处；要向远处装作要向近处；对于贪利的敌人，要用小利引诱它；对于处于混乱状态的敌人，要乘机攻取它；对于力量充实的敌人，要加倍防备它；对于强大的敌人，要暂时避开它；对于易怒的敌人，要用挑逗的办法去激怒它；对于卑视我方的敌人，要使其更加骄傲；对于休整得充分的敌人，要设法疲劳它；对于内部团结的敌人，要设法离间它。要在敌人无准备的状态下实施攻击，要在敌人意想不到的情况下采取行动。这是军事家取胜的奥妙，是根据随时变化的情况，随机应变，不能事先规定的。

凡是未战以前预计能够取胜的，是因为得胜的条件充分；未战以前预计不能打胜仗的，是困为得胜的条件不充分。条件充分的就能取胜，条件不充分的就不能取胜，何况根本不计算。没有胜利条件呢！我们从这些方面来看，战争的胜败就很明白了。

[解说]

本篇是《孙子兵法》的首篇，具有提挈全书的作用。它主要论述研究和谋划战争的重要性，探讨决定战争胜负的基本条件，并提出了“攻其无备，出其不意”的军事名言。

（一）对战争的基本态度

孙子对于战争的态度，是非常慎重、非常认真、非常严肃的。本篇开宗明义就指出：“兵者，国之大事也。死生之地，存亡之道，不可不察也。”这一认识，比“国之大事，在祀与戎”（《左传》成公十三年）前进了一步。此句中“死生之地，存亡之道”相对为文，“地”与“道”互文见义，均指手段、方法。这就使我们明确地看出，战争之所以是国家的大事，就在于它既是军队生死搏斗的手段，也是国家存亡攸关的途径。所以，孙子主张，在用兵之先，要探讨决定战争胜负的基本条件。这种重战、慎战的思想是可贵的，是先秦进步军事思想的共同特点之一。它对后世（国内外）的影响很大，我们在评述中已有介绍。

（二）决定战争胜负的基本条件

关于探讨决定战争胜负的基本条件具有丰富的内容，孙子说：“故经之以五事，校之以计而索其情：一曰道，二曰天，三曰地，四曰将，五曰法。”五事、七计就是探讨的首要条件。

（三）实现战争胜利的条件

（1）选将。就是挑选能执行“庙算”大计的将帅。

   （2）造势。就是要设法造成战场上的有利态势。孙子对战争胜负的分析并没有停留在仅仅对“五事”的比较上，而是紧接着提出了一个重要的命题：“计利以听，乃为之势，以佐其外。势者，因利而制权也。”主动、灵活，也是造成有利态势的重要条件。例如：先发制人，打敌人措手不及，迫敌处于应战的被动地位。掌握有利战机，抓住敌人的弱点、迅速进击等等，都是创造有利态势的重要条件。   

   （3）运用诡道。交朋友全凭信义，斗顽敌应通诡道。军事斗争有自己的规律和特点。孙子第一次在我国军事学术史上鲜明地提出了“兵者，诡道也”，“兵以诈立”（《军争》）的战术原则。在这一原则指导下，他列举了十二条战法。人们习惯地称之为“诡道十二法”。“诡道十二法”的前四法是利用”示形”，即采用欺骗和伪装的手法，麻痹敌军，争取战争的胜利。其余八法是指对八种不同情况的敌人所采取的八种不同的对付方法。“诡道十二法”目的就是一个：“攻其无备，出其不意”，对敌实施突然攻击。所以，也可以说“攻其无备，出其不意”是“诡道十二法”的小结。“攻其无备，出其不意”，是孙子“权诈之兵”的精髓，也是进攻作战发起阶段谋略运用的要旨。战争历史表明，在敌手失去戒备或者料想不到的时间、地点实施突然袭击，能在军事上和心理上取得巨大效果，并使对方在慌乱中作出错误的判断，制定错误的计划，采取错误的行动，以致连连失败。

（四）多算胜，少算不胜

   本篇的最后结论是：“多算胜，少算不胜”，“吾以此观之，胜负见矣。”这里的”见”同“现”，显现。就是说，计算周密，胜利条件多，可胜敌，否则，不能胜敌。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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