Learn and use the general preface of Sun Tzu's Art of War

In the world, more and more people are studying Sun Tzu's art of war. In Japan, if you don't understand Sun Tzu's art of war, you can't be called an entrepreneur or a politician. In the United States, the Pentagon issued Sun Tzu's Art of War to every soldier and officer. Around the world We Chinese people need to re-examine the wisdom of Sun Tzu's Art of War, cultivate ourselves and fight for the future!

---------Zhuge Changqing's Notes

Sun Tzu's Art of War, also known as Sun Tzu, Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Wu's Art of War. It was written at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in the fifth century BC, and is the oldest military theory book handed down in China and the world.

The Art of War of Sun Tzu had taken shape when Sun Wu met with King Helu of Wu, and then added his war experience in the State of Wu, thus becoming more complete. Judging from the citation of Sun Tzu's Art of War in the existing ancient books of Han, Tang and Song dynasties, there are several different copies. The Han bamboo slips Sun Tzu's Art of War unearthed in Yinque Mountain is the oldest copy we can see. Among them, there are two different versions of the book.

Before the middle of the Western Han Dynasty, the 13 articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War were independent and complete. In Sun Wu's biographies, the Records of the Historian wrote that King Helu of Wu said to Sun Wu, "I have to look at the thirteen chapters of the Son." In the Han bamboo slips, Sun Tzu's Art of War - Meeting the King of Wu, the "thirteen chapters" were mentioned twice. It can be seen that the records in the Records of the Historian are not false.

However, in the late Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang's "Seven Records" was called "Sun Tzu's Art of War". The reason why we say "three volumes" instead of "thirteen chapters" may be that we changed from simple strategies to silk books. However, more than 100 years later than the Records of the Historian, "Han Shu · Art and Literature Annals · Military Stratagem" is recorded as 82 volumes of "Sun Tzu's Art of War", Figure 9. Why is there such a huge increase?

Bi Yixun, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty, correctly pointed out the reason for the sudden increase in the volume of this article in Sun Tzu's Commentary. He Yue: Of the 82 articles, except for the 13 articles written by Sun Wu before seeing Helu, the rest 69 are lost articles by Sun Wu. Most of the 69 lost articles have been lost. But Bi Yixun still collected some lost articles from ancient books. All of them are included in Sun Tzu Xu Lu. He pointed out that "one of these lost articles is a number of articles in the" Question and Answer ", which can be seen from Helu's works, that is, the remains cited in various biographies. The other is the" Eight Arrays ", which is cited by Zheng Xuan's annotation" Zhou Li ". The other is the" Miscellaneous Occupation of the Art of War ". The" Taiping Imperial View "is also cited. Besides, there are the" Eight Arrays of Women and Women "," The Art of War in Six Armors ", both of which can be found in the" Sui Jing Ji Zhi ". There are also the" Thirty-two Bases ", which can be found in the" Tang Yi Wen Zhi ". His judgment and proof are correct. "Wu Wen", "Four Changes", "Yellow Emperor Attacks the Red Emperor" and "Terrain II" in the second edition of "Sun Tzu's Art of War" in the Han bamboo slips are all the lost articles or notes of later generations.

The work of restoring 13 prototypes was completed by Cao Cao, a military strategist. He compiled 69 other than 13 into the second volume of "The Art of War". There are records in the Sui Book, Classic Records and the New Tang Book, Art and Literature Records, which were probably lost after the Tang Dynasty.

In addition, because Sun Bin's Art of War has been lost since the Sui Dynasty, there have been various speculations among Chinese and foreign scholars since the Qing Dynasty. Some say that Sun Wu and Sun Bin are one person, some say that Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War are the same book, some say that there is no such person in history, Sun Tzu's Art of War is written by Sun Bin, and even some say that the author of Sun Tzu's Art of War is Cao Cao, etc. Finally, due to the simultaneous excavation of Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Bin's Art of War, and the excavation of Sun Tzu's Art of War, a wooden slip of the Western Han Dynasty in Shangsun's village, Datong County, Qinghai Province, in July 1978, these mists shrouded in the book Sun Tzu's Art of War disappeared.

The Art of War of Sun Tzu is a brilliant treasure in China's classical military cultural heritage and an important part of China's excellent cultural tradition. Its content is broad and profound, its thought is profound and rich, and its logic is rigorous. The author is Sun Wu, a great military strategist in the Spring and Autumn Period. His book was written about the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Since its publication, the book has had a huge and far-reaching impact on the development of ancient Chinese military academy, and is honored as the "Military Classic" and "the ancestor of military talks for centuries". Military scientists and strategists of all dynasties have drawn nourishment from it to guide war practice and develop military theory. Cao Cao, a famous politician and strategist in the Three Kingdoms Period, was the first to make a systematic annotation for Sun Tzu's Art of War, which opened a convenient door for future generations to study and apply Sun Tzu's Art of War. Sun Tzu's Art of War is not only China's strategic treasure house, but also has a long reputation in the world. It was introduced into Japan in the 8th century and Europe in the 18th century. Today, it has been translated into 29 languages and widely circulated in the world. Liddell Hart, a famous British military theorist, revealed that the views expressed in his military works can be found in Sun Tzu's Art of War 2500 years ago. He was also really interested in Sun Wu and his works. He not only prefaced the English version of Sun Tzu's Art of War, but also quoted Sun Wu's maxim in the front of his favorite work, The Strategy. In the 1991 Gulf War, the US Marine Corps officers were ordered to carry a copy of Sun Tzu's Art of War for reading on the battlefield.

Sun Tzu's Art of War has been recorded throughout the ages. The bamboo book Sun Tzu's Art of War, unearthed from the Han Tomb in Yinque Mountain, Linyi County, Shandong Province, in April 1972, is the earliest handed down version to date. Unfortunately, it is a broken version, which cannot be seen in its entirety. The existing important editions are the "Eleven Family Notes on Sun Tzu" carved by Ning Zongshi of the Southern Song Dynasty, and the "Seven Books of the Book of Wu" carved by Song and copied by Song. The Song version of "Eleven Family Notes on Sun Tzu" has become the most widely circulated, influential and practical reading book in modern times after Sun Xingyan's proofreading in the Qing Dynasty.

Sun Tzu's Art of War (hereinafter referred to as "Sun Tzu") was written by Sun Wu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. The date of Sun Wu's birth and death is difficult to verify.

According to Ouyang Xiu, Song Qi and others' "The New Tang Book · The Prime Minister's Lineage Table" and Sima Qian's "Historical Records · Tian Jingzhong's Complete Aristocratic Family", Sun Wu's ancestor was the son of the aristocratic descendant of the State of Chen. In 672 BC, there was civil unrest in the State of Chen. The prince Wan fled to the State of Qi to avoid disaster, and was hired as Gongzheng by Duke Heng of Qi. Later, he took the capital in Tian, so he also took the name of Tian, called Tian Wan, and died of the posthumous title Jing Zhong. Jing Zhongwan, the fourth grandson, is the eternal son of Wuyu. Wuyu has two sons, one is Tian Heng and the other is Tian Shu (Wu Zikai and Qi Ziqi are recorded in the Historical Records). Tian Shu is the Duke of Jing of Qi. Because of his meritorious service in fighting Ju, the Duke of Jing gave the surname Sun and ate the manor in Le'an. Tian Shuzi's name is based on the word "Zong", "Wu" and "Changqing". In 532 BC, the Tian family combined with the Bao family to destroy the ruling old aristocrats Guohuizi (Hui Luan, Luan family) and Gao Zhaozi. Sun Wu fled to the State of Wu for refuge. After being recommended by his friend Wu Zixu, he was appointed as a general by Helu of the State of Wu to help the King of Wu dominate the vassal states. According to the Historical Records of Sun Tzu's Wu Qi Biography, "Sun Tzu's martial arts are also the people of Qi. He Lu, the king of Wu, has seen the art of war. He Lu said: 'I have read all the thirteen chapters of Zi, can I draw on the army?'... So he Lu knew that Sun Tzu could use the army, and he thought he would. He broke through strong Chu in the west, entered Ying, and Wei Qi and Jin in the north. He was famous for his marquises. What is Sun Tzu's strength?".

As for the time when Sun Wu presented his book to the King of Wu, the "Wu Wu Spring and Autumn Annals · Helu Biography" written by Zhao Ye in the later Han Dynasty clearly recorded the third year of Helu (512 BC). By 482 BC, Huangchi had joined forces, and the State of Wu had replaced the State of Jin as the hegemonic power in the Central Plains. From this point of view, Sun Wu's activity period should be from 512 BC to 482 BC. Sun Wu and Confucius (551 BC 479 BC) were both people in the late Spring and Autumn Period. At the time of Wu's "Northern Wei, Qi and Jin", he was already the son of Helu, Fu Chai, in power. Fu Chai was stupefied, Zi Xu was killed, and Sun Wu later died at a loss. Fortunately, Sun Wu left an immortal military work Sun Tzu for later generations.

Sun Tzu is an outstanding representative of China's ancient military science and an important part of China's excellent traditional culture. Its writing is concise, its content is broad, its artistic conception is profound, and it is very philosophical and rational. Since its publication, its impact on the formation and development of China's ancient military culture is immeasurable, and it is regarded as "the first of the martial arts classics". Today, more than two thousand years later, Sun Tzu still shines brilliantly. It still has a guiding role in the research of modern military theory and military practice. Its basic principles and mode of thinking have already penetrated into non-military fields, and it has been widely used for reference and application in commercial competition, enterprise management, sports competition, diplomacy, business negotiations and other fields.

活学活用《孙子兵法》总序

 世界上，学习研究孙子兵法的人越来越多。在日本，不懂孙子兵法，就不能称谓企业家、政治家。在美国，五角大楼将《孙子兵法》印发给每一名士兵和军官。在世界各地......我们中国人，需要重新审视《孙子兵法》的智慧，修炼自身、决战未来！

                         --------- 诸葛长青手记

《孙子兵法》，亦称《孙子》、《吴孙子兵法》、《孙武兵法》。成书于公元前五世纪春秋末期，是我国也是世界上流传下来的最古老的军事理论著作。

《孙子兵法》在孙武晋见吴王阖闾时就已经成形，随后又增加了他在吴国的战争经验，从而更加完备了。从现存的汉、唐、宋古籍对《孙子兵法》的证引来看，就有好几种不同的抄本。银雀山出土的汉简《孙子兵法》是我们所能看到的最古的抄本了，其中《形篇》就有文字不尽相同的甲乙两个写本。

在西汉中期以前，《孙子兵法》13篇是独立而完整的。《史记》在孙武列传中这样写道，吴王阖闾对孙武说："子之十三篇，吾尽观之矣。"汉简《孙子兵法·见吴王》中，两次提到"十三扁（篇）"，可见《史记》的记载并非虚妄之谈。

可是，西汉末年刘向《七录》则称《孙子兵法》三卷。不说“十三篇”而说“三卷”，可能是由于从简策变为帛书的缘故。而晚于《史记》100 多年的《汉书·艺文志·兵权谋》却记载为《孙子兵法》82 篇，图9卷。为什么会出现这种篇帙剧增的情况呢？

清朝学者毕以珣在《孙子叙录》中正确地指出了这一篇帙骤增的原因。他悦：82 篇中，除了孙武见阖闾以前所作的13篇外，其余69 篇都是孙武的佚文。这69 篇佚文，大部分已失传了。但是毕以珣还是从古籍中辑录到一些佚文。都收在《孙子叙录》中。他指出，这些佚文“其一为《问答》若干篇，既见阖闾所作，即诸传记所引遗文是也。一为《八阵图》，郑玄注《周礼》引之是也。一为《兵法杂占》。《太平御览》所引是也。外又有《牝牡八变阵图》、《战斗六甲兵法》，俱见《隋经籍志》。又有《三十二垒经》见《唐艺文志》”。他的判断和证明是正确的。汉简《孙子兵法》下编中的《吴问》、《四变》、《黄帝伐赤帝》、《地形二》，都是13篇以外的佚文或者后人的注释。

恢复13篇原型的工作，是由军事家曹操完成的。他把13篇以外的69 篇另编为《续孙子兵法》二卷。在《隋书·经籍志》和《新唐书·艺文志》中都有著录，大概在唐以后才失传。

另外，由于《孙膑兵法》自隋朝以后失传，在清代以来的中外学者中便出现了各种各样的猜测。有说孙武与孙膑是一个人的，有说《孙子兵法》与《孙膑兵法》是一本书的，有说历史上根本就不存在孙武其人的，《孙子兵法》就是孙膑所作的，甚至竟有人说《孙子兵法》的作者就是曹操等等。终于由于《孙子兵法》与《孙膑兵法》的同时出土和1978年7 月，青海大通县上孙家寨西汉木简《孙子兵法》的出土，使这些笼罩在《孙子兵法》一书上的迷雾烟消云散了。

《孙子兵法》是中国古典军事文化遗产中的璀璨瑰宝，是中国优秀文化传统的重要组成部分。其内容博大精深，思想精邃富赡，逻辑缜密严谨。作者为春秋时期伟大军事家孙武，大约成书于春秋末年。该书自问世以来，对中国古代军事学术的发展产生了巨大而深远的影响，被人们尊奉为“兵经”、“百世谈兵之祖”。历代兵学家、军事家无不从中汲取养料，用于指导战争实践和发展军事理论。三国时著名的政治家、军事家曹操第一个为《孙子兵法》作了系统的注解，为后人研究运用《孙子兵法》打开了方便之门。《孙子兵法》不仅是中国的谋略保库，在世界上也久负盛名。8世纪传入日本，18世纪传入欧洲。现今已翻译成29种文字，在世界上广为流传。英国著名军事理论家利德尔.哈特向人透露：他的军事著作中所阐述的观点，其实在2500年前的《孙子兵法》中就可以找到。他也确实对孙武及其著作深感兴趣，不仅为《孙子兵法》英译本作序，还在自己的得意之作《战略论》前面大段引述孙武的格言。1991年的海湾战争中，美国海军陆战队军官都奉命携带一本《孙子兵法》，以便在战场上阅读。

《孙子兵法》历代都有著录。1972年4月山东省临沂县银雀山汉墓出土的竹书《孙子兵法》为迄今最早的传世本，可惜为残简，不能窥其全貌。现存重要的版本为南宋宁宗时所刻《十一家注孙子》，宋刻与宋抄《武经七书》本，其中宋本《十一家注孙子》经清代孙星衍校定考辩后，成了近世流传最广，影响最大，最敷实用的读本。

《孙子兵法》（以下称称《孙子》）成书于春秋末期，作者孙武。孙武的生卒年月，已难确切考证。

据欧阳修、宋祁等撰写的《新唐书·宰相世系表》和司马迁的《史记·田敬仲完世家》记载，孙武的祖先为陈国贵族后裔公子完。公元前672年，陈国发生内乱，公子完因避祸出逃到齐国，被齐恒公聘为工正。后食采邑于田，故又为田氏，称田完，卒谥敬仲。敬仲完四世孙为恒子无宇。无宇二子，一为田恒，一为田书（《史记》中记为武子开与嫠子乞）。田书事齐景公，因伐莒有功，景公赐姓孙氏，食采邑于乐安。田书子名凭，字起宗，凭生武，字长卿。公元前532年，田氏联合鲍氏，灭执政的旧贵族国惠子（惠栾、栾氏）、高昭子。孙武为避难出奔吴国。后经好友伍子胥引荐，被吴国阖闾委任为将军，辅助吴王称霸诸侯。据《史记·孙子吴起列传》记载："孙子武者，齐人也。以兵法见于吴王阖闾。阖闾曰：'子之十三篇，吾尽观之矣，可以小勒兵乎？'......于是阖闾知孙子能用兵，卒以为将。西破强楚，入郢，北威齐晋，显名诸侯，孙子与有力焉"。

关于孙武献书吴王的时间，后汉赵晔撰写的《吴武春秋·阖闾内传》明确记载是阖闾三年（公元前512年）。至公元前482年，黄池会盟，吴国取代晋国的霸主地位，称雄中原。由此看来，孙武大显身手的活动时期当在公元前512年至公元前482年。孙武大约与孔子（公元前551年公元前479年）同为春秋末期人。在吴"北威齐晋"时，已是阖闾之子夫差当政。夫差昏聩，子胥被杀，孙武后来则不知所终。所幸的是孙武为后人留下一部不朽的兵学著作《孙子》。

  《孙子》是我国古代兵学的杰出代表，是我国优秀传统文化的重要组成部分，其行文精悍，内容博大，意境深远，极富哲理性，问世以来，对中国古代军事文化的形成和发展的影响不可估量，被奉为“武经之首”。直至两千多年后的今天，《孙子》仍大放奇光异彩，对现代军事理论研究和军事实践仍具有指导作用，而且它的基本原理和思维方式早已渗透到非军事领域，在商业竞争、企业管理、体育竞赛、外交、商务谈判等领域得到了广泛的借鉴和应用。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

Selected Articles in Previous Periods

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1The wisdom of traditional Chinese culture changes the destiny: filial piety to parents+five in one+self-improvement

1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

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4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

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6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

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7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

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8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

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10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

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