Interpretation of the 50th Beidi in Zhuge Liang's Art of War. General's Garden

Beidi 50th

——Take advantage of the weakness and strike

Northern Diju has no city walls. It follows the pursuit of water and grass. If it is snobbish, it will invade the south. If it is lost, it will retreat to the north. If it is long and wide, it will be enough to defend itself. If it is hungry, it will catch animals and drink milk. If it is cold, it will sleep in fur and wear fur. It will run and shoot for the sake of killing. It can not be morally conceived, nor can it be military. There are three reasons why the Han Dynasty did not fight with each other. The soldiers of the Han Dynasty were tired and timid because they worked and fought; It is easy and brave to capture animals and hunt animals. It is not equal to fight with fatigue against ease and cowardice against courage. The Han Dynasty grows faster than the foot, and the day travels for hundreds of miles; A captive is twice as good as a rider. When the Han Dynasty chases the prisoners, they will bear the grain and armour. When the Han Dynasty chases the prisoners, they will drive the horses and carry them. The momentum of carrying the burden is different. The form of walking and chasing is different. This is not a war. In the Han Dynasty, there are many steps in the war, and many horses in the war. If you are fighting for the terrain, you will ride faster than you step. If you are late, you can't fight three times. If you have to, don't guard the border. Defend the way of the border, select the good general and take charge of it, train the elite and take charge of it, expand the field and do it, set up the beacon post and wait for it to be empty and take advantage of it, and take it because of its decline. It is said that the enemy will eliminate it without cost, and the people will not be tired and be lenient.

Qi

translation

The nomadic ethnic groups in the north have no fixed place. They will live where there are plenty of water and grass. When faced with favorable conditions, they will go south to invade the Central Plains. On the contrary, if they do not have enough strength, they will escape to the farther north. They have strong self-defense ability by virtue of the dangerous Yinshan Mountain and the vast desert. When they are hungry, they prey on wild animals. When they are cold, they use animal skins as ready-to-wear quilts. They run and shoot every day, and take killing animals as their daily necessities. Such a nation can neither be influenced by morality nor be subjugated by war. There are three reasons why the Han Dynasty did not employ them. First, the soldiers of the Han Dynasty were very tired and timid as they worked and fought. The northern nationalities lived a nomadic life and lived a leisurely and brave life. They could not win the battle against Beidi with the fatigue of the Han army and the courage against Beidi with the cowardice of the Han army. Second, the Han army is mainly infantry, and can only travel hundreds of miles a day, while Beidi is good at riding horses, and the daily journey is several times that of the Han army. The soldiers of the Han Dynasty need to carry all the rations and armor when chasing Beidi Frog, while Beidi carries these military supplies with his horses when chasing the Han army. The transportation forms of the two sides are different, and the speed of chasing each other is not equal. Third, the soldiers of the Han Dynasty fought on foot, while Beidi fought with light cavalry. The two sides fought for the best terrain. The cavalry was always faster than the infantry, with a great difference in speed. Therefore, the best way to deal with Beidi is to guard the border. When sending soldiers to garrison the border, we should choose a wise man as the commander, train elite soldiers to defend, use grain to enrich the warehouse on a large scale, set up beacon towers to watch the enemy, wait until Beidi is weak, and then take the opportunity to enter, and defeat him at one stroke when his power is exhausted. In this way, it is not necessary to use too much manpower and material resources to make Beidi self-destruct, nor need to stir up the masses. The tension caused by Beidi's invasion of the border will be eased.

analysis

This article clearly and correctly analyzes the characteristics of northern nomads, compares the advantages and disadvantages of the Han nationality and the northern nomads, and puts forward the way to guard the border: send good generals to guard the border, train elite soldiers to implement the strategy of garrison, wait for work, and stand by to break the enemy. Zhuge Liang did not deal with Beidi personally, but later dynasties implemented the strategy proposed by Zhuge Liang, which proved to be correct.

Extension example

Li Jing's Western Expedition to Tuyuhun

Tuyuhun, a tribe of the ancient Xianbei people, became increasingly powerful in the early Tang Dynasty, often harassing Liangzhou, Lanzhou, Minzhou, Shanzhou and Kuozhou, threatening the Hexi Corridor. In the eighth year of Tang Zhenguan, Li Shimin sent the general Duan Zhixuan to lead the army and beat Tuyuhun, forcing him to flee to the west. After the withdrawal of the Tang army, Tuyuhun returned to Liangzhou and continued to harass. To this end, Li Shimin is determined to make a massive expedition again. Li Jing, a 65-year-old general who has returned to his hometown from retirement, took the initiative to invite him to join the army, and was appointed as the commander of the military headquarters of the Xihai Road, commanding the five major armies of Hou Jundao, Li Daozong, Li Daoyan, Li Dayan, and Gao Zengsheng in the western expedition to Tuyuhun.

In April of the ninth year of Zhenguan, Li Jing led his army to Shanzhou. Tuyuhun Khan Fu heard the news and immediately led his troops to flee west. Li Jing ordered the Tang army to pursue, and ten days later, he overtook the Tuyuhun army in Kushan. Fu Yun defended the Kushan Mountain according to the danger, and Tang sent Li Daozong a thousand cavalry soldiers to attack the back of the mountain secretly. The Tuyuhun army was attacked from both sides and was defeated. In order to prevent the Tang army from pursuing, Fu Yun ordered to set fire to the weeds before escaping into the desert. Most Tang generals believed that too much grass had been burned out, and the horses were thin, and the soldiers were tired, so it was not suitable to go deep into the pursuit. It was better to withdraw and rest, and wait for the opportunity. Hou Junji, the general of the Tang Dynasty, disagreed. He believed that Tuyuhun would make a comeback in the future if it did not catch up with the victory. Li Jing agreed with Hou Junji. In order to avoid repeating the mistakes made by the Tang army's attack on Tuyuhun in the past few times, he decided to divide the troops into two ways and pursue them in depth.

Li Jing personally led the North Route Army to defeat the Tuyuhun Army one after another, followed by the Fuhou Road, and Fuyun abandoned the city and fled. Li Jing ordered the soldiers to continue their pursuit. Hou Jundao and Li Daozong led the South Route Army to overcome many difficulties, cross the barren land with no people for two thousand miles, catch up with Fu Yun in the Wuhai and defeat him. Fu Yun escaped with the rest.

Subsequently, the Tang army beat back the counterattack of the Tuyuhun army, climbed over the Jishi Mountain, and forced Fu Yun into the Taklimakan Desert. Under the guidance of Xue Wanjun, Tang General Qi Xin He Li led more than 1000 cavalry troops into the desert, overtook Fu Yun and wiped out thousands of Tuyuhun troops. Although Fu Yun ran away again, he finally committed suicide because he was desperate.

 解读《诸葛亮兵法.将苑》 北狄第五十

北狄第五十

——乘虚而击

   北狄居无城郭，随逐水草，势利则南侵，势失则北遁，长山广碛，足以自卫，饥则捕兽饮乳，寒则寝皮服裘，奔走射猎，以杀为务，未可以道德怀之，未可以兵戎服之。汉不与战，其略有三:汉卒且耕且战，故疲而怯；虏但牧猎，故逸而勇。以疲敌逸，以怯敌勇，不相当也，此不可战一也。汉长于步，日驰百里；虏长于骑，日乃倍之。汉逐虏则赍粮负甲而随之，虏逐汉则驱疾骑而运之，运负之势已殊，走逐之形不等，此不可战二也。汉战多步，虏战多骑，争地形之势，则骑疾于步，迟疾势悬，此不可战三也。不得已，则莫若守边。守边之道，拣良将而任之，训锐士而御之，广营田而实之，设烽堠而待之，候其虚而乘之，因其衰而取之，所谓资不费而寇自除矣，人不疲而虏自宽矣。

    碛 qi

译文

　　北方地区的游猎民族，没有固定的处所，哪里水草丰富，他们就到哪里去居住，遇至有利的形势，他们就南下入侵中原，反之，如果他们没有充足的力量就逃避到更远的北方。他们凭借险要的阴山和广阔的沙漠，有较强的自卫能力。饿的时候，他们就捕食野兽，寒冷的时候，他们就用兽皮作成衣被，每日奔走射猎，以捕杀动物为每天必做的事情，这样的民族，既不能被道德感化，也不会因战争所臣服。汉朝不对他们用兵，理由有三点：一是汉朝的士兵一面耕作一面战斗，故十分疲惫胆怯，北方的民族以狩猎为生，过的是游牧生活，安闲而勇敢，以汉军的疲力对抗北狄的安闲，以汉军的胆怯对抗北狄的勇敢，是无法取胜的。二是汉军以步兵为主，每日只能行程百里，而北狄擅长骑马，每日的行程数倍于汉军，汉朝士兵追击北狄蛙要携带所有的粮饷和铠甲，而北狄追击汉军时用战马就运载了这些军需品，双方的运输形式不同，互相追击的速度也不相等。三是汉朝士兵徒步作战，北狄以轻骑作战，双方争夺最好的地势，总是骑兵快于步兵，速度悬殊很大。所以对付北狄，不能用战争的办法，最好的方式为守卫边疆。派遣将士戍边，要选择贤能的人作将帅，训练精锐的士兵进行防御，大规模地运用种粮使仓库充实，设置烽火台探望敌情，等到北狄内部虚弱时就乘机而入，乘其势力衰竭时一举打败他。这样的话，不必动用太多的人力、物力就能使北狄自取灭亡，也不必兴师动众，因北狄入侵边境出现的紧张局势就会松缓下来。

　　解析

　　本篇文章明确正确地分析了北方游牧民的特性，并比较了汉民族和北方游牧民族的优劣，从而提出了守边之道：派良将戍边，训练精兵实行屯田策略，以逸待劳，待机破敌。诸葛亮没有亲自对付过北狄，但后来历朝多实行诸葛亮提出的策略，证明这个策略是正确的。

　　拓例

　　李靖西征吐谷浑
　　吐谷浑是古代鲜卑族的一个部落，唐朝初年渐趋强大，经常袭扰凉州、兰州、岷州、鄯州、廓州一带，威胁河西走廊。唐贞观八年，李世民派大将军段志玄率军出击，击败吐谷浑，迫使其西逃。唐军撤退后，吐谷浑又返回凉州，继续袭扰。为此，李世民决心再次大举征讨。已经告老还乡的６５岁老将李靖主动请缨，遂被任命为西海道行军大总管，统率候君道、李道宗、李道彦、李大彦、高甑生等五路大军西征吐谷浑。
　　贞观９年间４月，李靖率军抵达鄯州。吐谷浑可汗伏允闻讯，立即带兵西逃。李靖命令唐军追击，十天后在库山追上吐谷浑军。伏允在库山据险固守，唐将李道宗派遣一千名骑兵秘密迂回到山后攻击，吐谷浑军腹背受敌，溃不成军。为阻止唐军追击，伏允在逃入沙漠前下令放火烧尽野草。多数唐将认为，过多的草已被烧尽，而且战马消瘦，士兵疲惫，不宜深入追击，不如撤兵休整，待待时机。唐将侯君集持有异议。他认为如不乘胜追击，吐谷浑将来还会卷土重来。李靖同意侯君集的意见，为避免重蹈前几次唐军出击吐谷浑留下后患的覆辙，决定兵分两路，深入追击。
　　李靖亲率北路军势如破竹，接连击败吐谷浑军，追到伏候路，伏允弃城逃走。李靖命将士继续追击。侯君道、李道宗率南路军，克服重重困难，穿越二千里无人烟的不毛之地，在乌海追上伏允，将其击败。伏允带余部逃脱。
　　随后，唐军打退了吐谷浑军的反击，翻越积石山，把伏允逼入塔克拉玛干大沙漠。唐将契芯何力带领千余骑兵，在薛万钧的策应下，进入沙漠，追上伏允，歼灭吐谷浑军数千。伏允虽然再次逃走，但终因走投无路而自杀。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

Selected Articles in Previous Periods

Click the article title to view

往期精选文章

点击文章标题查看

1The wisdom of traditional Chinese culture changes the destiny: filial piety to parents+five in one+self-improvement

1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

2诸葛长青改命运三把金钥匙诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

3Zhuge Changqing's Greeting Ritual (15 Steps Concise Version)

3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

9Shocking photo of feeding: Buddha, Bodhisattva and Dharma Protector come to the scene

9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

10施食仪轨回向：回向修改为简洁回向