Interpretation of the Forty-fourth Sentiment of Zhuge Liang's Art of War. General's Court

The Forty-fourth

——Observe the situation and anticipate the enemy

A man who rises and remains calm depends on his danger; Forced challengers want to advance; When trees move, cars come; If the dust is low and wide, it will only come; Those who speak forcefully and drive forward will retreat; The person who retreats half and half, lures; If you walk with a stick, you will be hungry; Those who see benefits but do not make progress are also tired; The bird gathers, the emptiness also; Those who call at night are afraid; Those who are harassed by the army will not be taken seriously; When flags are waved, chaos will ensue; If officials are angry, they will be tired; Those who count the rewards are embarrassed; Those who are punished several times will be trapped; Those who come to thank you want to rest; If the coin is heavy, it will be tempting.

translation

Generals and commanders need to judge the real situation of the enemy according to some phenomena when they lead the army to fight. If the enemy does not move when fighting with our army, it must depend on the dangerous terrain; If the enemy continues to challenge our army, it must be to lure our army to attack first; Seeing the trees moving without wind, it must be the enemy's chariot coming quietly; Seeing the dust flying low and wide, it must be the enemy's infantry on the way; When the enemy speaks tough and makes an attack on our army, he must be preparing to retreat; When the enemy advances and retreats, it is tempting our army to attack; The enemy must have been hungry when he found that he was supporting the battle and was in a state of depression; If we find that the enemy does not take advantage of the favorable opportunity, the enemy must be quite tired and unable to advance any further; Birds flock to the enemy's position, indicating that the enemy camp has begun to empty; Hearing the noise of enemy positions at night indicates that the enemy is very afraid of war; The enemy's army is lax and disorderly because the enemy's chief general is losing his due prestige; The confusion of the enemy's flags indicates that there has been great disorder within the enemy; The constant anger of the enemy's generals and officials means that the development of the war situation makes them feel helpless and the enemy has lost confidence in winning; The enemy's reward is too frequent and the punishment is too complex, which means that the enemy commander has been unable to reverse his internal chaos and the soldiers do not obey the commander's order; When the enemy sends envoys to the enemy in a low voice, it means that the enemy wants to stop fighting; If the enemy sends valuables and talks sweetly, it means that the enemy wants to make peace in private.

analysis

This article discusses how to analyze the enemy situation. Zhuge Liang divided the enemy situation into 17 types, and explained the representation and judgment of each type of enemy situation one by one. Zhuge Liang's careful and accurate analysis must be the result of his years of painstaking research, the summary of his years of valuable experience in leading the army to fight, and the valuable wealth he left to future generations. The generals who are in command will benefit a lot from careful study.

Extension example

Zhao Kuangyin is good at his duties

Xu Xuan, a native of Guangling in the Southern Tang Dynasty, was famous in the Northern Song Dynasty for his profound knowledge, wide knowledge and understanding. Once, Jiangnan sent Xu Xuan to pay tribute, and the imperial court sent officials to accompany him as usual. Both civil and military officials in the Manchu Dynasty were afraid of winning the election because their eloquence was not as good as Xu Xuan. The prime minister, Zhao Pu, did not know who to choose, so he went to ask Song Taizu for instructions. Taizu ordered the court secretary to write the names of ten illiterate attendants in the hall. With a wave of his royal pen, Taizu casually circled the names of one of them and said, "This person is OK." This surprised the officials in the court. Zhao Pu did not dare to ask for instructions again, so he urged the man to start quickly.

The waiter in the hall did not know why he was sent as an envoy. Without any explanation, he had to go to execute the order. As soon as he boarded the boat, Xu Xuan was eloquent and eloquent. People around him were amazed at his eloquence. The waiter didn't know the big characters. Of course, he couldn't say anything. He just nodded and said yes. Xu Xuan became more and more talkative and tried to talk with him. For several days, the man never contacted Xu Xuan. Xu Xuan couldn't understand his depth. When Xu Xuan was dry and tired, he never spoke again.

 解读《诸葛亮兵法.将苑》 察情第四十四

察情第四十四

——察情料敌

   夫兵起而静者，恃其险也；迫而挑战者，欲人之进也；众树动者，车来也；尘土卑而广者，徒来也；辞强而进驱者，退也；半进而半退者，诱也；杖而行者，饥也；见利而不进者，劳也；鸟集者，虚也；夜呼者，恐也；军扰者，将不重也；旌旗动者，乱也；吏怒者，倦也；数赏者，窘也；数罚者，困也；来委谢者，欲休息也；币重而言甘者，诱也。

译文

　　将帅领兵打仗需要根据一些现象判断敌人的真实情况。如果敌人在与我军争战时按兵不动，一定是凭借了险要的地势；如果敌人不断地向我军挑战，一定是想引诱我军首先出击；看到树木无风而动，一定是敌人的战车悄悄驶来；看到尘土低飞而且范围很广，肯定是敌人的步兵正在进袭途中；当敌人言辞强硬而且做出向我军进攻的样子时，一定是在准备撤退；当敌人忽而前进，忽而后退时，就是在引诱我军进击；发现敌军扶仗而行、萎靡不振，敌人肯定已经饥饿难忍；发觉敌人对有利的时机不加以利用，则敌人肯定已相当疲劳，无力再进；飞鸟在敌军的阵地群集栖飞，则表示敌军阵营已开始空虚；夜间听到敌军阵地喧哗吵闹的声音，则表示敌人内部对战争十分恐惧害怕；敌人的军队涣散，混乱不堪，是因为敌军主将正失去应有的威势；敌军的旗帜混杂纷乱，表示敌军内部已经大乱；敌军的将、官不断地发怒，则表示战争形势的发展使他们感到无可奈何，敌人对取胜已失去信心；敌军奖赏过频，刑罚过繁，表示敌军主帅已无力扭转自己内部的混乱和士兵不服从将帅命令的局面；当敌人派遣使者低声下气地来求敌时，则表示敌军想停战；如果敌人送来贵重的物品，说尽甜言蜜语，则表示敌军想私下讲和。

　　解析

　　本篇文章论述了如何分析敌情。诸葛亮把敌情分为十七种类型，一一说明各类敌情的表征和判断门道。诸葛亮分析得如此细致准确，肯定是他多年潜心研究心血的结晶，是他多年带兵打仗宝贵经验的总结，是他留给后人的宝贵财富。临阵指挥的将领仔细研读，必定受惠良多。

　　拓例

　　赵匡胤因人善任
　　南唐广陵人徐铉以学识渊博、见多识广、通达古今闻名于北宋朝廷。有一次，江南派徐铉来纳贡，照例要由朝廷派官员去作陪伴使。满朝文武都因为自己的辩才不如徐铉而生怕中选，宰相赵普也不知究竟选谁为好，就去向宋太祖请示。太祖命令殿前司写出十个不识字的殿中侍者的名字，太祖御笔一挥，就随便了圈其中一个人的名字，说：“这个人就可以。”这使在朝的官员都大吃一惊。赵普也不敢再去请示，就催促那个人赶快动身。
　　那位殿中侍者不知为什么派他做使臣，又得不到任何解释，只好前去执行命令。一上船，徐铉就滔滔不绝，口若悬河，周围的人都叹服他的能言善辩。那位侍者大字不识，当然无言以对，只是一个劲点头称是。徐铉愈发喋喋不休，极力与他交谈。一连几天，那人从不与徐铉接茬，徐铉摸不透他的深浅，等徐铉说得口干舌燥，疲惫不堪时，再也不吱声了。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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