Interpretation of the 28th fake right in Zhuge Liang's Art of War. General Court

Fake right No. 28

——"You will not accept your fate if you are outside."

The man who is a general depends on his life, his success or failure, and his fortune or misfortune. And the reward and punishment for not being false is like the hand of the apes, and the punishment is Tengjie; It is impossible to separate Lou's eyes and distinguish between green and yellow. If the reward is transferred to the powerful minister, the punishment is not given by the chief general, and the person is selfish, who has a fighting heart? Although the plot of Iraq and Lv and the contribution of Han Bai cannot defend themselves. Therefore, Sun Wu said, "If a general comes out, you will not accept his order." Yafu said, "If you hear the general's order, you will not hear the emperor's edict."

translation

The general is the key in the army. He hangs the lives of thousands of soldiers, relates to the outcome of the war, and controls the rise and fall of the country's destiny. If the monarch does not give all the power to command the army to the general, it is like tying the hand and foot of an ape with a rope and telling it to quickly climb the tree and jump and run, and it is like pasting the eyes of Lilou with tape, but asking him to distinguish different colors, which is not feasible. If the power of reward and punishment is manipulated by the powerful, the general will have no independent power, and will inevitably be shrouded in selfish interests. If people indulge in selfish interests, no one will serve the country, let alone have strong fighting spirit. So even if you have such outstanding talents as Yi Yin and Lv Shang, and have such achievements as Han Xin and Bai Qi, you can't protect yourself. Therefore, Sun Wu said, "Once the general leads the army in battle, he will not obey the order of the king". Yafu also said: "In the army, only the command of the general can be heard, but not the imperial edict".

analysis

This article discusses the issue of military power. This problem has been discussed by Zhuge Liang in the first article of "Military Power" in "General Court", but the focus is different: "Military Power" discusses the power of unifying the army, which is the general command; The article "Fake Power" focuses on the power of the commander in front of the battle, emphasizing that "if the commander goes out, you will not accept your orders." It requires to guarantee the full power of the commander in front of the battle. At the beginning of the article, three sentences were used to highlight the importance of the command. Then, the article uses metaphors to prove it, and finally quotes the famous sayings of such outstanding military strategists as Sun Wu and Zhou Yafu to prove it, which shows that Zhuge Liang attaches great importance to this issue. This question is really too important. Zhuge Liang himself has a personal pain. When he went out of the Qishan Mountain, he won Sima Yi in a row, and made a good situation. However, the later leader Liu Chan listened to the slander of the eunuch and ordered to recall Zhuge Liang, intending to cut power and prevent change. Zhuge Liang had no choice but to withdraw his troops. As a result, his achievements fell short and the good situation was ruined in vain. Finally, Zhuge Liang failed to conquer the Central Plains and died with shock. The granting of full powers to generals is indeed the basis of military use.

Extension example

Assess the situation and defeat the enemy

In the 16th year of Jian'an, General Ma Chao and others conspired and killed Wei Kang, the governor of Liangzhou. In the 19th year of Jian'an, Zhao Qu, Yin Feng, Jiang Xu and others from Wei Kang's former department set out to recruit Ma Chao. Jiang Xu is in Hancheng, Ma Chao is in Jicheng. Zhao Qu and others lure Ma Chao out of the city to attack Jiang Xu, which makes Jicheng empty. Zhao Qu and others seize the opportunity to attack Jicheng and kill Ma Chao's wife. Ma Chao could not attack halogen city, and could not return to Jicheng, so he had to flee to Hanzhong. Jiang Xu and others have few soldiers and dare not rush to chase them.

Jiang Xu sent people to find Xia Houyuan for help. Xia Houyuan discussed the matter with his generals, who said it was inconvenient to move without Cao Cao's order. However, Xia Houyuan believed that the general would be out of the country, so we should judge the situation and do whatever is beneficial. He said, "Cao Cao is in Yecheng, and there are four thousand miles to go back and forth from here. When the order came, Jiang Xu and his team were defeated by Ma Chao. They had to go to rescue as soon as possible."

So Xia Houyuan ordered Zhang He, the general of the Ministry, to lead his 5000 foot cavalry to chase Ma Chao down a path in Chencang, and he himself escorted the food and grass to the rear. Ma Chao was like a lost dog. Before the battle started, he ran away, leaving a large number of military supplies, which became a trophy for Zhang He. When Xia Houyuan arrived, all the counties that supported Ma Chao's rebellion had surrendered.

Han Sui, who rebelled with Ma Chao, was now showing his relatives not far away. Xia Houyuan wanted to attack them and kill Han Sui. After receiving the news, Han Sui fled overnight. Xia Houyuan discussed the next action plan with the generals. Some said they should attack Han Sui immediately, and some said they should attack Xingguo. Xia Houyuan believes that Han Sui has excellent troops and strong generals, and the city of rejuvenating the country is very strong. It is impossible to attack any of them immediately. It is better to take the strategy of turning the tiger away from the mountain and attack the Qiang children in Changli first, many of whom are soldiers in Han Sui's army. If Han Sui abandons Changli, the children of Qiang people will be homeless; If Han Sui went to save Changli, he would lure Han Sui out of the city and fight with him in the field, and Han Sui would be defeated. The generals thought the commander was right, so they acted according to the plan.

Xia Houyuan left the commander to guard the military supplies, led the light soldiers to Changli, attacked and burned the Qiang Tun, killed and captured many Qiang people. The Qiang soldiers in Han Sui's army rushed back to their tribes. Han Sui also led his troops out of the city to save Changli, but was blocked by Xia Houyuan.

The generals under Xia Houyuan saw that Han Sui had many soldiers, and suggested digging trenches to fight a protracted war. However, Xia Houyuan said, "We are surrounded for thousands of miles. Now we are digging ditches and encampments. The soldiers will be very tired and can't hold on for long. Although Han Sui has many soldiers and horses, I think it is easy to defeat him." So Xia Houyuan ordered to beat the battle drum, and his soldiers were in high spirits and shouted to rush to Han Sui's position. Han Sui's generals and soldiers had no morale, and immediately lost their footing and fled in all directions.

After the victory, Xia Houyuan returned to Tuyang, took a short rest, and then surrounded the Xingguo City. Five thousand people in Xingguo fled to Ma Chao, and the rest surrendered to Xia Houyuan. Xia Houyuan took the opportunity to sweep Gaoping and other places and captured a lot of food, grass, cattle and horses.

Xia Houyuan judged the situation, chased Ma Chao, pursued Han Sui, broke and revitalized the country, equalled Gao Ping, and won the war. After the war was over, the envoy sent by Cao Cao came with Cao Cao's order.

 解读《诸葛亮兵法.将苑》 假权第二十八

假权第二十八

——“将在外，君命有所不受”

  夫将者，人命之所悬也，成败之所系也，祸福之所倚也。而上不假之以赏罚，是犹束猿猱之手，而责之以腾捷；胶离娄之目，而使之辨青黄，不可得也。若赏移在权臣，罚不由主将，人苟自利，谁怀斗心？虽伊、吕之谋，韩白之功，而不能自卫也。故孙武曰：“将之出，君命有所不受。”亚夫曰：“军中闻将军之命，不闻有天子之诏。”

 译文

　　将帅是军队中的关键。他悬系着千万士卒的性命，关系着战争的胜败结局，左右着国家命运的盛衰兴亡。如果君主不把指挥军队的权力全部交给将帅，就好象用绳索捆住猿猴的手足却斥令它快速地攀爬树木，跳跃飞奔，又好象用胶带粘贴离娄的双眼，却要求他辨别各种颜色，这都是不可行的事情。如果赏罚大权被权贵所操纵，主将没有任何可以自主的权力，上下必然会被私心、利利所笼罩，人苟且于私利，就没有人会为国家效命，更没有旺盛的斗志。那么，就是有伊尹、吕尚那样出类拔萃的才智，有韩信、白起那样的功绩，也不能自保。所以，孙武说：“将帅一旦领兵作战，一概不从君命”。亚夫也讲：“在军中，只有将帅的命令可听，没有听见君主的诏令”。

　　解析

　　本篇文章论述了兵权问题。这个问题，诸葛亮在《将苑》的第一篇文章《兵权》中，已有论述，不过侧重点不同：《兵权》论述的是统兵之权，是总的指挥权；《假权》一文着重论述的是临阵指挥之权，强调“将之出，君命有所不受。”要求保证将领临阵指挥的全权。文章一开头就用了三个排句，突出说明这个指挥权关系重大。接着，文章又用比喻加以论证，最后还引用孙武和周亚夫这样杰出的军事家的名言加以证明，可见诸葛亮对这个问题的高度重视。这个问题也确实太重要了，诸葛亮自己就有切身之痛。当他四出祁山，好不容易连胜司马懿，打出了大好形势时，后主刘禅却听信宦官的谗言，下旨召回诸葛亮，意欲削权防变。诸葛亮无奈撤兵，结果功号一篑，白白葬送了大好形势。最终诸葛亮没能征服中原，抱撼而死。授予将领全权，确实是用兵的根本。

　　拓例

　　审时度势破敌军
　　建安十六年，偏将军马超等人谋反，杀了凉州刺史韦康。建安十九年，韦康旧部赵衢、尹奉、姜叙等人起兵征讨马超。姜叙在卤城，马超在冀城，赵衢等人诱使马超出城攻姜叙，便冀城空虚，赵衢等人乘机攻入冀城，将马超的妻子杀死。马超攻卤城不下，又回不了冀城，他只好逃奔汉中。姜叙等人兵少，不敢贸然去追。
　　姜叙派人找夏侯渊求援。夏侯渊与手下诸将商议此事，诸将都说没有曹操的命令不便行动。夏侯渊却认为，将在外，应当审时度势，怎么有利就怎么干。他说：“曹操在邺城，从这里去往返一趟就有四千里地，等命令来时，姜叙他们早就被马超打败了，非赶快去救援不可。”
　　于是，夏侯渊命令部将张郃率五千步骑兵，从陈仓一条小路上去追击马超，他自己在后面押运粮草督阵。马超如丧家之犬，战斗还没打响，他就跑了，丢下的大批军用物资，成了张郃颌的战利品。夏侯渊赶到时，支持马超谋反的各县，都已献城投降。
　　和马超一起叛乱的韩遂，此时正在不远处的显亲，夏侯渊想袭击显亲，斩杀韩遂。韩遂得到消息后，连夜逃走。夏侯渊与部将们商议下一步的行动计划，有的说应立即攻击韩遂，有的说应去攻打兴国。夏侯渊认为，韩遂有精兵强将，兴国的城池很牢固，攻击哪一个都不可能立即得手，不如采取调虎离山之计，先去攻打长离的诸羌子弟，其中有很多是在韩遂的部队中当兵。如果韩遂舍弃长离，羌人子弟就无家可归；如果韩遂去救长离，就把韩遂诱出了城，可以和他在野外作战，则韩遂必败。众将官认为主帅说得有理，遂按计划行动。
　　夏侯渊留下督将看守军需物资，亲率轻兵步骑去长离，攻烧羌屯，斩杀和抓获了很多羌人。在韩遂军中的羌人将士，纷纷奔回自己的部落。韩遂也率兵出城去救长离，被夏侯渊拦在半路。
　　夏侯渊手下的部将见韩遂的兵马很多，建议挖壕沟打持久战。夏侯渊却说：“我们围战千里，现在挖沟扎营，士兵们会很疲惫的，不能坚持多久。韩遂兵马虽多，我看很容易打败他。”于是夏侯渊下令擂起战鼓，手下将士神威大振，高喊着冲向韩遂的阵地，韩遂的将士人心已散，毫无斗志，顿时乱了阵脚，四散奔逃。
　　夏侯渊得胜回图阳，稍事休整，又兵围兴国城。兴国五千人逃奔马超而去，其余的人都投降了夏侯渊。夏侯渊又乘势扫荡了高平等地，缴获很多粮草和牛马。
　　夏侯渊审时度势，赶马超，追韩遂，破兴国，平高平，连战皆捷。仗都打完了，曹操所派的节度使才拿着曹操的命令赶来。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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