Interpretation of the 18th exercise of Zhuge Liang's Art of War. General Court

Practice the 18th

——On the Education and Training of the Army

Without practice, the husband's army is not one in a hundred; One can be used as a hundred. Therefore, Confucius said, "To fight without teaching is to abandon it." He also said, "A good man can teach the people for seven years, and he can also become a military commander." However, the military commander must not teach it, teach it with courtesy and righteousness, teach it with loyalty, admonish it with punishment, punish it with punishment, and punish it with rewards. The old people know how to persuade, and then learn it, or divide it by array, sit up, walk and stop it, walk and stop it, separate and combine it, disperse and gather it. One person can teach ten people, ten people can teach a hundred people, a hundred people can teach a thousand people, a thousand people can teach ten thousand people, can teach the three armies, and then the enemy can win by training.

translation

If the soldiers of the army do not receive the education and training they deserve, then a hundred soldiers are not equal to one soldier of the enemy; If the soldiers receive the proper education and training, one soldier can withstand the attack of hundreds of enemies. So Confucius said, "The common people go to fight without education and training, which is to send them to death." "Let virtuous people educate and train the people in seven years, and they can fight immediately, and all of them are brave and good at fighting!" This means that if you want the people to fight, you can't educate and train them before you go out. When training, you should make the people understand what is etiquette and what is righteousness, you should train and teach them to have a loyal mind, you should clarify the boundaries of rewards and punishment, and use rewards and punishment to restrict and urge their behavior, So that they can make progress consciously. Then carry out basic skills training: line up and disband, sit up, move forward and backward, disband and assemble, so that they can be orderly and orderly. If one teaches ten, ten teaches hundreds, hundreds teaches thousands, thousands teaches thousands, the whole three armies can be trained, and finally the soldiers can be trained in tactics to defeat the enemy on the battlefield.

analysis

This article discusses the issue of military training. The article first discusses the importance of peacetime training from both positive and negative aspects, and quotes Confucius' words: "Let soldiers go to war without training, which is to send soldiers to die!" clearly explains the necessity and importance of peacetime training. The article not only discusses the importance of training, but also describes the training methods. Among the training methods described by the author, there is an opinion that is particularly worth putting forward. This is what the author said: "One person can teach ten people, ten people can teach hundreds of people, hundreds of people can teach thousands of people, thousands of people can teach thousands of people, and can teach the three armies." This is consistent with the mass training method we now say. First train the backbone, then train others by the backbone, gradually expand, and learn from each other.

Extension example

Gou Jian encouraged his troops to destroy Wu

Gou Jian, king of Yue, was defeated by Fu Chai, king of Wu. The doctor Wenzhong walked forward and said to the king of Yue: "I heard that a wise businessman should prepare goods for winter in the summer, and prepare ships when walking on the dry road. That is to say, whatever you do should be fully prepared in advance. When the country is stable, you should choose wise people to manage national affairs and make the country rich and strong. It is too late for you to think of this when you have lost the war."

In order to motivate himself, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, slept on the grass every day. He also hung a gall bladder on the top of his bunk and tasted it every morning, noon and evening, which meant to remind him not to forget the pain of national subjugation.

After the war, the country of Vietnam was small and sparsely populated. For this reason, Gou Jian formulated a series of population development policies: women must marry at the age of 17, and men must take a wife at the age of 20, or their parents will be punished; The state will reward women for giving birth to boys and girls; Countries with multiple births will give more generous subsidies. In this way, after 10 years of efforts, the population of Vietnam has increased significantly.

He also cultivated the field himself, collected grain as his ration, and asked his wife to weave cloth to make his own clothes. No tax will be levied on the people for ten years. In this way, people have enough food in their homes for three years. Over the past 20 years, the people have become rich and the national treasury has been enriched.

He took turns to carry out military training for men, so that every man of the right age is healthy and knows how to fight.

The country is rich and the people are strong, but the people have not forgotten the humiliation of the country. They asked Gou Jian, the king of Yue, to send troops to attack the State of Wu and revenge. But Gou Jian, the king of Yue, said, "It's my fault to defeat the war in the past. I'd better not fight!"

The people said angrily, "At present, the people all over the country respect you very much, just as they respect their parents. Now, all the sons want to avenge the killing of their parents, and all the ministers want to avenge the humiliation of the king. When the war starts, who can not do his best? King, lead us to fight!"

Gou Jian nodded, He said to the people excitedly: "I heard that the ancient Ming Jun was not worried about the shortage of troops, but about the inconsistency of the will of all of us. Today, we are all of one mind and one mind. What else do I worry about? Although there are 100000 soldiers in Fuchai now. However, they do not have a unified will, and are vulnerable to attack. I just hope that you will obey the command, observe discipline, and fight bravely. Those who are brave to move forward will be rewarded, and those who are cowardly will be punished. I hope you will remember. "

The soldiers set out. Their parents encouraged their children, their brothers encouraged their brothers, and their wives comforted their husbands; "Our great king is a wise man. You should follow him faithfully and fight bravely for the motherland. Go ahead and defeat our enemy! The war started and the State of Wu was defeated.

 解读《诸葛亮兵法.将苑》 习练第十八

习练第十八

——论军队的教育训练

   夫军无习练，百不当一；习而用之，一可当百。故孔子曰：“不教而战，是谓弃之。”又曰：“善人教民七年，亦可以即戎矣。”然则即戎之不可不教，教之以礼义，诲之以忠信，诫之以典刑，威之以赏罚，故人知劝，然后习之，或阵而分之，坐而起之，行而止之，走而却之，别而合之，散而聚之。一人可教十人，十人可教百人，百人可教千人，千人可教万人，可教三军，然后教练而敌可胜矣。

译文

　　如果军队士兵得不到应有的教育和训练，那么一百名士兵也抵不上敌人的一个士兵；如果军队士兵受到了应有的教育和训练，那么一名士兵就可抵挡百名敌人的进攻。所以孔子说：百姓没有受到教育和训练就去参加战斗，这是让他们去送死。”“让贤德的人用七年的时间来教育和训练百姓，他们马上可以投入战斗，并且个个都勇猛善战！”这就是说想让百姓投入战斗，在出征之前不能不对他们进行教育和训练，训练时，要使百姓明白什么是礼，什么是义，要训练、教诲他们有忠信的思想，要讲明赏罚的界限，用赏罚来制约督促他们的行为，使他们自觉上进。然后进行基本技能训练：列队与解散，坐下起立，行进立定，前进后退，解散与集合，使他们能整齐划一、井然有序。象这样一教十，十教百，百教千，千教万，就可以使整个三军受到训练，最后再让将士接受战术训练就可以在战场上打败敌人了。

　　解析

　　本篇文章论述军队训练问题。文章先从正反两方面论述了平时训练的重要性，并引用孔圣人的话：“不经训练而让士兵去打仗，这是让士兵去送死！”清楚无误地说明了平时训练的必要性和重要性。文章不但论述了训练的重要性，而且述说了训练方法。在作者述说的训练方法中，有一个见解特别值得提出，这就是作者说的：“一人可教十人，十人可教百人，百人可教千人，千人可教万人，可教三军。”这和我们现在说的群众性练兵方法是一致的，先训练骨干，再由骨干训练他人，逐步扩大，互帮互学。

　　拓例

　　勾践励兵灭吴
　　越王勾践被吴王夫差打败。大夫文种走向前拱手对越王说：“我听说，一个聪明的商人，夏天的时候要准备冬天的货物；走旱路时要想到准备好船只。这就是说，无论做什么事都要事前做好充分准备；在国家安定无事的时候，你就应该选择贤能的人，管理好国家大事，使国家富强起来。如今打了败仗，你才想到这一点恐怕太晚了吧！”
　　越王勾践为了激励自己，每天睡觉都躺在茅草上。他还在自己卧铺上方挂一个苦胆，每天早、中、晚都要尝一尝苦味，意思是时刻提醒自己不要忘了亡国之苦。
　　战后的越国，国土狭小，人口稀少，为此，勾践制订了一系列发展人口的政策：女子１７岁必须出嫁，男子２０岁必须取妻，不然父母要受到处罚；妇女生了男孩也好，女孩也好，国家都给予奖励；生了多胞国家给予更优厚的补助。就这样，经过１０年的努力，越国的人口大量地增加了。
　　他还亲自种田，收了粮食做为自己的口粮，又叫他的妻子亲自织布，用来做自己的衣服。十年里不向人民征收赋税。这样，百姓家中都储备了足够三年食用的粮食。２０年过去了，人民富有了，国库也充实了。
　　他又轮番地对男人们进行军事训练，使每一个适龄男人都身体健壮又懂得怎样打仗。
　　国富民强了，但百姓都没有忘掉国家的耻辱。他们纷纷要求越王勾践出兵攻过吴国，报仇雪恨。越王勾践却说：“过去打败了仗，是我的罪过，还是不要打仗吧！”
　　百姓忿忿地说：“目前全国百姓都十分尊敬您，就象尊敬自己的父母一样。现在，当儿子的都想报父母被杀之仇，当臣子的都想报大王您受辱的仇。战争打起来了，谁能不尽心竭力呢？大王，您领导我们战斗吧！”
　　勾践点点头，他激昂地对百姓说：“我听说，古代的明君不担心兵力不足，而担心大家的意志不一致，今天我们大家同心同德，一心一意了，我还顾虑什么呢？现在夫差的士兵虽说有１０万人。但是，他们没有统一的意志，是不堪一击的。我只希望大家听从指挥，遵守纪律，英勇作战。对勇敢向前的人一定奖励，对胆小的人一定处罚。希望大家记住。”
　　战士们出发了，父母都勉励自己的孩子，兄长都鼓励自己的弟弟，妻子都劝慰自己的丈夫；“我们的大王是个英明的人，你们要忠心地跟着他为祖国勇敢战斗，前进吧！去打败我们的敌人！战争打起来了，吴国大败。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

Selected Articles in Previous Periods

Click the article title to view

往期精选文章

点击文章标题查看

1The wisdom of traditional Chinese culture changes the destiny: filial piety to parents+five in one+self-improvement

1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

2诸葛长青改命运三把金钥匙诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

3Zhuge Changqing's Greeting Ritual (15 Steps Concise Version)

3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

9Shocking photo of feeding: Buddha, Bodhisattva and Dharma Protector come to the scene

9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

10施食仪轨回向：回向修改为简洁回向