Interpretation of General Commandment No. 16 in Zhuge Liang's Art of War. General Court

The sixteenth commandment

——To win popular support

The book said: "To insult a gentleman is to lose heart; to insult a villain is to lose heart." It is important to keep the heart of a hero in the army, to be strict with rewards and punishment, to be civil and military, and to be firm and soft. When it comes to etiquette and music, we should focus on "poetry" and "book", first benevolence and then wisdom and courage; It is as quiet as a submerged fish, as moving as a running otter, as lost as it is connected with, as strong as it is broken, with banners, as golden drums, as backward as moving mountains, as forward as wind and rain, as collapse as destruction, and as cooperative as a tiger; Forced but tolerant, lured by profit, taken in disorder, humble and arrogant, close and separated, strong and weak; Those who are in danger will be safe, those who are afraid will be happy, those who are rebellious will cherish it, those who are wronged will apply for it, those who are strong will restrain it, those who are weak will help it, those who are scheming will kiss it, those who are slandered will cover it, and those who are rich will share it; Do not double the strength of the army to attack the weak, do not rely on the masses to belittle the enemy, do not be proud to be proud of it, do not be proud to be arrogant; Plan first and then move, and start the war after knowing the victory; Don't treasure your wealth or use your children. If we can do this, Yan Shou will apply for orders, and people are willing to fight, then the soldiers will join together and the people will be happy to die.

Yexia

translation

The Book of History said: "If you humiliate a gentleman, you can't get his sincerity, despise the villains, and make them do their best to serve themselves". Therefore, the key to the commander's leadership is to widely win the hearts of heroes and ambitious people, strictly enforce the rules and disciplines related to reward and punishment, have the ability of both arts and martial arts, be both hard and soft, and be proficient in etiquette, music, poetry, and books, so that you can cultivate benevolence and righteousness first, and then achieve wisdom and courage; When commanding the soldiers to take a rest, they should make no noise like swimming fish diving. When commanding the soldiers to attack, they should make the soldiers jump and run like running otters, fast and fierce, disrupt the enemy's camp, cut off the enemy's contact, weaken the enemy's power, wave flags to show their power, and let the soldiers obey the command and obey the deployment. When withdrawing troops, they should be as stable and orderly as the movement of mountains, When entering the army, you should be as fast as the wind and rain, completely destroy the defeated army, and take out the fierce force like a tiger when fighting with the enemy; In dealing with the enemy, we should also take some strategies: in the face of emergencies, we should find ways to be calm, use small favors to lure the enemy into the set trap, try our best to disrupt the enemy's stable and orderly position, and then win in the chaos. For the cautious enemy, we should use strategies to make him blind and proud, up and down, use separation techniques to disrupt the internal unity of the enemy, and try our best to weaken his strength against the extremely powerful enemy, We should make the enemy in danger feel tranquil to paralyze the enemy, make the worried enemy feel happy, and make the enemy neglect; The prisoners of war who have been sent to our army should be treated with a gentle policy. We should make the grievances of our subordinates have a place to complain, support the weak, and restrain the arrogant subordinates. We should try our best to get close to the wise subordinates and use him as the staff. We should resolutely crack down on the clever and charming villains, and distribute the spoils to the subordinates first; In addition, we should also pay attention to the following points: if the enemy is weak, we don't have to attack him with all our strength, we can't ignore the enemy because our army is strong, we can't be arrogant because our ability is strong, and we can't go to the subordinates to bully because we are spoiled; For the conduct of the whole war, it is necessary to make a detailed plan first. Only with complete assurance can we lead the troops to go out. We do not enjoy the property and cloth captured on the battlefield alone, nor do the captured men and women work alone. As a general, if he meets these requirements and strictly commands, he will definitely fight actively and serve in the battle.

analysis

This article discusses the issue of "treating people's minds" and "exhausting manpower", which captures the essence of military management. The article uses "the essence of military action and the heart of heroes" to highlight the importance of "winning the hearts of the people". It can be said that winning the hearts of the people is a well-known truth, but not everyone can do it. How to do it? Zhuge Liang put forward five items, namely, "strict rewards and punishment, general civil and martial arts, hard and soft exercise, speaking of etiquette and music, and benevolence and justice first", which are all crucial and the fundamental way to achieve "winning the hearts of the people".

Then, the author states in one breath 25 ways of advancing and retreating, and the way to overcome the enemy and win, that is, the specific tactics of "making every effort" to win. These twenty-five tactics, which cover both the tactics of advancing and retreating, as well as the tactics of disintegrating the enemy and uniting allies, are very detailed and exquisite. Any general should bear in mind. Then, the author lists six taboos to further enrich the discussion from the negative side. As the author finally concluded, if a general can do what he said, he can command the army freely, and everyone under him is willing to serve. Why worry about winning! From this discussion, we can see that Zhuge Liang has deep research on strategy and tactics. It is really unique.

Extension example

Make three rules to win the hearts of the people

In August 207 BC, Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, led his troops into the Wuguan Pass. With the cooperation of the counselor Zhang Liang and the military general Zhou Bo, he quickly broke through the main force of the Qin army and killed the Qin soldiers who were guarding the pass.

Then the troops took advantage of the victory and marched forward, and soon captured the capital city of Xianyang.

While Liu Bang was leading his troops into the city, he saw a funeral procession in front of him. When he came closer, it turned out that Prince Qin Ying came to surrender with his ministers. Zi Ying held the crown in his hand and wore two feet of white silk around his neck, indicating that he was ready to commit suicide after surrender. Liu Bang and his soldiers hated the humble king of Qin.

Liu Bang entered the city capital and came to the Palace of Arfangs. He clapped his hands when he saw the magnificence and magnificence of the palace. He said, "I will live in this time and enjoy myself." General Fan Kuai advised him to leave here as soon as possible. He was very unhappy and ignored Fan Kuai.

Fan Kuai, seeing that Liu Bang did not listen to his advice, withdrew bitterly and went to find the counselor Zhang Liang to persuade him again.

Zhang Liang is resourceful and able to speak good words. He helped Liu Bang to set the world and devise strategies. Every time, he was obedient.

Zhang Liang met Liu Bang and said, "The king of Qin is unruly and the world is in chaos. It is these extravagant things that killed Qin. You are fighting for the people, not here for pleasure. If you are the same, what is the difference between you and the king of Qin?" Zhang Liang's words made Liu Bang have a change of heart, but still reluctantly swallowed the dragon bed slowly.

In order to win the hearts and minds of the people, Liu Bang immediately summoned the elders and gentry of all counties, Announce to them: "You have suffered from the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty for a long time. If you have any accusations, you will be destroyed. These laws and regulations of the Qin Dynasty are used to crush the people. From today on, I will make three rules: first, pay for the death of killing people. Second, hurt people will be punished. Third, steal and rob people will be punished. In addition to these three rules, other laws and prohibitions will be abolished."

The elders and gentry in all counties were extremely happy to hear that. Local people took out their own wine and meat to entertain Liu Bang and the Rebellion. Since then, Liu Bang's prestige has been higher.

解读《诸葛亮兵法.将苑》将诫第十六

 将诫第十六

——为将务得人心

诸葛长青

修身、齐家、治国、平天下

中国·成功者俱乐部http://q.blog.sina.com.cn/chgyzh

 东方巨龙 天下驰骋！

  《书》曰：“狎侮君子，罔以尽人心；狎侮小人，罔以尽人力。”固行兵之要，务揽英雄之心，严赏罚之科，总文武之道，操刚柔之术。说礼乐而敦《诗》、《书》，先仁义而后智勇；静如潜鱼，动若奔獭，丧其所连，折其所强，耀以旌旗，戒以金鼓，退若山移，进如风雨，击崩若摧，合战若虎；迫而容之，利而诱之，乱而取之，卑而骄之，亲而离之，强而弱之；有危者安之，有惧者悦之，有叛者怀之，有冤者申之,有强者抑之，有弱者扶之，有谋者亲之，有谗者覆之，获财者与之；不倍兵以攻弱，不恃众以轻敌，不傲才以骄之，不以宠而作威；先计而后动，知胜而始战；得其财帛不自宝，得其子女不自使。将能如此，严号申令，而人愿斗，则兵合刃接而人乐死矣。

    狎 xia  獭ta

   译文

　　《尚书》说：“戏辱君子，就无法得到他的真心，蔑视小人，也无法使他们竭尽全力为自己服务”。所以，将帅领兵的要诀是：广泛笼络英雄有志者的人心，严格有关赏罚的规章和纪律，要具备文、武两方面的能力，刚柔并济，精通礼、乐、诗、书，使自己先修仁义、然后达到有智有勇；领兵作战时，命令士兵休息就应让士兵象游鱼潜水一样不出声响，命令士兵出击时就应让士兵象奔跑中的獭一样突跃飞奔，又快又猛，打乱敌人的阵营，切断敌人的联系，削弱敌人的势力，挥动旌旗以显示自己的威力并且让士兵服从指挥，听从调动，撤兵时部队应象大山移动一样稳重，整齐，进兵时则要疾如风雨，彻底地摧毁败军败将，与敌交手则拿出虎一样的猛势；对待敌人，还要采取一些计谋：面对紧急情况应该想办法从容不迫，用小恩小惠诱敌进入设置好的圈套之中，想尽办法打乱敌军稳固整齐的阵势，然后乱中取胜，对小心谨慎的敌军要用计使他盲目骄傲起来，上下不一，用离间术打乱敌军的内部团结，对异常强大的敌人想方设法地削弱他的力量，要使处境危险的敌人感到安宁以麻痹敌人，让忧惧的敌人感到喜悦，使敌人疏忽起来；对投到我军的战俘要以怀柔的政策来对待，要使部下的冤屈有地方伸诉，扶持弱者，抑制气势凌人的部下，对有智谋的部下要尽全力亲近他，用他做参谋，对巧言令色的小人要坚决打击，获得了战利品要首先分给部下；另外，还要注意这样几点：如果敌人势弱，就不必用全力去攻击他，也不能因为自己军队力量强大就忽视了敌人，更不能以自己能力高强就骄傲自大，不能因为自己受宠就到部下那里作威作福；对于整个战事的进行，要先制定详实的计划，要有万全的把握才能领兵出征，不独自享受战场上缴获的财物、布帛，俘虏的男女人等也不自己独自役使。身为将帅作到了这些要求，严格号令，将士一定会积极作战，在战斗中效命疆场。

　　解析

　　本篇文章论述了“待人心”和“尽人力”问题，这就抓住了治军用兵的根本。文章用“行兵之要，务揽英雄之心”，非常鲜明突出地说明“得人心”的重要。得人心，这可以说是尽人皆知的道理，但并非人人能做到。如何做到？诸葛亮提出了“严赏罚、总文武、操刚柔、说礼乐、先仁义”等五项，这些都是至关重要的，是达到“得人心”的根本办法。
　　接着，作者一气陈述了二十五种进退之术、克敌致胜的办法，也就是“尽人力”去取得胜利的具体战术。这二十五种战术，既讲了进退之战法，又讲了瓦解敌人，团结盟友的策略，讲得十分细致，十分精妙，任何一员将领都应牢记在心。接着，作者又列举了六条禁忌，进一步从反面补充丰富了论述。正如作者最后归结的，为将之人，如有做到作用所说的各项，自然能对军队号令自如，部下人人乐于效命，何愁不能取胜呢！从这一篇论述，可以看出，诸葛亮对战略战术深有研究。确有独到之处。

　　拓例

　　约法三章得民心
　　公元前２０７年８月，汉高祖刘邦率兵进军武关，在谋士张良和武将周勃的配合下，采取以假乱真，声东袭西的方法，很快突破秦军主力消灭了守关的秦兵，杀死了主将。
　　接着部队乘胜进军，不久攻占了都城咸阳。
　　正在刘邦率兵进城途中，远远看见前面走来一支好像送殡的队列，走近一看，原来是秦王子婴带着他的大臣前来投降，子婴手捧王冠，脖子上套着二尺白绫，表示投降后准备自尽。刘邦和他的将士们看到这个可卑的秦王，痛恨已极。
　　刘邦进了城都，来到阿房宫，看见宫内雄伟壮丽，富丽堂皇，高兴得直拍手，他一边拍手一边说：“这回我可要住进去，好好享受享受了。”大将樊哙劝他赶快离开这里，他很不高兴，不理睬樊哙。
　　樊哙见刘邦不听自己的劝告，悻悻退出，去找谋士张良再去劝说。
　　张良这人足智多谋，能讲善道，他辅佐刘邦定天下，运筹帷幄，哪一次都是言听计从。
　　张良见了刘邦，说道：“秦王无道，天下大乱，是这些穷奢极欲的东西使秦亡，您是为百姓打天下的，不是到这里贪图享乐的，如果您也是这样，那您和秦王还有什么不同？”张良的这番话，使刘邦有了回心转意之念，可还是不太情愿地慢慢吞吞地下了龙床。
　　为了得取民心，刘邦马上召集了各县的父老，豪绅，向他们宣布说：“你们长期以来受尽秦朝暴政的残害，如稍有指责就遭灭族之灾，秦朝的这些法规都是压榨老百姓的。从今天起我约法三章：第一，杀人的偿命。第二，打伤人的要办罪。第三，偷盗抢劫的要惩罚。除这三条外，其他法律、禁令一律废除。”
　　各县的父老豪绅听了，高兴得不得了。当地百姓纷纷拿出自己家的酒、肉款待刘邦和义军。从此刘邦的威望更高了。 

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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