What is Zhuge's "Eight Arrays"

Zhuge Changqing

Cultivate one's moral integrity, unify one's family, govern the country, and level the world

China · Winners Club http://q.blog.sina.com.cn/chgyzh

The oriental dragon gallops around the world!

The "Eight Arrays" created by Zhuge Liang absorbed the arrangement and combination of minefield and Taoist Eight Diagrams, compatible with astronomy and geography, and was a rare battle array in ancient times. Zhuge's Genealogy of the Cautious Hall contains a poem praising the "Eight Arrays", which is composed of eight formations with excellent skills and famous names. Many domestic experts have conducted in-depth research on this issue.

So what is the eight array diagram?

The "eight arrays" are the sky covering array, the ground carrying array, the wind flying array, the cloud hanging array, the dragon flying array, the tiger wing array, the bird flying array, and the snake winding array. The "Eight Formation Diagram" is a military formation created by Zhuge Liang. Its earliest historical records can be traced back to the "Biography of Zhuge Liang" in the "Three Kingdoms Annals of Shu": Liang "deduces the art of war and makes the Eight Formation Diagram". Later, the "Constant Temperature Biography" in the Book of Jin said, "Zhuge Liang made eight formations under the fish belly and flat sand, and the stones were eight elements, and the lines were two zhang away from each other. When you see it, you will call it the Changshan Snake Form. Neither civil nor military can recognize it."

Tianfu Array praises: the array is 16, with the outside and the inside, and the four are windy. Its image is the sky, which is the leader of the array and the first of the soldiers. Make good use of the three armies, and their shape is not biased.

Praise of the earth array: The earth array 12 is square in shape, with four corners dominated by clouds. It is difficult to attack the enemy. Its body is unpredictable, it can be used infinitely, and it cannot be independent. It is matched with Yang.

The wind has no shape. It is attached to the sky and turns into a snake. Its meaning is becoming more and more mysterious. The wind can blow things around, and everything around, and the snake can be around, and the three armies are afraid of it.

Cloud hanging array praise: cloud is attached to the ground, invisible at the beginning, and becomes a flying bird. Its shape is formed, the bird can stand out, the cloud can be obscure, changeable, and the sound of gold leather.

Praise of the Dragon Flying Array: The heaven and earth rush back, and the dragon changes into one, with claws and feet, and back and chest. Hidden is unpredictable, moving is infinite. The formation is impressive, and the elephant is called dragon.

Praise of the Tiger Wing Array: The heaven and earth rush forward and turn into a tiger wing. The tiger will be subdued and will fight. When Huaiyin is used, it becomes infinite. The meeting of Gaixia is unpredictable to Duke Lu.

Bird flying array praise: birds of prey will fight, and will fly first. The potential is close to the sky and the birds are hidden. There will be a lot of slander in the process of trial. The three armies will not be able to deal with a single assault.

Serpent Array Praise: The wind is serpentine, attached to the sky, surrounded by potential energy, with flexible performance. Among the four wonders, the tiger is the neighbor, and then the mountain changes, and the head and tail are trapped.

The composition of the "Eight Arrays" is based on the four places of heaven and earth, which are the positive array of heaven and earth, and the positive array of heaven and earth. The northwest is the dry land, and the dry is the sky array. The southwest is the earth, and the earth is the array. The land in the southeast is Sunda House, and Sunda is the wind array. The land in the northeast is Gen Ju. Gen Ju is a mountain. Clouds come from mountains and rivers. It is a cloud array. Water, fire, gold and wood are the four strange arrays of dragons, tigers, birds and snakes. The array is arranged with the green dragon (array) on the left, the white tiger (array) on the right, the rosefinch bird (array) in the front, and the Yuanwu snake (array) at the back. The virtual general is in it. The eight formations are also distributed in the general formation, which is composed of eight hundred sixty-four formations, plus 24 formations of wandering soldiers. The total array includes 32 yin and yang, 24 yang and 24 yin. There are 24 parading formations. After the 60 formations, all the marching, formation, joint battle, setting doubts, filling gaps, and logistics are in the parading. There are praises praising the incomparable power of the "Eight Array Diagram": "The array and the team are contained in the array; the former is the rear, and the latter is the front; there is no rush in and there is no sharp move in and out; there are four heads and eight tails, and the contact is the first; the enemy rushes into the middle, and both ends are saved; the strange and positive are mutually generated, and there is no end in the circle; the head and the tail are corresponding, and the hidden is unpredictable; the anticipation is divine, and the contingency is contingent." "The method of eight arrays is that two arrays follow each other in a while, one battle and one defense; the importance of China and foreign countries, the hardness and softness of each other, the emptiness and reality of each other, the host and guest in succession, the longitude and latitude change, precisely because of the foundation, the odd reason for the sudden advance, the multiple reasons for the interaction, and the logistics guarantee."

1. Formation and principles of the eight formations.

The eighth formation is the group square formation. From the formation of the formation, each of the eight formations has eight directions. Each direction has a middle array. The whole array has eight directions, and there are eight middle arrays, which are sky, earth, wind, cloud, dragon, tiger, bird and snake. The so-called "scattered into eight, and complex into one" means that they are divided into eight middle formations, and together they are a big formation. At the center of the eight formations is the general and Yu Qizhi's soldiers directly under his command. "If the center is zero, the general will hold it.". In Tang Li Wen Pai, there is a saying that "there are nine in the number of formations", so the center of the eight formations can also be regarded as a middle formation, so the Song Dynasty also called the eight formations the nine army formations.

Each middle formation is usually divided into six small formations, and the central formation is divided into sixteen small formations. The whole eight formations have sixty-four small formations. After the big square formation, there may be 24 small formations of wandering horses, which are composed of 88 small formations. Some people speculate that the formation of the riders is to group two small formations into one group, and group three groups into one, a total of four and twelve groups. In order to delay the enemy's attack when defending, obstacles such as rush cars and antlers were also set at the periphery of the Eighth Formation.

During the formation, the deployment of forces in the array follows the following three principles:

First, inclusiveness and symmetry. There is an inclusive relationship among the large, medium and small arrays of the eight arrays. The large array is formed by the middle array, and the middle array is formed by the small array. From the perspective of the whole array, "the array is contained between the arrays", "the large array includes the small array". In the structure of the formation, the balance between the two sides is maintained, forming a state of "corner fall and hook, twists and turns are opposite" (the corners of the formation are connected and echo with each other, and each bend is opposite to each other). The left and right formations and the first and second schools mentioned in Zhuge Liang's Military Order are the performance of the formation match.

Second, it is Sino-foreign peace and separation. In terms of force allocation, the eight formations are divided into Chinese and foreign ones, that is, the central and peripheral ones. Its main forces are deployed on the periphery; With few but fine forces deployed in the center, a force deployment is formed, which is thick and thin outside, heavy outside and light inside, solid outside and virtual inside. "The method of the eight arrays is also the method of emptiness, and the array from five to one is empty.". Pay attention to clutch when configuring positions. In the position, there are often terrain obstacles such as mounds, ditches, and trees, so we should pay attention to separation, and deploy their forces dispersedly to avoid obstacles; It also pays attention to coordination. After decentralized deployment, it can quickly combine operations under unified command.

Third, it is Qizheng. At the time of formation, the troops are divided into regular troops (conventional combat forces) and odd troops (unconventional combat forces). When distinguishing odd and positive, the eight middle arrays are divided into "four are positive and four are odd". In the deployment of Qizheng, "one is for each and the other is for each." In addition to the eight middle formations, there are also "odd" soldiers, namely the soldiers directly under the Central General.

2. The maneuver method of the eight formations.

After the formation of the eight formations, the direction can be adjusted at any time according to the change of the enemy's operational direction. Because of the symmetry of the formation, as long as the front is changed to the rear, the rear is changed to the front; Or the left part is changed to the right part, and the right part is changed to the left part, so you can turn around and move flexibly. However, due to the huge and complex formation, in order to keep it in order, it is not allowed to run fast when moving forward, and it is not allowed to run hard when retreating. The maneuvering speed is greatly limited. This is what the eight array pithy formula in "Tang Li Wen Pai" tells us: "before, after, before, there is no speed in advance, and there is no speed in retreat".

3. The fighting method of the eight formations.

The eight arrays have the function of all-around operations, with four positives serving as four heads (flanks), and four oddities and four charges serving as eight tails (reinforcements). When attacked in any direction, the main direction of operations can be deployed without making fundamental changes to form the force configuration of the head, flank and rear of the array. When one place is attacked, the adjacent left and right middle arrays can automatically serve as two wings to attack the attacking enemy. This is the "Four heads and eight tails, the first at the touch, the enemy rushing into it, and both ends are saved" in the General Summary of Continuation of Martial Arts.

4. Use of arms.

The most active and mobile cavalry in the array is the cavalry. "They can save each other head and tail, and change their use endlessly. They are all driven by the cavalry". The method of application is to give them a wide range of tasks, such as side attack, feint attack, ambush, cutting off the enemy's food supply, blocking, night attack, tail attack and marching, camping, and warning during the deployment. At ordinary times, they are lined up in two rows and placed behind the generous array. As the "Military Preparation Annals" says, "action is the first, stop is the last, and war is the impermanence".

The crossbow soldiers in the array, with the cooperation and protection of other forces, make up for the weakness of short self-defence and give play to the advantage of long range shooting. The method of using crossbow soldiers is to emphasize coordination. Zhuge Liang stipulated in the Military Order that when the attacking enemy is blocked in front of the antlers, the crossbow soldiers in the array will stand up and fire, and the spears and halberds will squat forward to fight, and cooperate with each other. The spears and halberds will not stand up and stop, otherwise it will affect the shooting range and hinder the use of crossbows.

By setting up obstacles with vehicles, the vehicle soldiers can delay and cut the impact and mobility of the enemy, provide shelter and protection against the infantry, crossbows and cavalry, and enhance the stability of the defense. Its application is as follows: in the mountain encounter, if the left and right wings of the enemy cavalry come to attack, and our infantry turn from marching to hasty defense, and it is not convenient to climb the mountains, they will use vehicles outside the array to resist the enemy's impact; When the terrain is narrow and difficult to deploy, the vehicles outside the array are arranged in a zigzag shape to defend against the enemy's impact.

5. Formation changes.

In order to adapt to different terrain and enemy conditions, the eight formations must adjust the formation to square, round, curved, straight, sharp and other shapes according to the situation, and adjust the force configuration in the formation to form different formations according to the needs of different stages of operations. For example, when marching, form the formation of sending troops to form an array, when preparing for war, form the formation of gathering troops to wait for the enemy, when defending, form the formation of vanguard to meet the enemy, when pursuing, form the formation of defeating and chasing, and collecting the whole array, and so on.

In a word, Zhuge Liang, aiming at the cavalry advantage of the Wei army, supported by the most advanced quick-fire weapon, Yuanrong, integrated the power of coordinated combat of foot, crossbow, horse and vehicle, and formed eight formations. His eight formations are a group square composed of four positive and four strange formations, which can be separated, combined and changed. The formation is inclusive and symmetrical. It has the ability of quick response and flexible response, with the former being the rear, the later being the front, four heads and eight tails, the contact being the first, the enemy rushing into the middle, and both ends being saved.

 什么是诸葛“八阵图”

诸葛长青

修身、齐家、治国、平天下

中国·成功者俱乐部http://q.blog.sina.com.cn/chgyzh

 东方巨龙 天下驰骋！

       诸葛亮创制的“八阵图”吸收了井田和道家八卦的排列组合，兼容了天文地理，是古代不可多得的作战阵法。谨慎堂《诸葛氏宗谱》就载有“八阵功高妙用藏与名成八阵图”的诗词赞歌。国内许多专家对此进行了深入研究。

   那么什么是八阵图呢？

   “八阵”即天覆阵、地载阵、风扬阵、云垂阵、龙飞阵、虎翼阵、鸟翔阵、蛇蟠阵。“八阵图”乃是诸葛亮创制的一种军事阵法，其最早历史文字记载，可以追溯到《三国志·蜀志》中的“诸葛亮传”：亮“推演兵法，作八阵图”。其后，《晋书》“恒温传”载：“诸葛亮造八阵图于鱼腹平沙之下，垒石为八行，行相去二丈。温见之，谓此常山蛇势也。文武皆莫能识之。”

　　天覆阵赞：天阵十六，外方内圆，四为风扬，其形象天，为阵之主，为兵之先。善用三军，其形不偏。
　　地载阵赞：地阵十二，其形正方，云主四角，衝敌难当，其体莫测，动用无穷，独立不可，配之於阳。
　　风扬阵赞：风无正形，附之於天，变而为蛇，其意渐玄，风能鼓物，万物绕焉，蛇能为绕，三军懼焉。
　　云垂阵赞：云附於地，始则无形，变为翔鸟，其状乃成，鸟能突出，云能晦异，千变万化，金革之声。
　　龙飞阵赞：天地后衝，龙变其中，有爪有足，有背有胸。潜则不测，动则无穷，阵形赫然，名象为龙。
　　虎翼阵赞：天地前衝，变为虎翼，伏虎将搏，盛其威力。淮阴用之，变为无极，垓下之会，鲁公莫测。
　　鸟翔阵赞：鸷鸟将搏，必先翱翔，势临霄汉，飞禽伏藏。审之而下，必有中伤，一夫突击，三军莫当。
　　蛇蟠阵赞：风为蛇蟠，附天成形，势能围绕，性能屈伸。四奇之中，与虎为邻，后变常山，首尾相困。

　　“八阵图”的组成，是以乾坤巽艮四间地，为天地风云正阵，作为正兵。西北者为乾地，乾为天阵。西南者为坤地，坤为地阵。东南之地为巽居，巽者为风阵。东北之地为艮居，艮者为山，山川出云，为云阵，以水火金木为龙虎鸟蛇四奇阵，作为奇兵。布阵是左为青龙（阵），右为白虎（阵），前为朱雀鸟（阵），后为元武蛇（阵），虚其中大将居之。八阵又布于总阵中，总阵为八八六十四阵，加上游兵24阵组成。总阵阴阳之各32阵，阳有24阵，阴有24阵。游兵24阵，在60阵之后，凡行军、结阵、合战、设疑、补缺、后勤全在游兵。有赞歌颂扬“八阵图”威力无比：“阵间容阵、队间容队；以前为后，以后为前；进无速奔、退无遽走；四头八尾，觸处为首；敌冲其中、两头皆救；奇正相生，循环无端；首尾相应、隐显莫测；料事如神，临机应变。”“八阵之法，一阵之中，两阵相从，一战一守；中外轻重，刚柔之节，彼此虚实，主客先后，经纬变动，正因为基，奇因突进，多因互作，后勤保证。”

1、八阵编成及原则。

　　八阵是集团方阵。从阵式编成看，每个八阵都具有八个方向。每一个方向，都编有一中阵。全阵八个方向，编有八个中阵，分别为天、地、风、云、龙、虎、鸟、蛇。所谓“散而成八，复而为一”，就是分别看为八个中阵，合起来看就是一个大阵。八阵中央，是大将及直属的余奇之兵，“中心零者，大将握之”。《唐李问对》中有“数阵有九”的说法，所以八阵中央也可视为一个中阵，因此宋朝又把八阵称为九军阵。

　　每个中阵，平时编为六个小阵，中央编为十六个小阵，整个八阵共六十四个小阵。大方阵之后，可能还有游骑二十四小阵，则共编为八十八小阵。有人推测，游骑的编组，是将二小阵编为一组，将三组编为一冲，共四冲十二组。为了防御时迟滞敌人的进攻，在八阵的外围还设置了冲车和鹿角等障碍物。

　　在编成时，阵内兵力的部署遵循以下三个原则：

　　第一，是包容和对称。八阵的大、中、小之阵间，具有包含容纳的关系。大阵由中阵编成，中阵由小阵编成。从全阵看，“阵间容阵”，“大阵包小阵”。在阵式结构上，则保持两两平衡，形成“隅落钩连，曲折相对”（阵的角落互相牵连呼应，一曲一折，彼此相对）的状态。诸葛亮《军令》所提到的左右阵和甲乙校，是阵式对阵的表现。

　　第二，是中外和离合。八阵在兵力配置上，区分为中外，即区分为中央和外围。其主兵力配置在外围；以少而精的兵力配置在中央，形成厚外薄中，外重内轻、外实内虚的兵力部署。“八阵之法，虚中之法也，自伍而至阵法，皆虚其中焉”。在配置阵地时，讲究离合。阵地上，往往有丘阜、沟堑、林木等地形障碍，因此讲究离，对其兵力进行必要的分散配置，以避开障碍；又讲究合，在分散配置以后，能在统一指挥下迅速合成作战。

　　第三，是奇正。在编成时，把部队区分为正兵（常规作战部队）和奇兵（非常规作战部队）。在区分奇正时，把八个中阵区分“四为正，四为奇”。在部署奇正时，“各以一正而间一奇。”在八个中阵之外，还区分出“余奇”之兵，即中央大将直属之兵。

　　2、八阵的机动方法。

　　八阵编成后，可根据敌人作战方向的变换，随时调整方向。由于阵式对称，只要前部改为后部，后部改为前部；或左部改为右部，右部改为左部，即可掉头，行动十分灵活。但是由于阵形庞大复杂，为了保持整齐，前进时不许速奔，后退时不许猛跑，机动速度受到较大的限制。这就是《唐李问对》中八阵口诀所诉“以前为后，以后为前，进无速度，退无遽走”。

　　3、八阵的战斗方法。

　　八阵具有全方位作战的功能，有四正可充当四头（侧翼），有四奇、四冲可充当八尾（增援部队），任何方向受到攻击，该方向不必作出根本变更，即可完成主要作战方向的部署，形成阵首、侧翼和殿后的兵力配置。一处受到攻击，相邻左右中阵可自动作为两翼，前来夹击来犯之敌。这就是《续武经总要》所讲的“四头八尾，触处为首，敌冲其中，两头皆救”。

　　4、兵种运用。

　　阵内最活跃、机动性最强的是骑兵，“首尾相救，变用不穷，皆出于冲骑”。其运用方法是：赋予其侧击、佯击、伏击、断敌粮道、阻击、夜袭、尾击和行军、宿营、布阵时的警戒等广泛任务。平时，横列成两排，置于大方阵之后，如《武备志》所讲“行则居前，止则居后，战则进退无常位”。


　　阵内的弩兵，在其他兵力的配合保护下，弥补了短于自卫的弱点，发挥了长于远射的优势。运用弩兵的方法，是强调协同。诸葛亮在《军令》中规定，当来犯的敌人在鹿角前受阻之时，阵内弩兵立姿发射，矛戟兵蹲姿前进作战，互相协同，矛戟兵不得战立和停止，否则影响射界，妨碍用弩。

　　车兵通过用车设置障碍，迟滞和割裂敌军的冲击和机动，对阵内步、弩、骑兵提供掩蔽和保护，增强防御的稳定性。其运用是：在山地遭遇战中，如果敌军骑兵左、右翼前来夹击，我军步兵从行进间转入仓促防御，又不便于登上山岭时，则用车布于阵外，阻敌冲击；在地形狭窄、难于展开时，则把布于阵外的车排成锯齿形状，以防御敌冲击。

　　5、阵形变化。

　　为适应不同的地形和敌情，八阵须视情将阵形调整为方、圆、曲、直、锐等形状，又要根据作战不同阶段的需要，调整其阵中兵力配置，组成不同的阵势。例如，行军时组成发兵结阵的阵势，备战时组成敛兵待敌的阵势，防御时组成先锋应敌的阵势，追击时组成战胜追逐、收阵整兵的阵势，等等。

　　总之，诸葛亮针对魏军的骑兵优势，以最先进的速射武器元戎为支撑，综合发挥步、弩、骑、车协同作战的威力，编成八阵。他的八阵，是四正四奇合成的集团方阵，阵形可离、可合、可变。编成上是包容和对称的，具有以前为后、以后为前、四头八尾、触处为首、敌冲其中、两头皆救的快速反应和灵活应变能力。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

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3Zhuge Changqing's Greeting Ritual (15 Steps Concise Version)

3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

9Shocking photo of feeding: Buddha, Bodhisattva and Dharma Protector come to the scene

9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

10施食仪轨回向：回向修改为简洁回向