Interpretation of the 12th Graduation of Zhuge Liang's Art of War. General Yuan

The 12th Graduation

——The general appointed by the monarch is solemn and dignified

In ancient times, the state was in danger, and the emperor Jianxian was able to take charge of it. On the third day of the Qi Dynasty, he entered the Imperial Temple, stood in the south, and put the Grand Master in the north to the emperor. You hold the handle of the axe to grant the general, saying, "From now on, the general will cut it down." The reply said, "When you see its emptiness, you will move forward, and when you see its reality, you will retreat. Don't be cheap with your body, don't be against the public with your own eyes, and don't lose your loyalty by relying on its function. Don't sit before the scholar sits, don't eat before the scholar eats, and don't eat with the cold department. When you work and rest, you will be in danger. In this way, the scholar will die, and the enemy will die." Will accept the words, chisel the door of evil, lead the army out, and you will send it, kneel and push the hub, He said, "It is only time to advance and retreat. Everything in the army is not ordered by the king, but by the general." If so, then there is no heaven above, no earth below, no enemy ahead, and no master behind. It takes the wise man as the consideration and the brave man as the fight. Therefore, it can defeat the outside, achieve success in the inside, and become famous in future generations.

translation

From ancient times to the present, when a country is in danger, the monarch will select virtuous people as generals to save the country. Before the expedition, after fasting for three days, he went to the temple to worship the ancestors. The monarch stood facing the south and the general stood facing the north. The grand master presented the axe (a symbol of power) with both hands. The monarch took the axe and handed it to the general with the handle, saying, "From now on, the army is under your command." Then, The king then said: "In combat, when you see the enemy is weak, you will attack, and when you see the enemy's strength is strong, you will mainly retreat. You should not despise others because of your high position, nor listen to the opinions of your subordinates because of your unique opinions, nor lose the quality of your loyalty and credibility by virtue of your outstanding achievements. When your subordinates have not sat down to rest, you cannot sit down to rest first as a general. When your subordinates have not eaten, you should not lead the way We should eat the same cold and heat as our troops, wait for toil and rest, and enjoy both hardships and dangers. If we do all this, our soldiers will do their best, and the enemy will be defeated. ". After listening to the king's instructions, the general swore allegiance, and then personally opened the door of the evil and led the army to go out. The monarch sent the troops to the north gate and knelt down to the horses and carriages used by the general. At the same time, he said: "You will be out of the country, not under your command. From today on, all actions in the army will be decided by you". In this way, the general has absolute authority, and can also make wise men offer advice and brave criminals serve the battlefield. Thus, we can win all battles and make great contributions, and we can also be famous in future generations, and we can benefit Zeen and his descendants.

analysis

This article discusses the code of conduct that generals and soldiers should have in fighting. By describing a dialogue between the monarchs and their ministers at the ceremony of authorization of the ancient emperors to the generals, the article states the proper code of conduct for the generals to command the troops in the war. The general's answer is exactly the general's code of conduct. Here we talk about not only the issue of command in the face of war, but also the issue of employment, self-discipline and decision-making, which is very detailed. It is particularly noteworthy that the general said in front of the king, "When we move forward and backward, everything in the army will be decided by the general." Then Zhuge Liang fully discussed the necessity of doing so. It can be seen that Zhuge Liang paid special attention to the issue of military power in all aspects of the general's code of conduct, which is the same as his intention to put the article "Military Power" in the first place in the "General Court" and first discuss the issue of the general's authority, which is to emphasize that the issue of military power is the most fundamental issue for the general to command the army and must be fully authorized, Only then can we "defeat the outside world, achieve success in the inside, become famous in later generations, and benefit our descendants."

Zhuge Liang said all this through the mouth of the general, without the smell of empty preaching, making people feel cordial, credible and easy to accept. It's really brilliant.

Extension example

Tian Rangju (r á ng j ū) Liwei

During the Spring and Autumn Period, all the vassal states fought endlessly. One year, the State of Qi suffered a series of defeats. The Duke of Qi Jing was anxious to find a capable general to turn the situation around.

On the recommendation of Zhengqing Yan Ying, the Duke of Qi Jing decided to make Tian Rangju a general and lead his troops to the front to fight back against the enemy. Tian Rangju was only a junior official. After paying tribute to King Jing, he made a sincere request, saying, "King, I have always been in a low position. Now you have promoted me from the ranks of soldiers to the position of general at once. I am afraid that the soldiers will not listen to me and the officials will not believe me. This is because the people are weak and the power is light. I ask you to send a senior minister to be my supervisor to help morale."

Duke Qi Jinggong said, "This is easy to do." He immediately sent his favorite minister Zhuang Jia to go. Tian Rangju and Zhuang Jia agreed to meet at the gate of the army at noon the next day.

The next day, Tian Rangju led his troops to the gate of the army very early and lined up for Hou Zhuang Jia. But in the evening, Zhuang Jia swaggered to the army gate. Tian Rangju was very angry and shouted, "Why is Lord Zhuang so late?" Zhuang Jia was always arrogant and arrogant because he was loved by King Jing. Why did he pay attention to the little Tian Rangju, He said arrogantly: "Farewell to friends and relatives, drink more..." Tian Rangju said: "At present, the enemy invasion, the king sleeps restlessly, cannot eat, the soldiers died at the border, and the lives of the people are hard to protect, but you violated the military law for the banquet..." Zhuang Jia said casually: "Don't be too arrogant, just be a general for a few days and then teach me a lesson." Tian Rangju showed no weakness, "What's the crime of violating the military law? It's time to cut it off!" roared in a loud voice. It was too late to say that. Just as Tian Rangju ordered, Zhuang Jia's head was cut off.

Tian Rangju's actions shocked the three armies, and the soldiers bowed down and listened to his command.

A few months later, the enemy was repulsed, and Tian Rangju led the army to victory. Duke Qi Jinggong met him personally, and later promoted him to be the Great Sima.

 解读《诸葛亮兵法.将苑》 出师第十二

出师第十二

——国君任命将领礼仪庄严隆重

诸葛长青

修身、齐家、治国、平天下

中国·成功者俱乐部http://q.blog.sina.com.cn/chgyzh

 东方巨龙 天下驰骋！

   古者国有危难，君简贤能而任之，齐三日，入太庙，南面而立，将北面，太师进钺于君。君持钺柄以授将，曰：“从此至军，将军其裁之。”复命曰：“见其虚则进，见其实则退。勿以身贵而贱人，勿以独见而违众，勿恃功能而失忠信。士未坐勿坐，士未食勿食，同寒署，等劳逸，齐甘苦，均危患，如此则士必尽死，敌必可亡。”将受词，凿凶门，引军而出，君送之，跪而推毂，曰：“进退惟时，军中事不由君命，皆由将出。”若此，则无天于上，无地于下，无敌于前，无主于后。是以智者为之虑，勇者为之斗，故能战胜于外，功成于内，扬名于后世，福流于子孙矣。

钺yue 毂gu

译文

　　从古至今，大凡国家遇有危难，国君会选拔贤德之人作将帅以解救国难。出征前，斋戒三日，进至太庙告祭列祖列宗，国君面南而站，将帅面北而立，太师双手奉上大斧（权力的象征），国君接过大斧，手持斧柄授给将帅说：“从现在开始，部队由您指挥。”然后，国君接着说：“作战时，见敌人势弱则进击，见敌人实力强固则以退为主。不能因为自己身居高位而看轻别人，也不要因为自己意见独特而听不进部下的意见，不可以凭借自己功绩显赫就失去人忠信本分的品质。部下还没有坐下来休息时，身为将帅不能自己先坐下来休息，部下还没有吃饭时，身为将帅也不要首先进餐，应该与部下同寒暑，等劳逸，齐甘苦，均危患，做到了这一切，手下的将士必会竭尽全力，敌人也一定会被打败”。将帅听完国君的训命后，宣誓效忠，然后亲自打开凶门，率军出征。国君把出征的军队送到北门，向将帅乘用的车马跪拜同时又说：“将在外，不受君命。从今天起，军队中的一切行动都由您来决策”。这样，将帅就具有了绝对的权威，也可以使智谋之人为之献策，使勇犯之人为之效命沙场。由此，可以百战百胜，立下汗马功劳，也能扬名于后世，福泽恩及子孙。

　　解析

　　本篇文章论述了将帅统兵打仗应有的行为准则。文章借叙述古代帝王向将帅授权仪式上，君臣间的一段对答，说出了将帅统兵打仗应有的行为准则。将帅的答词正是将帅的行为准则，这里既讲了临战指挥问题，也讲了用人、律已和决策问题，讲述十分详尽。尤其值得注意的是，将帅当着君王的面说出了：“进退惟时，军中事，不由君命，皆由将出。”接着，诸葛亮又充分论述了这样做的必要性。可见诸葛亮在将帅行为准则诸方面中，特别重视“将在外，君命有所不受”这一兵权问题，这和他在《将苑》中，把《兵权》一文放在最前面，首先论述将领的权威问题的用意一样，在于着重说明兵权问题是将帅统兵打仗最根本的问题，必须充分授权，才能“战胜于外，功成于内，扬名于后世，福流于子孙。”
　　诸葛亮借将军之口说出这一切，没有空洞说教的味道，让人感到亲切可信，易于接受。确实高明。

　　拓例

　　田穰苴(ráng jū)重权立威
　　春秋时期，各诸侯国征战不休。有一年齐国连吃败仗，齐景公很着急，很想找到一位得力的将领能够扭转局面。
　　齐景公根据正卿晏婴的推荐，决定令田穰苴为将军，领兵开赴前线回击敌军。田穰苴原来只是一名下级官吏，他拜谢景公后，诚恳地提出一条请求，说：“君王，我一向地位卑微，现在您一下子把我从卒伍之间提拔到将军之位，我担心士卒们不听我的，百官不信我的，这是因为人微权轻。我请求您派一位高尊的大臣，做我的监军，以助士气。”
　　齐景公说：“这好办。”当即派他的宠臣庄贾走一趟。田穰苴与庄贾约定好第二天中午在军门外会合出发。
　　第二天，田穰苴很早就带领部队来到军门外，列好队伍，等侯庄贾。可是到了傍晚，庄贾才大摇大摆地来到军门。田穰苴很生气地厉声喝问：“庄大人为什么这么晚才来？”庄贾因受景公宠爱，一向狂妄骄横，他哪里把小小的田穰苴放在眼里，就傲慢地说：“亲朋饯行，多饮了几杯……”田穰苴说：“眼下敌军入侵，大王寝不安席，食不甘味，士卒战死在边境，百姓的性命难保，你却为酒宴而违犯军法……”庄贾毫不在乎地说：“你不要太神气，才当了几天将军就教训起我来了。”田穰苴毫不示弱，厉声吼道：“违犯军法该当何罪？当斩！”说时迟，那时快，田穰苴刚刚下令，庄贾的脑袋就被砍了下来。
　　田穰苴的举动，威震三军，将士们俯首贴耳地听从他的指挥。
　　几个月后，击退了敌人，田穰苴率军凯旋，齐景公亲自迎接，后提升他为大司马。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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