What is one of the common knowledge of Buddhism

(Lesson 1 to Lesson 8)

Lesson 1 Overall

'Buddha' is the abbreviation of the Indian language 'Buddha', which means' sense 'in Chinese characters. This sense is different from the common sense, because most people's sense is illusion; This awareness is the real wisdom that can be proved for all things. Anyone who can prove real wisdom is Buddha.

'Law' is the general name of all kinds of things and principles; Here, it refers to the teachings of the Buddha, which is all the classics in the religion. Because the scripture says all kinds of things and principles, it is called Dharma.

"Sangha" is the abbreviation of "Sangha" in the Indian language, which translates into Chinese as "numerous". There are more than three people. Monk words are also the names of three or more monks. But today, when we meet, it is not impossible for a monk to call him a monk. For example, in the ancient military system, there were 2500 soldiers. If one of them called him a soldier, it would also make sense.

The 'Buddha' is to save all living beings, the 'Dharma' is the tool for the Buddha to save all living beings, and the 'Monk' is the representative of the Buddha's mission.

Lesson 2 Doctrine

The doctrine of Buddhism is based on three things: kindness, compassion and equality; Take the following three things as the practice: "Do nothing evil, do all good, and purify yourself". The first three things are the body, and the last three things are the use.

Giving all happiness to all living beings is called 'kindness'. It is called 'sadness' to save all the sufferings of all living beings. However, the goal of being happy and bitter is not to distinguish between affection and hatred of relatives. Such intention is called 'equality'. Only with equality and compassion can we achieve success!

What is' doing nothing evil '? It means that no matter how big or small, as long as it is harmful to all living beings, it will avoid rabbits. What is' all good deeds'? Everything is small or big. As long as it is beneficial to all living beings, we will work hard. What is' self purification '? Because the minds of all living beings are defiled, and they are constantly deluded to distinguish between themselves and others, so they harm themselves; If we can practice without delusions, the polluted heart will turn into a pure heart, and only by cutting off evil and generating good can we be complete!

Lesson 3 A Brief History of the Teacher

The leader of the religion is Sakyamuni, the prince of King Jingfan of Kapila in Central India, and the mother is Mrs. Moya. The city is on the bank of the Lopoti River, a tributary of the Ganges River. The common name of the prince is Siddhartha. He was born more than 2500 years ago. The old saying is more than 2900 years ago.

The Indian class is very strict, which can be divided into four classes: first, the Brahman presides over religion, second, the Chadili is in charge of politics for the royal family, third, the Veche is a merchant, and fourth, the Sutra is a peasant slave. The prince is the Chadi Lizhong. He married his wife and gave birth to a son named Rahula.

When the prince visited the fields, he saw the farmers working hard, but also saw the insects coming out of the farmland, and the birds pecking at them. Therefore, he knew that life in the animal kingdom was mostly harmful to him, and felt very sad. He also decided to seek relief because he saw the old, the sick and the dead on a trip and felt that life was empty, bitter and impermanent.

At the age of 19, the prince decided to give up his wealth and go out of the house. After six years of hard work in the snowy mountains, he sat under the bodhi tree to prove the Buddha's fruit. He said it for forty-nine years, and then went to Nirvana outside the city of the corpse.

Lesson 4 Gathering of Three Zangs

After the death of the Buddha, the disciples were afraid that the Dharma said by the Buddha would be lost for a long time, and that some people would be mixed with heresy, so there was a gathering organization.

The gathered Dharma is that most monks organize a meeting, push one person to rise to the throne, ask questions, make them answer, and then ask the congregation to prove it is good, and then record it as the Buddhist scripture. However, the gathering is not one time, and each scripture is different. The general situation can be divided into three parts: first, the Seven Leaves Grottoes outside the Wangshe City, the gathering of 500 Arhats, Ananda chanting, Yobali chanting, Fuluna chanting, and Da Kaya as the first, and the name is' the upper part of the boundary '; Before entering the cave, there are still many people, who also organized a gathering, with Grandma as the leader, and the name is "the public department outside the boundary"; This is the collection of small cars. Manjushri and Maitreya, the two Bodhisattvas, ascended Ananda to the throne in Tiewei Mountain, and said the Bodhisattva, the sound and the precepts, which is the combination of Mahayana. The Vajrayana Bodhisattva and Ananda Buddha also recorded the two great sutras of Jin and Tai, which are secret collections.

Lesson Five Seven Disciples

All living beings can learn Buddhism, regardless of whether they become monks or nuns, all are equal in learning Buddhism, because the precepts show little difference. There are five kinds of men and women who become monks: First, monks, men who have received the 250 precepts. 2、 Bichuni, a woman has received five hundred precepts. 3、 Shicha Manani is a system in which Samini learned the six dharma before he wanted to accept the five hundred precepts. 4、 Shami. 5、 Samini, men and women have received ten precepts.

There are two kinds of men and women at home: first, Yobosei; 2、 Youpoyi. That is, men and women have received the five precepts; But those who have not received the five precepts and have received three conversions are also Buddhist disciples.

There are three meanings of 'monk': 'beggar, breaking evil, and fearing evil'‘ Sami 'means' stop evil and do mercy'‘ Shicha Mona means "learning method"‘ The meaning of "being close to and serving the three treasures" is "Yobosei and Yi".

Lesson 6 The World

'World' refers to the past and the present, and 'boundary' refers to the direction, which means time vertically and space horizontally, that is, the meaning of heaven and earth. It also shows that tomorrow's land is originally changeable. The world first took Xumi Mountain as the center, the lowest layer was empty wheel, and the four wheel bodies such as geomantic omen and gold layers up. Gold refers to the solid terrain containing gold.

From the ground up to the half of Xumi Mountain, it is the first layer of sky. To the top of the mountain, there are two layers of heaven, and then four layers of heaven. Because these six layers of heaven have the desire of men and women to eat, they are called "the heaven of desire". Up there are eighteen layers of heaven, which are divided into four Zen, and have only solemn forms and colors, so it is called 'color boundary heaven'. There are still four layers of sky up there, which do not show the appearance of form and color, so it is called 'colorless sky'.

There are four big planets, eight medium planets and tens of thousands of small planets in the four sides of Xumi Mountain. The former name is "continent". There are seven mountains and eight seas in the outer layer, and there is Tiewei Mountain as the outer boundary.

Lesson 7 World Quantity

The total size of the planets surrounded by the two mountains of Xumi and Tiewei, as well as the seven mountains and eight seas, from the empty wheel up to the beginning of Zen in the color world, is called "one world". Taking the horizontal and vertical range of such a world as the standard, we can gather a thousand worlds, up to the two Zen days in the color world, and it is called "Small Thousand World". Then take the scope of the small world as the standard, and gather a thousand small world, up to the three Zen days of the color world, which is called "the middle thousand world". Then, according to the scope of the Middle and Thousand Worlds, we will gather a thousand Middle and Thousand Worlds, up to the four Zen days, and call it the "Great and Thousand Worlds". Therefore, there are small, medium and large thousands in the number, so there are three thousand and large thousands.

There is no more than one such three thousand worlds. These six sentient beings are infinite. However, the world is constantly 'becoming, living, bad and empty', and all living beings are also constantly 'living, living, different and perishing'.

Lesson 8 Inside and outside the boundary

The three realms are originally impermanent, and all living beings inside are bound by all worries, and cannot be free, and continue to live and die. Therefore, the three realms are called 'fire houses', and all living beings are called' mortals'.

There are six types of mortals: one, heaven, two, man, and three, Ashura. These three strong powers are called 'good ways', because they enjoy little happiness even though they are in the fire house; 4、 Animal, five, hungry ghost, six, hell. These three are called "evil ways", but suffering.

In general, all living beings have endless worries, and life and death continue. Driven by karma, this way is dead, and the other way is alive, running back and forth like a wheel. Even if I have a good way, I will enjoy a little happiness, but it is still uncertain for the time being.

If you can get rid of all your troubles, you can break away from the six realms, go beyond the three realms, cut off life and death, and never die, so it is called 'saints outside the realms'. There are four categories: the sound and the sense of fate are the evidence of the small fruit, and the bodhisattva and Buddha are the evidence of the big fruit.

 什么是佛学 常识之一

（第一至第八课）

第一课  总体
 
‘佛’是印语‘佛陀’的简称，在中国文字是‘觉’的意思。此觉与普通说的觉不同，因常人的觉多是错觉；此觉乃是对一切事理，能真正证明的实智。任何人能证得实智，就是佛。
 
‘法’是种种事物及道理的总名；在这里讲是专指佛的教法，就是教内一切经典。因为经中说的就是种种事物及道理，所以称之曰法。
 
‘僧’是印语‘僧伽’的简称，译成中文是‘众’的意思。三人以上曰众。僧字也是比丘三、四人以上的名辞。但是今日相沿，比丘一人就称他是僧，这也未尝不可。例如古时兵制，万二千五百人为军，若指其中一人叫他军人，亦讲得通。
 
‘佛’是来救度众生的，‘法’是佛度众生的工具，‘僧’是佛的传教度众代表人。
 
第二课  教义
 
佛家的教义，以‘慈、悲、平等’三事为根本；以‘诸恶莫作、众善奉行、自净其意’三事为行持。前三事是体，后三事是用。
 
给与众生一切安乐，是名曰‘慈’。救拔众生一切忧苦，是名曰‘悲’。但是与乐拔苦的目标，是不分那一类的有情，也不分别亲故怨仇，这样的存心，名曰‘平等’。必须有平等心，慈悲方能作到圆满！
 
怎样是‘诸恶莫作’？就是事无大小，只要有害众生，便避兔不作。怎样是‘众善奉行’？就是事无大小，只要有利众生，便努力去作。怎样是‘自净其意’？因众生的心意是染污的，不断虚妄分别是非人我，所以自害害他；若能修到不起妄念分别，染污的心就转成清净的心，断恶生善才能圆满！
 
第三课  教主略史
 
教主名释迦牟尼，是中印度迦毗罗国净饭王的太子，母是摩耶夫人，国城在恒河支流罗泊提河岸。太子俗名悉达多，生时距今二千五百余年，旧说二千九百余年。
 
印度阶级很严，分为四等：一、婆罗门主持宗教，二、刹帝利为王族掌理政治，三、吠舍为商贾，四、首陀罗为农人奴隶。太子即是刹帝利种，娶夫人名耶输陀，生子名罗侯罗。
 
太子少年游览田野，见农夫劳苦，更见耕地出虫，鸟来啄食，因此察知动物界生活，多是害他存自，很觉痛心。又因出游见到老者、病者、死者，觉到人生，空、苦、无常，遂决意寻求解脱。
 
太子到了十九岁，决心舍去富贵出了家，在雪山苦行六年，坐菩提树下证了佛果，说法度众四十九年，后在拘尸城外娑罗双树下涅槃。
 
第四课  三藏结集
 
佛灭度以后，诸弟子恐怕佛说的法日久失传，又怕有人搀入异见邪说，所以有结集的组织。
 
结集的法，是多数的比丘组织一会，推一人升座，众人发问，使其答复，再问会众证明不错，就记载出来，定为佛典。但是结集并非一次，各经说法所以不同。大概的情形，可分三说：一是王舍城外七叶窟，五百阿罗汉结集，阿难诵经，优波离诵律，富楼那诵论，大迦叶为上首，名‘界内上座部’；未及入窟的，尚有多人，也组织结集，婆师婆为上首，名‘界外大众部’；这是小乘的结集。文殊、弥勒二菩萨，将阿难在铁围山升座，说出菩萨、声闻、戒律三藏，是大乘的结集。金刚手菩萨、阿难尊者，又记出金、胎两部大经，这是秘密结集。
 
第五课  七众弟子
 
众生皆可学佛，不分在家出家，学佛一律平等，因为戒相少示差别。出家的男女众有五类：一、比丘，男子受过二百五十大戒的。二、比丘尼，女子受过五百大戒的。三、式叉摩那尼，是沙弥尼欲受五百大戒以前，先学六法的，比喻学校预科的制度。四、沙弥。五、沙弥尼，男女受过十小戒的。
 
在家的男女众二类：一、优婆塞；二、优婆夷。即男女受过五戒的；但虽未受五戒，曾受三皈依的，亦是佛弟子。
 
‘比丘’的意义有三，为‘乞士、破恶、怖魔’。‘沙弥’是‘息恶行慈’的意思。‘式叉摩那’是‘学法’的意思。‘优婆塞、夷’是‘亲近、奉事三宝’的意思。
 
第六课  世界
 
‘世’是世来去世今世，‘界’是方位，这是竖说时间，横说空间，也就是说天地的意思，更表明天地原是迁流变化无常的。世界先以须弥山为中心，最下层是空轮，层层向上是风水金等四轮体，金是指含金质的固体地形。
 
从地面向上，至须弥山之半，是第一层天。至山顶为二层天，再往上有四层天，因这六层天，都有男女饮食之欲，所以称是‘欲界天’。再向上有十八层天，分为四禅，只有庄严形色，所以名为‘色界天’。再向上还有四层天，不著形色之相，所以名为‘无色界天’。
 
须弥山四方有四个大星球，有八个中星球，有数万小星球，前人称名曰‘洲’，外围层层有七山八海，更有铁围山为外廓。
 
第七课  世界数量
 
合计须弥、铁围两山环抱的大小星球，及七山八海，下自空轮向上，一直到色界的初禅天为止，这名‘一个世界’。以这样一个世界的横竖范围为标准，集合一千个世界，上至色界二禅天为止，名‘小千世界’。再以小千世界的范围为标准，集合一千个小千世界，上至色界三禅天为止，名‘中千世界’。再以中千世界的范围为标准，集合一千个中千世界，上至四禅天为止，名‘大千世界’。因此数中有小千、中千、大千的分别，所以有三千大千之名。
 
这样的三千大千世界，非止一个，是无量无边说不穷尽。这无量无边大千里的六道众生，也是说不穷尽。但是世界是不断‘成、住、坏、空’的迁流，众生也不断‘生、住、异、灭’的演变。
 
第八课  界分内外
 
三界本来无常，在内的众生又被一切烦恼缠缚，不得自由，不断生死，所以称三界为‘火宅’，称众生为‘凡夫’。
 
凡夫共分六类：一、天，二、人，三、阿修罗，此三强称曰‘善道’，因著虽处火宅，尚享有小安乐；四、畜生，五、饿鬼，六、地狱，此三直称曰‘恶道’，只是受苦罢了。
 
总起来看，众生烦恼未尽，生死不断。被业力牵引，此道死，彼道生，往来奔驰，似车轮般旋转不息。偶生善道，虽享小乐，也是暂时不究竟的。
 
若能除尽烦恼，就能脱离六道，超出三界，断了生死，不生不灭，这样名曰‘界外圣人’。共分四类：证小乘果的是声闻、缘觉，证大乘果的是菩萨、佛。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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