Confucianism, an important treasure for governing the country.
----- Zhuge Changqing
Confucianism, an important magic weapon for governing the country.
Since the Spring and Autumn Period, successive dynasties have attached great importance to our Confucianism.
How can we learn Confucianism?
According to Zhuge Changqing, it is important to follow what Confucius said: "Learn and learn at the right time".
Learning is not for the sake of window dressing or for the enjoyment of knowledge, but for application.
The Confucian way of life is: "If you are poor, be good to yourself; if you are rich, be good to the world".
The core of Confucianism is: "Ren", having a love for people will win the hearts and minds of the world.
The goal of Confucianism is: "To cultivate one's moral character and to rule one's home and country and level the world". A gentleman should do something.
Let us take a look at the "Four Gates, Ten Philosophies and Seventy-two Virtues" of Confucianism.
I. The Four Gates of Confucianism
The Four Doors are the four disciplines of Confucianism, i.e. "literature, conduct, loyalty and faith".
Zhuge Changqing: When the disciples of Confucius collated their learning, Confucius said that it could be divided into these four areas, which sum up all of Confucius' learning.
1. Literature: knowledge and culture. This subject teaches the disciples the knowledge of ancient and modern culture.
2. Conduct: the practice of virtue. This subject teaches the disciples how to practise virtue in social life.
3. Loyalty: loyalty and benevolence. This subject teaches the disciple how to be faithful to the king, respectful to friends, filial to parents, and harmonious to the family.
4. Faith: Honesty and trustworthiness. This subject teaches the disciples how to keep their word and win the hearts of the people.
The "Ten Philosophies" of Confucius
"The Ten Philosophers: The Ten Philosophers were the ten best students of Confucius. They were excellent in knowledge, learning, character and morality, and ranked in the top ten.
These ten excellent students were.
Zi Yuan, Zi Qian, Bo Niu, Zhong Gong, Zi You, Zi Gong, Zi Lu, Zi I, Zi You and Zi Xia.
Zhuge Changqing: they are both virtuous and talented, and are excellent philosophers in Chinese history.
1. Ziyuan Yan Hui, surnamed Yan Hui, also known as Ziyuan, was thirty years younger than Confucius and a native of the state of Lu. Yan Hui came from a poor background and did not work as an official during his life. Confucius exclaimed, "Yan Hui is a rare man! He ate from a bamboo tube, drank from a ladle and lived in a humble alley. If you were an ordinary person, you would have been worried and uncomfortable, but Yan Hui took it in stride and did not change his joy of learning from the Way!" Yan Hui was a keen learner, able to learn from one to the next, and focused on the cultivation of benevolence and virtue, and was much admired and loved by Confucius. As a result, he was listed as one of the ten philosophers (the subject of virtue) in the four disciplines of Confucius. As Yan Hui was Confucius' most favoured pupil, he was the first to be enshrined in the first year of the first century of the Three Kingdoms (224). In the eighth year of Emperor Xuanzong's reign (720), he was conferred the title of "Yasheng". In the ninth year of the Jiajing reign of the Ming dynasty (1530), he was named "Fu Sheng". Han Feizi. The Han Feizi.
2、Ziqian (Min Qian) was a native of the state of Lu, fifteen years younger than Confucius. Confucius particularly praised his filial piety, saying that he was obedient to his parents and loved his brothers. In the Han dynasty, Liu Xiang's "The Book of Sayings", it is written that Min Ley was abused by his stepmother when he was young, and when his father found out about it, he was so angry that he wanted to get rid of his stepmother. He said, "The mother is cold when one child is born, but the mother is single when three children are gone. Because the stepmother had given birth to two children, if the stepmother was driven away, there would be no one to take care of those three children. His act of filial piety touched his parents and was much appreciated by people from far and near. Min Ley kept to himself and "did not serve the great ruler, and did not eat the filthy lord's salary". When the Ji clan sent for him to become the governor of Feiyi, he asked them to politely decline and said, "If I am called again, I will cross the Wen River and leave the country. Min Ley was the only one of Confucius' disciples who explicitly advocated not becoming a government official. He is listed as one of the ten philosophers of the four branches of Confucianism (the branch of virtue and conduct).
He was seven years younger than Confucius and a native of the state of Lu. He was known for his virtues. He is listed as one of the ten philosophers in the four branches of Confucius.
4. Zhong Gong (冉弓), surnamed Ran Yong (Ran 冉雍), was twenty-nine years younger than Confucius and a native of the state of Lu. He was a native of the state of Lu. His father was a poor man, and some people used this as an excuse to attack him. Confucius refuted this by saying that even a ploughing ox can produce a sacrificial calf; a bad father does not necessarily mean a bad son. He was highly valued by Confucius for his magnanimity and silence, and was considered to have the tolerance of a ruler and could be a magistrate. He was one of the four branches of Confucius' school, the Ten Philosophers (the branch of virtue), and was known for his virtues. During the Warring States period, Xun Zhou held him in high esteem and ranked Ran Yong as one of the great Confucian scholars alongside Confucius.
5. Ziyou, or Ran Qiu, as he was known, was 29 years younger than Confucius and a native of the state of Lu. He was a modest and retiring man by nature, and was highly praised by Confucius for his versatility among his disciples. He was a great master of government and was particularly good at managing money. In 484 BC, he became the commander of the left division and defeated Qi with a tactic of infantry on spears. He was ranked as one of the ten philosophers of the four branches of Confucianism (the branch of government). In the 27th year of the Tang dynasty (739), he was posthumously named "Marquis of Xu". In 1009, he was posthumously named "Duke of Pengcheng" (later changed to "Duke of Xu").
He was a native of the state of Wei, thirty-one years younger than Confucius. He was an eloquent and eloquent speaker who was able to anticipate events. He is mentioned in the Analects of Confucius as having the most questions and answers between Confucius' disciples and Confucius, and he was second to Yan Hui in terms of importance to Confucius. He was the minister of the state of Wei and was the best at diplomacy. He lobbied among Qi, Wu, Yue and Jin to get Wu to attack Qi, thus saving the state of Lu. Confucius sometimes admonished Zigong for his sharp tongue and clever rhetoric. On one occasion, Confucius asked Zigong, "How do you think you compare with Yan Hui?" Zigong humbly replied, "How dare I compare with Yan Hui? When he hears one point, he can understand ten points; when I hear one point, I can only comprehend two points." Zi Gong and Zi Lu were like Confucius' right hand and left hand, and they were listed as one of the ten philosophers in the four branches of Confucius. Zi Gong was very good at business and his family was very rich, and he was a famous wealthy merchant during the Spring and Autumn period. After the death of Confucius, Zigong guarded his tomb for six years, and his love for him was greater than that of father and son.
He was nine years younger than Confucius and a native of the state of Lu. He was from a humble background and his family was poor. He was a man of great courage and talent. He was Confucius' personal bodyguard and driving commissioner. He often criticised Confucius, and Confucius often criticised him, but he was pleased to hear of his faults and accepted them with an open mind. Confucius spoke highly of him, saying that he had talent and that a vassal state with a thousand military vehicles could put him in charge of military affairs. He was also the euphemist of Kong Yu, a great official of the state of Wei. He was listed as one of the ten philosophers in the four branches of Confucianism (the branch of government). He was loyal to Confucius throughout his life. Confucius said, "If my way does not work, I will take a small wooden row and go overseas, and I am afraid that only Zhongyu will follow me!" He was afraid that he might not be able to protect Confucius, and he did not want him to be criticised. Confucius said, "Ever since I got Zhong Yu, I have not heard a bad word."
8. Zaiyu, also known as Zaiyu, was a Han Chinese, a native of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and a famous disciple of Confucius. He was twenty-nine years younger than Confucius, and was so eloquent that he was appointed by Confucius to be his most talented student in the subject of "speech", ahead of Zigong. During his travels, he was often dispatched by Confucius to the states of Qi and Chu. In the twenty-seventh year of the Tang dynasty, Zaiyu was posthumously named "Marquis of Qi". In the second year of the Dazhong Fu era of the Song Dynasty (1009), he was crowned Duke of Linzi. In the third year of the Southern Song Dynasty (1267), he was again made 'Duke of Qi', and in the ninth year of the Ming Dynasty (Jiajing) he was renamed 'Zaiyu the Sage'.
He was the only one of Confucius' disciples who dared to disagree with his teachings. He pointed out the undesirability of Confucius' system of "three years' mourning", saying: "Three years of mourning is a long time. If a ruler does not perform rites for three years, the rites will break down; if he does not perform music for three years, the music will collapse", so he argued that it could be replaced by "a year of mourning", which Confucius criticised as "unkind" (see The Analects of Confucius - Yangcai). He also posed a dilemma to Confucius, assuming that if a benevolent man was told that another benevolent man had fallen into a well, should he jump in to save him or should he not? If he jumps in, he will die, but if he does not jump in, he will not save him. Confucius thought that Zaiyu's question was not good and said, "Why is this so? A gentleman may pass away, but not be trapped; he may be deceived, but not reckless." (The Analects of Confucius - Yongye) thought that Zaiyu was making a fool of himself. Zai Yu sleeps by day and is described by Confucius as a 'rotten wood' and a 'wall of dung'. Confucius thought that Zaiyu's words and deeds were inconsistent and said that he had "failed Zaiyu by judging people by his words" and changed his past shortcomings from Zaiyu, saying, "At first I listened to people's words and believed their deeds; now I listen to people's words and observe their deeds. Yu Yu and change is."
He was forty years younger than Confucius and a native of the state of Wu. He was a native of the state of Wu. Yan Yan was an expert in literature. He was an official in the state of Lu, and was the euphemist of Wucheng, where he tried to promote ritual and education. One day Confucius was passing through Wucheng and was delighted to hear the sound of the zither and the cassowary singing, so he smiled at him and said, "Why do you need the knife of a slaughtered cow to kill a chicken?" Hearing this, Yan Yan replied, "Once upon a time I often heard my teacher say, 'When those in power have learned the ways of ritual and music, they can love the people, and when ordinary people have learned the ways of ritual and music, they can easily obey the teachings and govern well'; this is the kind of edification I am practising now!" When Confucius heard this, he said to the disciples accompanying him, "Listen to this, he is quite right. I was merely joking with him when I said just now that one does not use a bull's-eye to kill a chicken." Yan Yan was listed as one of the ten philosophers (literary disciplines) in the four branches of Confucianism. Later scholars formed a larger school of thought during the Warring States period.
10、Zi Xia, or Bu Shang, surnamed Bu and named Shang, was forty-four years younger than Confucius and a native of the State of Wei. Zixia was a senior member of Confucius' school and was good at literature. Once he asked Confucius, "The ancient poem says, 'How pretty are the dimples of a beauty when she smiles lightly, and how beautiful are her black and white eyes when they look at each other, adding to her beauty with plain powder'. What do these three verses refer to?" Confucius said, "It means that in order to paint, one has to first make a good base and then add colour." Tzu-hsia said, "Does this not mean that one must first have the virtue of faithfulness and trust, and then decorate it with rituals?" Confucius said, "What inspires my heart and mind is to be counted among the Bu Shang, like this, so that I can root you to talk about the Poem." Zi Xia was listed as one of the four branches (literary branches) of Confucius. He put forward the argument that "learning is superior to scholarship". It had a great influence on later Confucianism. After the death of Confucius, he taught at the Western River, and the then Marquis of Wei once served him as his teacher and asked him for advice on matters of state affairs. He is the author of the Preface to Poetry and the Biography of Yi. He was posthumously named "Marquis of Wei" in the 27th year of the Tang dynasty (739), and in the 2nd year of the Song dynasty (1009), he was given the posthumous title of "Duke of Dong'a", which was later changed to "Duke of Wei".
The Seventy-two Sages of Confucius
The Seventy-two Sages refers to the seventy-two disciples of Confucius who had excellent moral character and could be sages.
Confucius had 3,000 disciples and 72 sages.
The list of the 72 sages of Confucius is as follows.
1. Yan Hui, a native of the state of Lu, was thirty years younger than Confucius, and was the most favoured by Confucius, and was frequently reprimanded by him: "A virtuous man like Hui! A frying pan for food and a ladle for drink in a secluded alley, people cannot overcome their worries, but Hui does not change his happiness"; "If you use it, you do it, if you leave it, you hide it, only I and you have it!" "Hui also learns diligently, does not relent in his anger, and does not repeat his faults". 2. Min Ley, a native of the state of Lu, was called Zi Qian and was fifteen years younger than Confucius. He was known for his virtue, and Confucius called him filial. He did not serve as a doctor and did not eat the emoluments of a defiled ruler, and had a very high moral character.
Zhuge Changqing: This man was praised by Confucius for his filial piety to his parents and was included in the Twenty-Four Filial Virtues by later generations
3. Ran Keng, a native of the state of Lu, was known for his virtue. Zhuge Changqing: This man was the first disciple of Confucius to become an official, and succeeded him as the Central Capital Chancellor.
4. Ran Yong, a native of the state of Lu, was called Zhong Gong, a member of Ran Keng's clan. His father was unworthy. Confucius regarded him as virtuous and said, "Yong can also make the south face."
5. Ran Qiu, a native of the state of Lu, called Zi You, was of the same clan as the above two Ran. He was twenty-nine years younger than Confucius. He was a steward of Ji, a powerful official in the state of Lu. He had talent and was famous for his political work.
6. Zhong Yu, of unknown nationality, was called Zilu and was nine years younger than Confucius. He was a young man, nine years younger than Confucius. He was despicable, brave and straightforward, and once abused Confucius. Confucius set up a ritual to tempt him, so Zilu was invited by his disciples to become a disciple. However, he continued to speak politely and contradict Confucius. Confucius tolerated and loved him.
The story of Zilu's filial piety was compiled in the Twenty-Four Filial Virtues.
7. Zaiyu, character Ziyi, was a native of Lu.
8. Duanmu Zhi Zi Gong, a native of the state of Wei. He was extremely good at talking, but Confucius favoured him. When Qi's minister Tian Chang attacked Lu, Lu Zi ordered him to send an envoy to save Lu. He went to the states of Qi, Wu, Yue and Jin, and with his untalented tongue, he did a miracle, saving Lu, disrupting Qi, breaking Wu, strengthening Jin and dominating Yue, and moving the politics of the five states. Zigong was also an expert in economics and trading, and earned a lot of money. Whenever he went on a mission, his chariots and servants were as large as those of the princes and lords, and with his reputation as a senior disciple of Confucius, he was able to compete with the lords. Zigong's powerful propaganda was instrumental in the flourishing of Confucianism. Confucius did not like him for nothing. Zhuge Changqing: Zigong was the most versatile student of Confucius. He was an anonymous minister of foreign affairs and chancellor of the state of Wei.
9. Yan Yan was called Zi You, a native of the state of Wu. Forty-five years younger than Confucius. Famous for his literature. He was an official of Wuchengzai and handled it well.
10、Bu Shang, called Zi Xia, was from the state of Wei. Confucius was forty-four years old. Confucius said, "Shang is ready to speak the poem. He encouraged him to be "a Confucian for the little man, but a Confucian for the gentleman." After Confucius' death, he taught at the Western River. He was a rigorous scholar and was brave enough to question the errors of scripture and history. He once heard someone say in a historical journal, "When Jin invaded Qin, three boars crossed the river." Zixia said, "The word 'three boars' should be a mistake of 'Jihai'." The reader of the history asked the history of Jin and found that it was indeed a mistake of "Jihai". He was then so famous that the people of Wei regarded him as a saint. Zhuan Sun's name was Zhuan Zi, and he was a member of the Zhuan Sun family.
11. Zhuan Sun Shi (Zhuan Sun Shi) was a native of the state of Chen. He was forty-eight years younger than Confucius.
12. Zeng Shen, called Zijiu, was a native of Nanwucheng. He was forty-six years younger than Confucius. He was so filial that Confucius thought he could understand the way of filial piety, so he wrote the Book of Filial Piety.
Zhuge Changqing: This man was praised by Confucius for his filial piety to his parents and was included in the Twenty-Four Filial Virtues by later generations. He was thirty-nine years old when he was younger than Confucius (forty-nine years old in Confucius' Family Sayings). After completing his studies, he travelled south to Jianghuai, where he dared to go with the people and was frank and committed. 14. Mi Bu Qi (宓不齊) was a native of the state of Lu. He was thirty years younger than Confucius (forty-nine years old in Sun Zi Jia Yu).
15. Yuan Xian, Zi Si, a native of the state of Song. Confucius was thirty-six years old. He was a boisterous and ambitious man who was happy to be poor. After Confucius' death, he retired to the grass.
16. Gongye Chang, called Zi Chang, was from the state of Qi. He had magical powers, knew the language of birds, studied seriously, was filial, had a big heart, and could endure shame that no one could. Confucius said, "Chang can be a wife". He recruited him as his half-son.
Zhuge Changqing: This man was the son-in-law of Confucius.
17. Nangong Shi (The Records of the Grand Historian reads Nangong Zu. The ancient pronunciation of the word "bracket" is the same as "shi".) The character Zirong. He was a wise general, who did not waste the world and did not defile it. He married his brother's daughter to him.
18、Gong Cai Ai was a native of Qi.
19、Zeng Dou, Zi Cai, father of Zeng Shen.
Zhuge Changqing: This man is the father of Zeng Shen, a "father and son disciple" among the disciples of Confucius. He was listed as one of the 72 sages at the same time, which is really something. 20. Yan Wuyu (Yan Yu in the Family Sayings) was the father of Yan Hui (Ji Lu in the Family Sayings). Yan Hui's father, father and son studied together under Confucius. Zhuge Changqing: This man was Yan Hui's father, one of the "father-son disciples" of Confucius. Also listed as one of the 72 sages.
21. Shang Qu, called Zi Mu, was from the state of Lu. He was twenty-nine years younger than Confucius. He had a great interest in the Book of Changes and was a true disciple of Confucius.
22. Gao Chai, called Zi Lamb, was a native of Qi. He was thirty years younger than Confucius (forty years old in the Jiayu). He was rather dwarfish, lacking five feet in length. He had a beautiful face.
Zhuge Changqing: This man, who was short in stature, went on to have a distinguished career.
23: Chia-jiao-kai, Zi-kai, was a native of Cai. He was eleven years younger than Confucius. He studied the Shangshu and was not happy to serve. Confucius was pleased with him.
24. Gong Bo bureaucrat was called Zi Zhou. (There is no such person in the Family Sayings.)
25、Shi Ma Keng was known as Zi Niu (Zhu Xi's 'Four Books' is called by the name 'Plough').
Zhuge Changqing: This person came forward when Confucius was in distress in Song, and was a disciple of great wisdom.
26. Fan Su, called Zi Chi, was a native of Lu, thirty-six years younger than Confucius. He once asked Confucius for advice on agriculture. Confucius took it as a sign of weakness. Zi Chi once asked him about 'ren'. Confucius replied: 'Love people'. He asked about wisdom. Confucius replied: 'Knowing people'.
27. A native of the state of Lu, youruo was forty-three years younger than Confucius. He was a man of great learning and knowledge, and he was a man of the old ways.
28. Gong Xi, a native of Lu, was a defender of Zi Hua. He was forty-two years old. He was a young man, forty-two years old. He once said: 'I would like to be the junior minister in the affairs of the temple, such as the meeting of the same, and Duanzhangfu'. Confucius thought he was very humble.
29. Wu Ma Shi Zi Qi (The Family Sayings is written as Wu Ma Chi, and his character Zi Chi. The Analects of Confucius is also known as Wu Ma Qian), a native of the state of Chen, thirty years younger than Confucius.
30. Liang Acipenser, called Shuyu, was from the state of Qi. He was twenty-nine years younger than Confucius. 31. Yan Xing (Yan Xin in The Analects of Confucius), a native of the state of Lu, was forty-six years younger than Confucius.
32. Ran Ru (Ran Ru) was a native of Lu, fifty years younger than Confucius.
33. Cao Xiu Semi (曹血阝), called Zi Zhuan (子循), was fifty years younger than Confucius.
34. Bo Qiao, called Zi Xie, was fifty years younger than Confucius.
35. Gongsun Long, called Zi Shi, a native of Wei, was fifty-three years younger than Confucius.
The above thirty-five men have more detailed information and are found in the biographies. The following disciples have only their names and no details.
Ran Ji 字子产
Gong Zu Juzi (as Gong Zuzi in the Jiayue) 字子之. Qin Zu 字子南. 漆雕哆 (as 侈 in the Family Language) 字子敛. Yan Gao 字子骄. (There is no such person in the Jiayue) 漆雕徒父 (There is no such person in the Jiayue, but there is one called 漆雕從, Zi Wen. (It is suspected that this is a misprint, as in the story of the three boars of the Hexai.) (The story of the three boars and the river of Jihai is a misprint. (The Family Sayings is written as Zi Zong, but the ancient word for "from" is similar to the word for "tuo", which is also suspected to be a misstep.) The name Shang Ze was Zi Xiu, Shi Zu Shu, and Zi Ming was Ren Bu Qi. He was a native of the state of Chen, a man of virtue and courage. When Confucius travelled around the world, he sponsored five bullock carts and travelled with them. Later in the book, the character Zi Li is used. (The Family Sayings is written as Zi Li Zhi, which should be incorrect.) Qin Ran 字开. Gong Xia Shou zizhi. 奚容箴 字子皙. Gongshoulding: Zizhong. Yan Zu 字襄. (This person is not found in the Jiayu). 阝阝 字子家 (not in the Jiayu). 句井疆 字子疆. 罕父黑 字子索 ("Family Language" is written as Zaifu Hei, character Zi Hei). Qin Shang is known as Zi Pi (in the Jiayue, Pi Zi), a native of the state of Lu. His father's name was Sumeru Father, and he was known for his bravery, along with Confucius' father Shu Lianghe. Shen Dang was known as Zhou (in the Jiayue, "Family Language", as Shen Xiu, "Zi Zhou"). Yan Zhishu Zi Shu (顏之仆 字子叔). Rongji 字子祈 (Family Sayings: Ziqi.) 县成 字子祺 ("Family Language" as Zi Heng.) Zuo Ren Ying 字行 (not found in the Jiayu.) 燕 (亻) 字子思. Qin Fei 字子之. Shi Zhi Chang 字子恒 ("Family Language" as Zi Chang). Yan Kuai 字子声. 叔步乘 字子車. 原亢藉(《家語》作原[忄亢],字子藉). Le cough (in the Jiayue, it is written as Le Xin, which should be an error) Zi Sheng. Lian Jie zi yong (廉洁字子庸). Shu Zhong Hui 字子期, a native of Lu, fifty years younger than Confucius. Yan He Zi Ran (no such gentleman in the Jiayue). Di He Zi Zi Cai (the Family Language is Zi Zi Zhi). Bang Xun 字子 敛 (The Family Language is the word Gua Xuan). Kong Zhong (not found in the Family Language). There is a "Kong Fu zizi contempt", which should be the same person as him). Gong Xi Jiu Ru (as Gong Xi Jiu in the Jiayue) was Zi Shang. Gong Xi Jiu was called Zi Shang (a mistake. (The Family Sayings is written as Zisuo). The above is the list of the seventy-two sages (plus five supernumeraries) of the Confucian school in the Shiji version. In the Family Sayings, there are three other sages, Qin Juen, Chen Kao and Hang Hang, who are not listed in the Historical Records. They are not mentioned in the Records of the Grand Historian, but are appended below: 琴牢 (Qin Jun), Zi Kai (Zi Kai), a character of Zhang (Zhang), a native of Wei. He was a native of the state of Chen. He was forty years younger than Confucius. The Analects of Confucius contains it. Hang Dan is known by the character Zixiang. This adds up the names summarized by later generations to exactly eighty, a full eight more than the legal seventy-two. Seventy-two and eighty are both great numbers in heaven and earth.
Zhuge Changqing: Why exactly eighty? It is also for a heavenly flow. Amitabha. Do not do evil and practice all good deeds. Perseverance and request.
儒家思想,是治理国家的重要法宝。
----- 诸葛长青
儒家思想,是国家的重要法宝。
春秋以来,历朝历代都很重视我们的儒家思想。
如何学习儒家思想?
诸葛长青认为,要按照孔夫子所言“学而时习之”。
学习,不是为了装点门面,不是为了知识享受,而是用来应用的。
儒家的处世之道是:“穷则独善其身,达则兼善天下”。
儒家的核心是:“仁”,有爱人之心,可得天下人心。
儒家的目标是:“修身齐家治国平天下”。君子当有所作为。
我们来看看儒家的“四门十哲七十二贤”。
一、儒家“四门”
四门是指:孔门四科,也便是“文、行、忠、信”四个方面学问。
诸葛长青:孔子弟子们整理学问的时候,孔子说可以分为这四个方面,这四个方面,概括了孔子的全部学问。
1、文:知识文化。此科目传授弟子古今文化知识。
2、行:实践德行。此科目教育弟子社会生活中如何实践德行。
3、忠:忠诚仁义。此科目教育弟子如何忠君敬友、孝父母、和家庭。
4、信:诚实守信。此科目教育弟子如何守信树威信、赢得民心。
二、孔门“十哲”
“十哲”:十哲是孔子门下最良好的十位学生。他们知识、学问、人品、道德都很优秀,排在前十位。
这十名优秀学生是:
子渊、子骞、伯牛、仲弓、子有、子贡、子路、子我、子游、子夏。
诸葛长青:他们德才兼备,是中国历史上的优秀哲人。
1、子渊 颜回,姓颜名回,字子渊,亦称颜渊,比孔子小三十岁,鲁国人。颜回出身贫贱,一生没有作官。孔子赞叹说:“颜回真是难得啊!用一个竹筒吃饭,用一个瓜瓢喝水,住在陋巷里。要是一般人,一定忧烦难受,可颜回却安然处之,没有改变向道好学的乐趣!”颜回敏而好学,能闻一知十,注重仁德修养,深得孔子欣赏和喜爱。因此被列为孔门四科十哲(德行科)之一。由于颜回是孔子最得意的学生,所以至三国魏正始元年(224年)祭孔时开始以他为配享从祀之例。唐玄宗开元八年(720年)被封为“亚圣”。明嘉靖九年(1530年)封为“复圣”。《韩非子。显学》列为儒家八派之一(颜氏之儒)。
2、子骞 即闵损,姓闵名损,字子骞,比孔子小十五岁,鲁国人。闵损以德行著称,孔子特别表彰他的孝行,说他顺事父母,友爱兄弟。汉代刘向《说苑》中曾记载:闵损幼年时遭后母虐待,他父亲知道以后,非常愤怒,要把后妻赶走,闵损反而为后母求情。他说,母在一子寒,母去三子单。因为后母生了两个孩子,如果后母被赶走了,那三个孩子就没人照顾了。他的孝行感动了父母,也深得远近人之赞赏。闵损守身自受,“不仕大夫,不食污君之禄”。季氏曾派人去请他出任费邑宰,他却要来人婉言推辞,并说,如果再来召我的话,那我就渡过汶水出国去了。闵损是孔门弟子中唯一明确主张不作官的人。被列为孔门四科十哲(德行科)之一。
3、伯牛 即冉耕,姓冉名耕,字伯牛,比孔子小七岁,鲁国人。以德行著称。他被列为孔门四科十哲(德行科〕之一。
4、仲弓 即冉雍,姓冉名雍,字仲弓,比孔子小二十九岁,鲁国人。冉雍出身贫贱,他的父亲行为不良,有人以此作为攻击冉雍的借口。孔子驳斥说,一头耕牛,也可以生出献祭用的小牛来;父亲不好,儿子不一定也不好。冉雍气量宽宏,沉默后重,深得孔子的器重,认为冉雍具有人君的容度,可以做地方长官。冉雍参加做过季氏再,以德行著称,被列为孔门四科十哲(德行科)之一。战国时期的荀况很推崇他,把冉雍与孔子并列为大儒。
5、子有 即冉求,姓冉名求,字子有,通称冉有,亦称有子,比孔子小二十九岁,鲁国人。冉求生性谦退,是孔门弟子中多才多艺的人,深受孔子称赞。冉求长于政事,尤其善于理财,曾任季氏宰。他很能带兵打仗,鲁哀公十一年(公元前484年)任左师统帅,以步兵执长矛的战术打败了齐国。被列为孔门四科十哲(政事科)之一。唐朝开元27年(739年)被追封为“徐侯”。宋大中祥符两年(1009年)追封为“彭城公”(后改为“徐公”)。
6、子贡 即端木赐,姓端木名赐,字子贡,比孔子小三十一岁,卫国人。他口才很好,雄辩滔滔,又能料事。见于《论语》中的孔门弟子与孔子的问答之言,属他最多,孔子器重他次于颜回。曾担任卫国之相,最善于搞外交活动,曾在齐、吴、越、晋诸国间游说,使吴国攻齐,从而保全了鲁国。孔子对子贡的利口巧辞,有时也加以劝戒。有一次,孔子问子贡说:“和颜回相比,你自认为如何?”子贡谦逊地答道:“我哪里敢和颜回相比?他听到一分,可以了解出十分;我听到一分,只能领悟到二分。”子贡与子路一文一武,犹如孔子的左右手,被列为孔门四科十哲(言语科)之一。子贡很善经商,家境非常富有,是春秋时期著名的富商。孔子死后,子贡守墓六年,师生之情胜过父子。
7、子路 即仲由,姓仲名由,字子路,比孔子小九岁,鲁国人。仲由出身微贱,家境贫寒。他生性豪爽,孝敬父母,为人耿直,有勇力才艺。是孔子的贴身保镖和驾驶专员。仲由经常批评孔子,孔子也常批评他,仲由闻过则喜,能虚心接受。孔子对他评价很高,说他有才能,千辆兵车的诸侯国,可以让他掌理军政大事。仲由作过鲁国的季氏宰;做过卫国大夫孔悝的邑宰。被列为孔门四科十哲(政事科)之一。仲由一生忠于孔子。孔子说:“我的道如果行不通,就乘上小木排到海外去,跟随我的,怕只有仲由吧!”仲由保护孔子唯恐不周,不愿使孔子遭人非议。孔子说:“自从我得到仲由,就没有听到过恶语。”
8、子我 即宰予,亦称宰我,汉族,春秋末鲁国人,孔子著名弟子,“孔门十哲”之一。宰予小孔子二十九岁,能言善辩,被孔子许为其“言语”科的高才生,排名在子贡前面。曾从孔子周游列国,游历期间常受孔子派遣,使于齐国、楚国。唐开元二十七年,宰予被追封为“齐侯”。宋大中符二年(1009年)又加封“临淄公”。南宋咸淳三年(1267年),再进封为“齐公”,明嘉靖九年改称为“先贤宰予”。
宰予思想活跃,好学深思,善于提问,是孔门弟子中唯一一个敢正面对孔子学说提出异议的人。他指出孔子的“三年之丧”制度不可取,说:“三年之丧,期已久矣。君子三年不为礼,礼必坏;三年不为乐,乐必崩”,因此认为可改为“一年之丧”,被孔子批评为“不仁” (见《论语·阳货》)。他还向孔子提出了一个两难的问题,他假设这么一种情况:如果告诉一个仁者,另一个仁者掉进井里了,他应该跳下去救还是不应该跳下去救?因为如跳下去则也是死,如不跳下去就是见死不救。孔子认为宰予提的问题不好,说:“何为其然也?君子可逝也,不可陷;可欺也,不可罔也。” (《论语·雍也》)认为宰予这是在愚弄人。宰予昼寝,被孔子形容为“朽木”和“粪土之墙”。孔子认为宰予言行不一,说自己“以言取人,失之宰予”,并且从宰予那里改变了自己以往的不足,说:“始吾于人也,听其言而信其行;今吾于人也,听其言而观其行。于予与改是。”
9、子游 即言偃,姓言名偃,字子游,比孔子小四十岁,吴国人。言偃长于文学。他曾在鲁国做官,出任武城的邑宰,极力推行礼乐教化。有一天,孔子路过武城,听到琴瑟歌咏的声音,很高兴,就微笑对着他说:“杀鸡何必要用宰牛的刀?”言偃听了回答说:“从前我常听老师说‘在位的学了礼乐之道,就能爱民,普通人学了礼乐之道,就很容易听从教令,好治理’,我现在就是实行这样的教化啊!”孔子听后,对随行的弟子们说:“你们听听,他讲得很对。我刚才说杀鸡岂用牛刀,只不过是跟他开开玩笑罢了。”言偃被列位孔门四科十哲(文学科)之一。其后学者在战国时形成一个较大的学派。
10、子夏 即卜商,姓卜名商,字子夏,比孔子小四十四岁,卫国人。子夏是孔子门高足,擅长文学。有一次,他问孔子说:“古诗上‘美人轻盈微笑时酒窝多俏丽,黑白分明的眼睛顾盼多动人,在用素粉增加她的美丽啊’。这三句诗是指什么?”孔子说:“这是说,要画画,得先把底子打好,然后再加上色彩。”子夏说:“这不就是说,人先得具有忠信的美德,然后再用礼加以文饰吗?”孔子说:“启发我心志的要算卜商了,像这样,就可以根你谈《诗》了。”子夏被列为孔门四科(文学科)之一。他提出的“学而优则仕”的论点。对后世儒生产了很大的影响。孔子去世后,他就在西河教学,当时的魏文侯曾奉他为师,向他请教国政之事。著有《诗序》、《易传》。唐开元27年(739年)追封为“魏侯”,宋大中祥符二年(1009年)增谥为“东阿公”,后又改谥“魏公”。
三、孔门“七十二贤”
七十二贤,指的是孔子门下品德优秀可以做贤人的七十二个门生.
孔子弟子三千,贤者七十二。
孔子七十二贤名单如下:
1、颜回鲁国人,字子渊,小孔子三十岁,最为孔子宠爱,并频频贬责之:“贤哉回也!一箪食,一瓢饮,在僻巷,人不胜其忧,回也不改其乐”;“用之则行,舍之则藏,唯我与尔有是夫!”“回也勤学,不迁怒,不二过”。2、 闵损鲁国人,字子骞,小孔子十五岁。以品德闻名,孔子称其孝。不仕医生,不食污君之禄,风致很高。
诸葛长青:此人孝敬父母受到孔子表扬,被后人列入《二十四孝》
3、冉耕鲁国人,字伯牛,以品德闻名。诸葛长青:此人是孔子第一个当官的弟子,接替了孔子出任中都宰。
4、冉雍鲁国人,字仲弓,冉耕之宗族。其父不肖。孔子以其为有品德,说:“雍也可使南面。”
5、冉求鲁国人,字子有,与以上二冉同族。小孔子二十九岁。是鲁国权臣季氏之管家。有才艺,以政事出名。
6、 仲由国藉不详,字子路,小孔子九岁。性鄙,好勇力,性伉直,曾陵虐孔子。孔子设礼稍诱之,子路于是儒服委质,因门人请为门生。然厥后仍多婉言,顶撞孔子。孔子容而爱之。
诸葛长青:子路武功高强,也是大孝子,后人把他孝敬父母的故事编入《二十四孝》。
7、 宰予字子我,鲁国人。
8、端木赐字子贡,卫国人。谈锋异样极好,但是孔子却对他青睐有加。齐相田常伐鲁,鲁子命之出使救鲁。子贡去齐国、吴国、越国和晋国转了一圈,凭着三寸不烂之舌,竟做下了桩天大的奇迹,存鲁、乱齐、破吴、强晋而霸越,一使而动五国之政。子贡又通晓经济,善做买卖,银子挣得哗哗的。每次出使,车仆之盛,拟于王侯,又仗着孔门高徒的名份,与诸侯相抗礼。儒学之兴盛,子贡高声势大场面的宣传功不行没。孔子没有白喜好他。诸葛长青:子贡是孔子最全面的学生了。当过匿名的外交部长、卫国宰相。
9、言偃字子游,吴国人。小孔子四十五岁。以文学闻名。做过武城宰的官,办理得不错。
10、卜商字子夏,卫国人。小孔子四十四岁。孔子说“商始可以言《诗》已矣。”鼓舞他要做“小人儒,有为君子儒。”孔子身后,于西河行教。治学严谨,勇于疑心经史之错误。曾听人说史志曰:“晋师伐秦,三豕渡河。”子夏说:“‘三豕’应该是‘己亥’之笔误。”读史志者问诸晋史,果真是“己亥”之误。于是名重天下,卫人以之为圣。魏文侯师事之而谘国政。
11、 颛孙师字子张,陈国人。小孔子四十八岁。
12、曾参字子舆,南武城人。小孔子四十六岁。为人极孝,孔子以其能通孝道,因之以做《孝经》。
诸葛长青:此人孝敬父母受到孔子表扬,被后人列入《二十四孝》
13、澹台灭明字子羽,武城人。小孔子三十九岁(《孔子家语》作四十九岁)。结业后南游江淮,为人敢与去就,坦白重诺,从游门生达三百人,名闻诸侯。”14、 宓不齐 字子贱,鲁国人。小孔子三十岁(《孙子家语》作四十九岁)。
15、 原宪字子思,宋国人。小孔子三十六岁。喧嚣持志,安贫乐道。孔子身后,退隐草野中。
16、公冶长字子长,齐国人。有神通,懂鸟语,学习认真,有孝心,大襟怀,能忍人所不克不及忍之羞耻。孔子说:“长可妻也”。把他招作了本人的半子。
诸葛长青:此人为孔子女婿。
17、南宫适(《史记》作南宫括。古读“括,适”同音。)字子容。以智自将,世清不废,世浊不污。把哥哥的女儿嫁给了他。
18、公皙哀字季次,齐国人。
19、曾点字子皙,曾参之父。
诸葛长青:此人为曾参父,孔子弟子中“父子弟子”。同时列为72贤,真是不简单啊。
20、颜无由(《家语》作颜由)字路(《家语》作季路)。颜回的爸爸,父子俩共师孔子。 诸葛长青:此人为颜回父,孔子弟子中“父子弟子”。同时列为72贤。
21、商瞿字子木,鲁国人。小孔子二十九岁。对《易》极有兴味,得孔子真传。
22、高柴字子羔,齐国人。小孔子三十岁(《家语》作四十岁)。长得比拟侏儒,身长缺乏五尺。容颜漂亮。
诸葛长青:此人身体矮小, 后来干出了杰出事业。
23、漆雕开字子开,(《家语》作子若),蔡国人。小孔子十一岁。习《尚书》,不乐仕。孔子以是悦之。
24、公伯僚字子周。(《家语》中没有这位。)
25、司马耕字子牛(朱熹《四书集注》谓名'犁')。
诸葛长青:此人在孔子宋国遇难时挺身而出,是一位大智慧弟子。
26、 樊须字子迟,鲁国人,小孔子三十六岁。曾向孔子讨教农业方面的知识。孔子以是薄之。子迟曾问'仁'。孔子答:'爱人'。问智。孔子答:'知人'。
27、有若字子有,鲁国人,小孔子四十三岁(《家语》作三十三岁)。博学强识,雅好旧道。
28、公西赤字子华,鲁国人。小孔子四十二岁。束带立朝,娴宾主之仪。曾言其志说:'宗庙之事,如会同,端章甫,愿为小相焉'。孔子以为他很谦逊。
29、 巫马施字子旗(《家语》作巫马期,字子期。《论语》亦作巫马期),陈国人,小孔子三十岁。
30、梁鳣字叔鱼,齐国人。小孔子二十九岁(《家语》作三十九岁)。31、颜幸(《家语》作颜辛)字子柳,鲁国人,小孔子四十六岁。
32、 冉孺字子鲁,鲁国人,小孔子五十岁。
33、曹血阝字子循,小孔子五十岁。
34、 伯虔字子析,小孔子五十岁。
35、 公孙龙字子石,卫国人,小孔子五十三岁。
以上三十五人材料较详,见于书传。 以下弟子只有名字,没有详细资料:
冉季 字子产
公祖句兹(《家语》作公祖兹) 字子之。 秦祖
字子南。漆雕哆(《家语》作侈)字子敛。颜高字子骄。(《家语》无此人)漆雕徒父(《家语》无此人,却有个叫漆雕从,字子文的。疑为误笔,如三豕己亥故事。)壤驷赤字子徒。(《家语》作字子从,古"从"字与徒字相近,亦疑为彼此笔误。)商泽字子秀
石作蜀 (《家语》为石子蜀)字子明任不齐(《家语》作任子齐。应亦为笔讹)
字子选公良孺字子正,陈国人,贤而有勇。孔子周游列国时,曾赞助了五辆牛车并从游。后处字子里。(《家语》作字里之,应谬。) 秦冉
字开。公夏首字子乘。 奚容箴 字子皙。 公肩定 字子中(《家语》作子仲)。颜祖字襄。(《家语》无此人)。 枭阝单
字子家(《家语》无之)。句井疆字子疆。
罕父黑字子索(《家语》作宰父黑,字子黑)。秦商字子丕(《家语》作丕兹),鲁国人。其父名堇父,与孔子父叔梁纥俱以勇力闻名。申党字周(《家语》作申续,字子周)。
颜之仆字子叔。荣祈 字子祈(《家语》作子祺。) 县成 字子祺(《家语》作子横)。左人郢字行(《家语》无之)。 燕(亻及)
字子思。郑国(《家语》作薛邦) 字子徒。 秦 非 字子之。 施之常字子恒(《家语》作子常)。颜哙 字子声。
叔步乘字子车。原亢藉(《家语》作原[忄亢],字子藉)。 乐咳(《家语》作乐欣,应为错误)字子声。
廉洁字子庸。叔仲会字子期,鲁国人,小孔子五十岁。 颜何 字冉(《家语》无此君)。
狄黑字皙(《家语》为字皙之)。邦巽(《家语》作卦选)字子敛。孔忠(《家语》无之。而有一个"孔弗字子蔑"的,应与之是一个人)。公西舆如(《家语》作公西舆)字子上。公西点字子上(应误。《家语》作字子索)。以上为《史记》版孔门七十二圣(外加五个编外人员)名单。而《家语》中又有琴牢,陈亢,悬亶三人,为《史记》所未载。附录于后:琴牢字子开,一字张,卫国人。陈亢字子亢,一字子禽,陈国人。小孔子四十岁。《论语》载之。悬亶字子象。这样把后人总结的名字加起来,正好八十人,比法定的七十二人整多出了八个。七十二和八十都是天地大数。
诸葛长青:为什么正好八十,也是为了一个天道流传。 阿弥陀佛。诸恶莫作,众善奉行。持之以恒、有求必应。