The first ancestor of Chinese businessmen: the legend of Fan Li, the merchant saint (picture)
中国商人始祖：商圣范蠡传奇（图）
Fan Li, also known as Tao Zhugong, not only hides his strength and is ready for development, but also has wisdom and courage. His magic lies in that he can be a prime minister in politics and a rich man in business. He created Chinese business culture with great wisdom. He not only has superior business intelligence, but also has good deeds and moral integrity, and has been praised by people. He was not only praised as the merchant saint, but also worshipped as the god of wealth.
-----Zhuge Changqing
The great China is striding forward, moving forward bravely and gradually becoming the world leader.
Zhuge Changqing believes that the greatest happiness of Chinese people is to have sages guiding the direction.
In Chinese culture, people generally have special respect for sages.
The light of wisdom of sages and sages of past dynasties has illuminated the journey of the Chinese nation, and China can also develop rapidly. Great sages!
Chinese people respect sages as sages:
Confucius is the sage of literature and Sun Tzu is the sage of war;
Duke Guan is the sage of martial arts, and Zhuge Liang is the sage of wisdom;
Zhang Zhongjing is the sage of medicine, Zhang Heng is the sage of science
So who is the Chinese merchant saint?
Shang Sheng was Fan Li of the State of Yue in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Fan Li, whose name is Shaobo, was born and died in an unknown year. He was a Han nationality and was born in Wan (now Nanyang, Henan Province) of the State of Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period.
Famous statesman, strategist and industrialist at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Later generations will be honored as "Saint of Commerce".
He was born in a poor family, but he was knowledgeable and versatile. He knew and knew Chu Wanling very well.
Dissatisfied with the political darkness of the State of Chu at that time, non-aristocrats were not allowed to enter the official career, and they joined the State of Yue to assist Gou Jian of the State of Yue. He helped Gou Jian to revive the Yue State and destroy the Wu State. After he was successful, he withdrew bravely.
His pseudonym was "Chi Yi Zi Pi", and he changed his official dress into a white dress and Xishi went out of Gusu in the west. He swam in a boat among the five lakes and swam among the seventy-two peaks.
During this period, he became rich in business three times, and scattered his family wealth three times. He was the ancestor of the Confucian businessman in China. The world praises it as "loyalty to the country, intelligence to protect the body; business to become rich and famous".
In Sima Qian's Records of the Historian, the "Biography of the Merchandise" and the "Family of the King of Yue Jujian" were specially introduced.
Liu Yanyan, a historical research expert, has studied Fan Li very much. A special description was made in the "Comparison of Fan Li's Images in Historical Records" and "Mandarin", and highly praised Fan Li. Liu Yanyan pointed out that Fan Li was a wise politician, strategist, strategist and thinker. In the process of studying Fan Li, Zhuge Changqing also saw that Mr. Gong Jiahui had written a good book, "China Business School: The Secret of Historical Business Success". Through this book, we can have a comprehensive understanding of the business sages of the past dynasties.
1、 Pretend to be crazy: "Madman of Chu" meets a bosom friend
Fan Li was born in Nanyang, Henan Province at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. He was born poor and his parents died early. He was raised by his elder brother and sister-in-law. Fan Li was gifted, intelligent, knowledgeable, and fond of reading. He had great ambitions, but he did not like farming and despised his neighbors. Fan Li said, "How do you know my ambition?" He read a lot of books, such as Book of Changes, Book of Changes, and Poetry, and learned a lot of historical knowledge and theories of governing the country. Fan Li also devoted himself to studying Jiang Taigong's military books "Six Tales" and "Three Strategies". Jiang Taigong regarded vigorously developing agriculture, handicraft industry and commerce as the three magic weapons of military strategy, which Fan Li particularly respected. Later, whether Fan Li was running a family or a country, Jiang Taigong's thought had a great impact on him.
Ji Ran, a famous business theorist at that time (Ji Ran, his name is Yan, his surname is Xin, his name is Wenzi, and he is the author of Wenzi, a famous person in the Spring and Autumn Period), traveled to Nanyang. Fan Li took him as his teacher and learned economic knowledge and business skills from him.
Zhuge Changqing: Looking through the history of ancient and modern times, we will find a rule, that is, those who have accomplished great things are diligent, hardworking and well-read; Most of them are famous teachers and military strategies. They are often ignored at the beginning, and only when they are on the stage to show their talents can they be regarded as wizards. So, if you haven't made achievements, first of all, you should consider whether your own ability is a military strategy? Do you have the ability to fight the world? You should practice your skills so that you can gallop around the world in the future. Those who are predestined should think more.
Although Fan Li was full of knowledge, the politics of the State of Chu was dark at that time, and the non-noble class could not be elected officials. Fan Li was unable to exert his talents, so he let himself go and did things out of time. What he did was often surprising. It is said that he has a casual and uncommon temperament, pretends to be crazy, even pretends to be crazy, and is not known by the local people. He was called a "maniac of the State of Chu" by the time, and his neighbors called him "Fan crazy".
During the reign of King Jing of Chu, Wen Zhong, a famous scholar of the State of Chu (Zi Qin, Ying people of the State of Chu), came to Wanren and visited sages everywhere. Hearing that Fan Li was young but talented, he sent his officials to invite him. The subordinate came back and said, "Fan Li's behavior is strange, and his madness is like a madman, which is not worth inviting." Wen Zhong said, "A person with talent must pretend to be crazy to cover up his virtue."
So Wenzhong drove to visit in person, but found that the door of Fan Li's house was closed and was about to get off when he saw a man with a dirty face in a hole under the courtyard wall, lying there barking at Wenzhong. The accompanying officials couldn't see it and went up to cover Fan Li with wide sleeves. Wen Zhong said, "Don't cover it up. I heard that the dog barked because of the arrival of people. I came here today and found that there was a saint's popularity. I came here all the way to ask for a visit. Besides, he was human and barked at me, which means that I was human." So he got off the car and bowed respectfully to Fan Li, but Fan Li ignored it, and Wen Zhong had to leave.
The next day, Fan Li said to his elder brother and sister-in-law, "If a wise man came to visit me today, please lend me a clean suit of clothes and hats. This time, Fan Li no longer pretended to be crazy and foolish. He politely invited Wen Zhong into the room. After talking to each other, Fang realized that it was too late to meet each other and became lifelong confidants. This is the widely circulated story of "Fan Li's encounter with literary species in a dog hole" in Nanyang.
Zhuge Changqing: Big people often hide their strength and hide their strength, wait for the opportunity and seize the opportunity. The story of "Fan Li's encounter with a literary species in a dog hole" reflects Fan Li's ability to hide his light and keep his dark.
At that time, the countries were fighting for hegemony and annexation with each other. The politics of the State of Chu became darker. The talented people could not be reused. The political ambitions of the two people could not be realized. So they decided to leave the State of Chu and invest in other wise people to realize their political ambitions. Fan Li said, "The three kings are the descendants of the three emperors, and the five uncles are the descendants of the five emperors. The fate of the universe has been reincarnated once a thousand years. Now I see the celestial phenomena, and the despotic spirit has been seen in the southeast. Wu Zixu, a good general of the State of Chu, has taken a long bow and carried a sharp arrow to the King of Wu. Why are we doing nothing here in the State of Chu?"
So they decided to go to the State of Wu, but because Wu Zixu had defected to the State of Wu and was famous, they traveled across mountains and rivers to the State of Yue. After Fan Li and Wen Zhong entered Vietnam, they were highly valued by the king of Vietnam. Gou Jian appointed Fan Li as a doctor and promoted him to the rank of general.
Zhuge Changqing: The choice of life goal is very important. You must choose your life goal. What is your future? Fan Li and Wen Zhong chose the State of Yue, which opened a brilliant prelude to life.
In the third year of King Gou Jian of Yue, Gou Jian led his troops to attack the State of Wu, and was defeated, leaving only 5000 remnant soldiers surrounded on Kuaiji Mountain. Under the planning of Wen Zhong and Fan Li, he repeatedly "humble words and generous gifts", bribed the minister of the State of Wu, Bo Shi, and asked Fu Chai to let him go, but Fu Chai, the king of Wu, proposed that Gou Jian must go to the State of Wu as a hostage.
Fan Li followed Gou Jian into Wu. In the past two years, Fan Li was humiliated for Gou Jian. He was loyal and made suggestions to save Gou Jian from danger. After being released and returned, he worked together with Wenzhong to devise good policies for Vietnam and promote its prosperity. Fan Li trained soldiers and generals. After more than 20 years of painstaking efforts, the King of Yue finally managed the country to become strong and powerful.
In the fifteenth year of Gou Jian's reign, Fu Chai, the king of Wu, led his elite troops north to Huangchi (now southwest of Fengqiu, Henan Province) to meet with the marquises and leave the prince and the old and weak to defend the country. At the suggestion of Fan Li, Gou Jian sent troops to attack Wu, attack the capital of Wu (now Suzhou, Jiangsu), and kill the Prince of Wu. In the twenty-fourth year of Gou Jian's reign, the Vietnamese army broke the city after three years of encirclement of the capital of Wu, and Fu Chai committed suicide. The State of Yue finally annexed the State of Wu.
Zhuge Changqing: Without Wen Zhong and Fan Li, the Yue State would have been destroyed long ago. It shows Fan Li's strategy of keeping low profile. Looking back, isn't Fan Li's strategy of "living on the hardships and tasting the courage" exactly his experience of pretending to be crazy when he was young? Therefore, suffering is sometimes very good, which can promote people to reflect and improve their wisdom.
After the destruction of the State of Wu, Gou Jian marched northward and joined forces with the princes in Xuzhou. Gou Jian became the hegemon. Since the return of Xuzhou, the monarchs and ministers of the State of Yue have held a banquet to celebrate their achievements, and the officials are very happy. At this time, only Gou Jian was not happy. When Fan Li saw it, he sighed to himself: "Gou Jian endured humiliation and endured hardships in order to destroy Wu Xingyue. Now he has achieved his wish and achieved success. The King of Yue did not want to take the credit to the name of the minister. He can only share with the tribulation, but not with the joy. The suspicion of jealousy has shown signs. It is difficult to live under the name for a long time. If he does not retreat from the torrent early, he may have no place to die in the future."
So Fan Li went away quietly with his family.
Zhuge Changqing: Wise people always make contributions and make contributions, and then retreat bravely. Fan Li is very intelligent.
2、 The image of a politician full of wisdom
The image of Fan Li is completely a positive figure in the "Mandarin Yue Language". After the defeat of King Gou Jian of Yue, he not only put forward practical advice, but also took the lead and was willing to serve as a counselor of the State of Wu. His political talent is closely related to Gou Jian's insight into talent. As early as when Wu and Yue contended for supremacy, Fan Li and Wen Zhong analyzed the general situation of the world and predicted that only Wu and Yue could compete for supremacy. Their first destination was the State of Wu. However, they stayed in the State of Wu for a period of time and were not reused, so they turned to the State of Yue. Later, they got the important position of Gou Jian, the king of Yue, and had the opportunity to realize their political talents.
1. Fan Li put forward the theory of "heaven, earth and man"
Shortly after his accession to the throne, Gou Jian, the king of Yue, wanted to make some achievements. He wanted to fight for hegemony by attacking the State of Wu. Fan Li believed that the attack on the State of Wu needed a certain foundation to start the war. He put forward the famous argument of "heaven, earth and man". This was what he said before Gou Jian attacked the State of Wu and advised Gou Jian not to fight. But at this time, Gou Jian's mind was full of war excitement, and he could not listen to any advice at all, and ended up with a disastrous defeat.
Zhuge Changqing: As an imperial leader, having a wise man is only the first step. You can only see the effect if you can consult modestly. "There are things about the country, such as holding the profit, holding the inclination, and holding the festival. Those who hold the profit and the heaven, holding the inclination and the people, holding the festival and the earth." Fan Li's suggestion is in line with the law of heaven.
After receiving the lesson, Gou Jian knew that the consequences of stubbornness were serious, so he earnestly asked Fan Li for advice. He analyzed the reasons for his failure to Gou Jian, saying, "When not full, it overflows; when it is not full, it is arrogant; when it is not done, it is the first time to be a guest; when it is not done, it is the first time to be a guest; when it is not done, it is the first time to be created. This is contrary to the sky and not compatible with people." The reason why Gou Jian failed is that the time to fight is not mature enough. This time is not the right time to fight. Fan Li then began to state how to make Gou Jian destroy Wu at the right time, place and people.
Zhuge Changqing: It is the basic element of success to have the right time, the right place and the right people. Only when we get the right time and place and conform to the people's will we achieve great success.
The period from the tragic defeat of the State of Yue in attacking the State of Wu to the complete defeat of the State of Wu is a period of time for the State of Yue to cultivate its vitality. Fan Li made Gou Jian, the king of Yue, wait for the time to mature by his theory of heaven, earth and man. He said, "When the time is not right, you can't be strong; when the matter is not right, you can't be strong." As the saying goes, "Accompanying the king is like accompanying a tiger." He repeatedly delayed the time of Gou Jian, the king of Yue, to destroy Wu, and became angry. Fan Li used witty language to resolve Gou Jian's doubts. "The sky should come, and the human resources should not be exhausted." He also used the theory of "human resources are connected with heaven and earth" to make Gou Jian wait patiently.
In this way, Fan Li solved his crises with his theory of heaven, earth and man, and also made Gou Jian find the best time to destroy Wu.
Zhuge Changqing: If you want to succeed, don't be impatient. You should adapt to the times, the place and the people, and learn to hide your strength and hide your hide.
2. Know people and be good at their duties
The greatest advantage of Fan Li's image in Guoyu is that he knows people and is good at their duties. The most prominent chapter in the text is that Fan Li has recommended the literary genre of doctors several times, which makes the talent of literary genre manifest.
When Gou Jian, the king of Yue, first appointed Fan Li as a state official, he refused: "Within the four envelopes, Li is not as good as Li as Li in matters of the people. Within the four envelopes, Li is not as good as Li in matters of the enemy's system and decision." In fact, according to common sense, it is much more comfortable to be an official in China than in other countries, let alone to go to the powerful State of Wu. It is undoubtedly a hard job to be sent to a foreign official at this time. But Fan Li knew that Wen was an expert in domestic affairs, and he was better suited to be a foreign minister.
Zhuge Changqing: Be modest, and recommend the language. It is also a gratitude to Wenzhong for helping himself.
After Fan Li returned to China as a diplomatic envoy in the State of Wu for three years, Gou Jian once again proposed to Fan Li that he should govern the country in order to make him serve himself wholeheartedly. This time, he also pushed out the language that is good at managing internal affairs. He said: "Within the four seals, the people's affairs, the times are happy, the people's achievements are not disordered, and when the weather is not adverse, the grain is harmonious, the people are fanzi, the monarchs and ministers have their aspirations, and the Li is not as good as the seed. Outside the four seals, the system of the enemy country, the matter of decision, because of the balance of yin and yang, the order of heaven and earth, soft and unyielding, strong and not rigid... The soldiers are better than the outside, the blessing is born in the inside, and the force is very little, and the reputation is clear, and the seed is not as good as Li.", It not only gives full play to the genre and his own talents, but also greatly improves the status of the genre. It can be seen from this that Fan Li can not only overcome thousands of miles away, but also know people, be good at their duties, and be able to promote their talents. This not only shows that he knows the art of war, but also knows how to use people.
3. Seize the aircraft
Fan Li believed that war must follow the time, location and harmony of people, and his image was also reflected in his advice. His strategic thought of taking the Taoism Huanglao thought as the leading factor and combining the Confucian military strategy was fully reflected in his conversation with Gou Jian. When Gou Jian first declared war on the State of Wu, Fan Li strongly advised: "When the time is right, you should be a guest first, and when people are not able to rise, you should be the beginning of creation. This is contrary to the time, but not with people." In Laozi's Tao Te Ching, "Heaven and earth will last forever. The reason why heaven and earth can last long and long is that they cannot live on their own, so they can live forever. Taoism believes that heaven and earth are the most lasting, because they have the virtue of modesty. Confucianism believes that doing things should follow the time, place, and people's harmony. In Mencius Gongsun Chou Xia: "The weather is not as favorable as the land, and the land is not as favorable as the harmony of people." Sun Bin's Art of War - Moon War: "The weather, the land, and the harmony of people are not the three, although the victory will be disastrous."
Zhuge Changqing: It's very important to have the right time, the right place and the right people. This is the way of heaven.
In order to wait for the best fighter plane, Fan Li has let a generation wait for ten years. How long is this time for Gou Jian, the king of Yue, who is in urgent need of revenge party. In the past ten years, he not only swallowed his breath to save strength all day, but also hung a gall bladder in his bedroom and licked it every day to let himself not forget the humiliation of losing the war. Gou Jian asked Fan Li about the time of war many times in the past ten years. Fan Li always said, "It is unknown who forced the enemy to fight." "It is impossible for heaven and earth to arrive.". When Gou Jian could not bear it, he became angry and said, "Don't deceive me?" Fan Li stopped Gou Jian's anger with his firm theory that "human affairs must be connected with heaven and earth", which also made the war the best time.
3、 The image of the Duke of Tao Zhu
Sima Qian reshaped the image of Fan Li according to the model of the "Mandarin", and put a mysterious veil on Fan Li who had achieved great success.
1. See through human nature
Zhuge Changqing: Fan Li has read a lot of books and read history well. He is familiar with ancient and modern people and history, so he has a thorough understanding of life.
After helping Gou Jian, the king of Yue, destroy Wu, Fan Li in Sima Qian's writing wrote a letter warning the doctor Wenzhong: "When birds are gone, good bows are hidden; when rabbits are dead, running dogs are cooked. The king of Yue is a man with a long neck and a beak, and he can share difficulties with others, but he can't share happiness with others." This passage not only shows that Fan Li has a pair of wise eyes, and can see that Gou Jian, the king of Yue, can share difficulties with others, but can't share happiness. It further shows that Fan Li is a big man who dares to advance and retreat. Facts have proved that Fan Li's choice of success and retirement is very wise. Shortly after Fan Li left, the King of Yue stabbed Wen Zhong to death in front of the Chinese people. I'm afraid that at this time, Wen Zhong wants to understand the reason why he can perform meritorious deeds but can't bow.
2. See through money and fame
Zhuge Changqing: The money is very good, and it is even better to use it to benefit the people. It is a great virtue to be able to see through money and have the heart to benefit the society and the people.
As the old saying goes, "money is something outside of your body." I'm afraid many people will say that, but few people can do it. Fan Li did this.
After leaving the State of Yue, Fan Li went to the State of Qi. He changed his name to Chiyi Zipi. After a period of painstaking cultivation, tens of millions of households were left. When the people of Qi heard that he was a great sage, they wanted to make him prime minister. But he thought it was an ominous omen, and said, "Home is for thousands of gold, and official is for Qing Xiang. This cloth is extremely beautiful. It has been respected for a long time and is unknown." He immediately resigned from his position, scattered his money, and moved to Dingtao. If he doesn't think that money and fame are external things, how can he walk so freely?
3. See through life and death
When Fan Li moved to Dingtao from the State of Qi again, he changed his name again, and called it Tao Zhu Gong. He did not spend much time in Dingtao County and accumulated a lot of wealth. He often helped the poor people in Dingtao. Fan Li has three sons. The eldest son is miserly, the second son is dissolute and often causes trouble, and the third son is generous but very playful. Once, his second son accidentally got tired of the crime of homicide and was to be sentenced to death according to the local law. Fan Li thought: "To kill is to die." Ordinary people would be heartbroken when they heard that their son committed murder and tried to rescue him, but he said his son deserved to die. It can be seen that the issue of life and death can no longer affect him.
When his second son committed homicide and needed to be rescued with thousands of money, he said that the younger son could be saved, but the older son could not be saved. Because the youngest son has been generous since childhood, so he has no idea of spending money. The eldest son likes to haggle over every ounce and loves money. He knew that his eldest son had gone, but his second son could not come back. Finally, he let his eldest son go. Sure enough, the eldest son came back with his youngest son's coffin. At this time, the family cried bitterly, but only Mr. Tao Zhu laughed and said, "I will wait for his death day and night." His son died, and he could laugh, which was unexpected. If Tao Zhu didn't see through life and death, how could such a thing happen?
IV Expensive output is like dung, cheap output is like gold and jade: the Qi State reclaims wasteland, and the pottery land becomes rich
The rise and fall of commodity prices are not infinite. They will fall when they rise to a certain limit, and rise when they fall to a certain limit. When the price of goods is high, we should sell the goods in hand as soon as possible, like dung; When the commodity price falls, we should regard it as a pearl and buy it in large quantities. Only in this way can we get more profits.
After helping Yue destroy Wu, Fan Li arrived at the State of Qi by boat. When Fan Li arrived in the State of Qi, he pretended to be anonymous and called himself "chicken skin", that is, raw cow skin, which means "guilty and exiled wine skin bag". This is to commemorate Wu Zixu, who was forced to kill by the King of Wu and was thrown into the sea in a cowhide leather bag called "Chi Yi". Fan Li thought that his experience was the same as that of Wu Zixu.
In the State of Qi, Fan Li chose a piece of land by the sea, cultivated land with his son, planted grain, and boiled salt with seawater. He worked at sunrise and returned at sunset. In a few years, he produced hundreds of thousands of yuan and became a local millionaire.
Zhuge Changqing: Fan Li runs the salt industry and is known as the ancestor of the salt industry.
In the agricultural society, the harvest of agricultural production directly affects the rise and fall of grain prices. At the same time, the rise and fall of grain prices will inevitably cause a series of fluctuations in other kinds of commodities. Therefore, mastering the law of grain prices will also master the law of commodity price changes in the world. If we can comply with this law of change in trade, we can naturally obtain huge profits.
Fan Li divided commodities into "grain" and "non-grain" for life. He believed that the price fluctuations of "grain" commodities and "non-grain" commodities were in the opposite direction - when the harvest was good and the price was low, people's demand for other commodities would increase, making other commodity prices rise; When the grain price is high, people's demand for other commodities decreases, and its price will drop.
Fan Li also had insightful views on the rising or falling trend of commodity prices. He said: "In terms of its surplus and deficiency, we can know the value of the goods. If the price of the goods is high, the price of the goods will be low, and if the price of the goods is low, the price of the goods will be high. If the price of the goods is high, the price of the goods will be low. When a commodity is extremely expensive and can make great profits, it is bound to attract more people to engage in the production of this product, and the price will fall as more products are produced. On the contrary, the price of a commodity is extremely cheap, which will lead to very few people willing to produce, resulting in supply exceeding demand, and its price will rise.
Zhuge Changqing: Fan Li has a unique insight into the market.
Fan Li believed that the most profitable commodities were those in urgent need in the future, so we should predict fur commodities in summer and hemp commodities in winter, and we should always hold the physical savings in our hands, because the price of commodities is not unlimited, and when it rises to a certain limit, it will fall, and when it falls to a certain limit, it will rise. When the price of goods is high, we should sell the goods in hand as soon as possible, like dung; When the commodity price falls, we should regard it as a pearl and buy it in large quantities. Don't save more money in hand, but speed up the capital turnover so as to obtain more profits.
Fan Li also put forward a "waiting for lack" principle of "water supplies vehicles, drought supplies boats". That is to say, in the year of flood, we will do the business of cars, and in the year of drought, we will do the business of ships. This seems to be contrary to common sense, but it is quite reasonable, because when there is a flood, everyone is doing the ship business, and the profit must not be high. The car business must be out of demand at this time. If you take this opportunity to stock up a large number of cars, once the flood is over, cars will become a commodity of special demand, and the price will rise. At this time, you can quickly obtain huge profits by throwing out the cars accumulated in the flood year.
Zhuge Changqing: Fan Li's management of the imperial Taoism can be regarded as a talent strategy.
Later, the monarch of the State of Qi heard about Fan Li and thought that he had a talent, so he wanted to let him be the prime minister. However, Fan Li returned Xiangyin to Qi Jun and distributed most of his wealth to his neighbors and friends. The family moved again.
This time, he went to the place of "Tao" (now Dingtao, Shandong Province). At that time, merchants gathered in the area of Tao, shops were lined up, and business exchanges were frequent. He believed that pottery was the center of the world, and the commercial way to trade and exchange what was needed. This is a good place to do business. He settled down first and called himself Duke Tao Zhu.
When Fan Li was in business, he learned that there was a need for good horses in Wuyue area. He knew that it was not difficult to buy horses in the north, and it was not difficult to sell horses in Wuyue, and he was sure to make a lot of money. However, it was difficult to transport horses to Wuyue: it was a long way away, and the cost was not to mention, at that time, there were many bandits along the way, and the horses would probably be robbed if they could not be transported to Wuyue.
Fan Li heard that there was a powerful businessman Jiang Zidun who often sold sackcloth to Wu and Yue. Jiang Zidun has already used gold and silver to bribe the strong people along the way because of his frequent trafficking in linen. So Fan Li wrote a list and posted it at the gate of the city. The list said that Fan Li had a team of horses that could help people transport goods to Wu Yue for free. As expected, Jiang Zidun took the initiative to find Fan Li and asked for the sackcloth. Fan Li agreed. In this way, Fan Li and Jiang Zidun traveled together, and the goods and horses arrived in Wuyue safely. The horses sold quickly in Wuyue, and Fan Li made a lot of money.
Zhuge Changqing: It's really a miracle to expand the market through joint strategy.
Fan Li paid attention to small profits and quick turnover in his business. He made only one tenth of the profit. He bought and sold goods carefully according to the market. Later, his business became better and better, and only a few years later, he became a famous millionaire by accumulating billions of dollars. The world knows Duke Tao Zhu, and the vassals vie to associate with him.
V The combination of "time break" and "wisdom break": Fan Li and Lu's collection of mountain goods
"Han Feizi · Five Fools" said: "My proverb says: 'Long sleeves are good at dancing, and money is good for merchants'. It is easy to work with more money." Here, the word "good" is emphasized. The fund is insufficient, so we must be good at using it. The purpose of using it is also to make profits. Only if the fund and commodity flow continuously, can we make profits roll in. When dealing with funds, we should achieve "interest-free currency", that is, money can not be stagnant, and when money and commodities are in circulation, the transaction will be live. Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty, for example, said: "If the capital of 100000 yuan is not turned around, it will benefit millions if it is not turned around, even if it is 100 years old."
Fan Li has a very thorough understanding of how to make profits and accumulate wealth in the process of goods exchange. He advocated that in business, we should combine "timing" with "intelligence", and grasp the "degree" to remain invincible. The value of goods is increased through exchange, and merchants earn their due profits in the process of exchange. In doing business, we should make "money flow like water", which means to circulate like water. His method of saving money is very practical, but he also has deep business philosophy and knowledge.
According to legend, Fan Li once went to Lu's for business and came to a market town. There was a big lake next to the market town. The town was very busy, with various shops, and people were bustling. Even under the big tree, there were grocery stalls, with fur meat and various kinds of mountain goods.
When I inquired from people, I knew that this was the ancient Xinluyi at the foot of Xionger Mountain, where the Great Yu controlled the flood in the past. At that time, the king of Yu led the migrant workers to split mountains and cut rocks at the northeast corner of the mountain, dredge the river channel, and make the water level drop after the Luoshui River flowed eastward, leaving a large lake for tens of miles, so that people could live and work in peace and contentment in the town near the lake.
Fan Li learned that local products such as walnuts, agaric, wild game, meat fur, grain and medicine are abundant, but farmers lack salt, hemp cloth clothing, daily necessities, etc. Fan Li felt that there was a good opportunity to do business.
So Fan Li opened a local grocery store and started the business of buying mountain goods. The price of the mountain goods he purchased is very high, and the suppliers are all running here. Less than a month later, all kinds of mountain goods are piled up in several large warehouses.
Seeing more and more goods, Fan Li asked someone to sort out each kind of goods and put the superior goods in another place. According to the needs of local merchants, he first carried all kinds of high-quality goods out of the mountains by animals and sent them to the places where he wanted them for sale. After receiving the money, he went to the market to buy back salt, Ge Ma cloth clothes and various daily groceries.
These goods were sold out quickly. He made a lot of money by calculating the profit from the return and return. In this way, traders from far and near came to the scene, and there was an endless stream of supplies and purchases. The traders sent large quantities of mountain goods bought back from the mountains, and increased the price according to the general purchase price, which improved their enthusiasm for supply. When they left, they were asked to bring some salt and let them go to the mountains to exchange salt for goods. Later, local farmers also came to wholesale some salt and daily necessities and went to the countryside to sell or exchange, learning to do business, and people in this area gradually became rich.
Zhuge Changqing: Fan Li advocated that business should be "timely" and "intelligent". Only by grasping the "degree" can we remain invincible.
Once, a store collecting mountain goods caught fire, and Fan Li's shop was next door. "The fish pond was affected", and Fan Li's shop also caught fire. Then, one after another, all the shops in a street were on fire. The people in the town were busy fighting fires everywhere. But Fan Li was not busy fighting the fire. Instead, he took silver and manpower to the nearby town to purchase building materials such as bamboo and wood bricks, reed rafters, etc. After the fire, there was nothing to be done. Everyone was busy building new houses. A large number of bamboo and wood bricks and tiles bought by Fan Li were just in use. People came to find Fan Li to buy these materials for building houses. Although Fan Li's shop that had been burned down suffered heavy losses, the money made by selling bricks, tiles and wood was dozens of times more than the value of the shop, and also met the needs of the people.
Zhuge Changqing: Fan Li's great wisdom can be seen from the fact that he did not save the shop when he was caught in a fire, but went shopping instead.
Duke Tao Zhu has been operating mountain goods in Lu's for several years, and has accumulated hundreds of thousands of wealth. He has given most of his wealth to his friends and neighbors, and distributed a lot of money to the poor. People can't thank him enough. In order to commemorate this great businessman, Lu County Magistrate named Xinchuan Village "Fan Li Town".
Zhuge Changqing: If you do good and accumulate virtue, you will be rewarded. Fan Li has been famous for thousands of years. It was his good fortune that year.
VI World affairs are clear: be generous and generous
When Fan Li lived in Taodi, he had a little son. The younger son grew up in wealth and developed the habit of spending money like water, while Fan Li's eldest son suffered as a child and knew the difficulty of earning money. At this time, Fan Li's second son was arrested in the State of Chu for killing someone. Fan Li believed that a child with a fortune should not be executed in public. So he asked his little son to visit the State of Chu to see if he could save his brother.
The eldest son heard of it and asked him to do it. Fan Li refused. The eldest son felt aggrieved. He felt that Fan Li did not believe him and thought he was incompetent. He would commit suicide. Fan Li could not help but sighed. He had to let his eldest son take 20000 liang of gold to the State of Chu and write a letter to his former good friend, Mr. Zhuang.
When Fan Changzi came to the State of Chu and saw Mr. Zhuang, he gave him his father's letter and 20000 gold. After receiving the letter and the gold, Mr. Zhuang said to him, "You should leave the State of Chu as soon as possible. Even if your brother is released, don't ask why." Mr. Zhuang is a very honest and trustworthy man. Although he is poor, the king of Chu and the people all respect him. Fan Li's eldest son was worried that giving him the money would not work, so he did not follow Mr. Zhuang's advice and left immediately. Instead, he continued to stay in the State of Chu and used his private money to bribe the people around the King of Chu.
Mr. Zhuang found a proper opportunity to say to the king of Chu: "The appearance of a certain star in a certain position is not good for the state of Chu, and he is required to show kindness to avoid harm.". The king of Chu listened to Mr. Zhuang and prepared to grant amnesty. When the people around the king of Chu heard the news, they quickly told eldest son Fan. Fan Changzi thought that as long as the amnesty was granted, his brother would be released. It was a pity to give Mr. Zhuang so much money in vain. So he went to see Mr. Zhuang again and wanted to get the gold back. Mr. Zhuang was surprised to see him and asked him why he didn't leave. Fan Changzi said, "The king of Chu is ready to grant an amnesty. My brother is all right, so I have come to say goodbye to you." Mr. Zhuang understood his meaning immediately and returned the gold to him. Fan Changzi is glad that he saved his brother and didn't lose his gold this time.
Mr. Zhuang felt very ashamed and angry about what Fan Li's eldest son had done, so he met the king of Chu again and said to him, "I have heard others talk about it. This time you amnesty is entirely due to the son of Duke Tao Zhu." The king of Chu was very angry. I amnesty the whole country for the sake of benevolence. How could it be because of his son? So he killed Fan Li's second son. After that, he announced an amnesty.
When Fan Li's eldest son carried his brother's body home, the whole family was sad except for Duke Tao Zhu. Duke Tao Zhu said, "I knew this would happen. He didn't love his brother, but he loved money too much. This is because he bought his family property with me when he was young, and he knew that money was not easy to come by and valued it. The youngest son was born rich, and he didn't know how easy it was to come by, so he would easily give up his property, which the eldest son could not do." This shows that Fan Li has a thorough understanding of the world, This story is the source of the idiom "The son of a thousand gold will not die in the city".
Zhuge Changqing: Be generous and generous. In particular, we should be generous when we ask people to do things and avoid being mean. In particular, we should keep our promises when we have made a deal with others. The money we should spend must be spent, otherwise it will be self-defeating. People should pay for your wisdom and hard work.
7、 The Reasons for the Different Images of Fan Li in Historical Records and Guoyu
The same is Fan Li, but he has different characters in "Records of the Historian" and "Guoyu", which has a profound relationship with the background of the times and the author's thoughts.
1. The influence of the trend of thought of the times
Guoyu came into being in the late Warring States period, which was the era when hundreds of academic thoughts were contending. At that time, it was the time of war and the academic thought of Legalism was prevailing, so the author not only used the tactics in Sun Tzu's Art of War, but also incorporated the thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism into the image of Fan Li. In this way, Fan Li is not only a counselor of a country, but also an integrator and user of ideas. His war theory and employment concept are undoubtedly the embodiment of a wise god of war.
The Historical Records was produced in the Western Han Dynasty, when the society had just been destroyed by the tyranny of Qin Shihuang, and all kinds of things were waiting to be restored, so the thought of Huang and Lao was relatively popular. The reason why Fan Li was able to see through human nature, financial power and life and death in the Records of the Historian has a great relationship with the social fashion at that time.
2. Author's will
The author of Guoyu is still controversial, but according to the existing records, the author is marked as Zuo Qiuming. According to legend, Zuo Qiuming recorded what he saw and heard before after losing sight of both eyes. This article speculates that the rumor about Fan Li must also be incomplete, and Zuo Qiuming wrote this way because of many hermits in the society at that time. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and many hermits did not want to come out to be officials. Celebrities who come out to be officials also want to retire. Fan Li's successful example is undoubtedly the model of many celebrities.
Fan Li in Sima Qian's works is almost a god. Fan Li has seen through the world of mortals in the Records of the Historian. He has become famous in three migrations, and regards fame, profit, wealth and life as dust. It is recorded in the article that "Fan Li moved three times and became famous all over the world. It is not only to go away, but also to become famous." Sima Qian himself, as a historian, not only failed to perform meritorious deeds and become famous, but also was sentenced to court for a word of advice. How unbearable it is for him. The sacred image of Fan Li was also deliberately created by Sima Qian. In his article, he said: "Fan Li's three moves have been honored and famous for later generations. If the minister is here, what can he do without showing it?" Sima Qian thought that if his monarch is as wise as Gou Jian, and can accept advice with modesty, he can also be famous for later generations. Zhuge Changqing: Sima Qian's comments can be said to be very pertinent, because Fan Li is indeed the god of wealth.
Fan Li (536-448 B.C.), a famous politician, military strategist and businessman in the late Spring and Autumn Period, is a member of three families in Chukuowan (Nanyang City, Henan Province today). He came from a poor family, but was knowledgeable and versatile. When he was young, he was dissatisfied with the dark politics of the State of Chu at that time and was not allowed to be an official. He joined the State of Yue with Chu Wanling Wenzhong. He assisted Gou Jian, the King of Yue, to work hard and destroy Wu Xingyue, and established immortal achievements.
Fan Li has made great achievements in philosophy, politics, military, economy and diplomacy. After helping Gou Jian, the king of Yue, destroy Wu, he retired and resigned from office to Tao. He was famous for his business in the world. In the past 19 years, he was three to ten thousand gold, and he was the richest man. He was known as Tao Zhu Gong.
Fan Li believed that the change in prices was due to the surplus and shortage of supply and demand. He advocated that the government should purchase the price of the valley at a low price and sell it at a low price. His remarks can be found in the "National Language - Vietnamese Language" and "Historical Records - Biography of the Colony".
Fan Li is recognized as the ancestor of commerce in China and even in the world, the pioneer of pottery and salt industry, and the inventor of the scale. He founded business operations research, pricing and cycle theory and other theories on business, which have had a great impact in the next 2000 years.
8、 Victory depends on virtue: Tao Zhu, who is "rich and good at practicing virtue"
Fan Li's life is full of mystery and legend. As Li Bai, the poet of the Tang Dynasty, said in the "Song of Sadness", "How could Fan ever love the five lakes and retire after success and fame?" Wang Tan of the Yuan Dynasty said in the "Memorial Hall for the Remaining Marquis", "If you don't see the five lakes, Fan Li will carry Xi Shi, and a boat of chicks will be returned." When Fan Li was old, his family will be run by his sons and grandchildren, and his final wealth will become bigger and bigger. At that time, a man named Yidun heard that Duke Tao Zhu had a law in business, so he worshipped him as his teacher. Later, he became rich in business, and his family also reached ten million. Later generations talked about the rich and called them "Tao Zhu Yidun's rich".
In addition, another reason why Fan Li was praised for doing business was that he was "rich and good at practicing his morality" and was very moral. He "sent three thousand gold in nineteen years", and repeatedly "scattered with the poor to make friends with the poor", and distributed the wealth to the poor and more distant brothers, not burdened by money. Li Bai, a poet of the Tang Dynasty, passed by Nanyang and chanted in "Nanduxing": "Tao Zhu and the Five Chicks (Bailixi) are famous in the sky and earth."
Zhuge Changqing: Life is a process. What's the use of more money? If we can help the poor, it will not only save many lives, but also have great merit. For the rich, doing good and accumulating virtue is the first priority.
Fan Li once went to Shangluo to do business. It is said that it was the first place in China to invent bronze ware. The bronze wares produced in Shangluo at that time were very exquisite and famous. At that time, from the rich to the common people were proud to use bronze wares. Fan Li learned that the neighboring State of Qin was in great demand. He thought: "Things are precious if they are rare. If the bronzes of Shangluo are transported to the State of Qin, they will definitely make high profits.". Fan Li then hired a lot of ox carts and people to collect bronzes in Shangluo area, and then sold them in the State of Qin. When I went to the State of Qin, in order to identify myself, I cast the word "Shang" on the ox cart and bronze ware, which means "business".
When they arrived at Xianyang, the capital of the Qin State, the Qin people saw the word "Shang" written on the head of the ox, the word "Shang" cast on the bronze ware, and the pieces of utensils were dazzling and exquisite. So people shouted "Here comes the merchant, here comes the merchant", and quickly snapped up all the appliances. "Businessman" later became the name of the person who bought and sold goods, and the name of "Businessman" came from it.
Zhuge Changqing: The origin of businessmen originated from Fan Li. Fan Li went to the State of Qin to sell bronzes. In order to identify himself, he cast the word "Shang" on the cart and bronzes. "Shang" means "trading". When they arrived at Xianyang, the capital of the Qin State, the Qin people saw the word "Shang" written on the head of the ox, the word "Shang" cast on the bronze ware, and the pieces of utensils were dazzling and exquisite. So people shouted "Here comes the merchant, here comes the merchant", and quickly snapped up all the appliances. "Businessman" later became the name of the person who bought and sold goods, and the name of "Businessman" came from it.
According to legend, Fan Li was also the inventor of the sixteen old scales. In his business, he found that people buy and sell things with their eyes, and it is difficult to achieve fair trade. He wanted to create a tool to measure the weight of goods. One day, Fan Li came home from business. On the way home, he happened to see a farmer draw water from a well. The method was extremely ingenious: a high wooden stake was erected beside the well, and a crossbar was tied to the top of the wooden stake; A wooden bucket is hung at one end of the crossbar and a stone is tied at the other end. It is light and labor-saving. Inspired by this, Fan Lipton went home and imitated and made a scale: with a thin straight wooden stick, a small hole was drilled at one end, and the small hole was tied with hemp rope, and weighed with his hand; A hanging tray is tied to one end of the fine wood to hold the goods, and a pebble is tied to the other end as a mound; The farther the pebbles move away from the rope, the more goods will be lifted. When the scale was finished, there were many goods hanging at one end, and the pebbles had to move far to balance. He felt that it was necessary to carve a mark on the fine wood, but what should be used for marking? He pondered hard for several months, but still couldn't get the point.
One night, Fan Li accidentally went out. As soon as he looked up and saw the stars in the sky, he had a whim, so he marked them with the six stars of the South Star and the seven stars of the North Star. One star weighs one or two, and the thirteen stars weigh one jin. Since then, there has been a unified measurement tool on the market - scale.
However, over time, Fan Li found that some unscrupulous businessmen were selling things with little weight and cheated the people. How to put an end to the evil deeds of unscrupulous businessmen? After a lot of hard thinking, Fan Li finally came up with the idea of replacing the white wood with the black star, and replacing the red wood with the gold star. In addition to the six stars of the Southern Dipper and the seven stars of the Northern Dipper, he added three stars of Fu, Lu and Shou. Sixteen liang is one jin. Fan Li warned the merchants that they were short of one or two blessings, two or two salaries, and three or two longevity. This sixteen liang scale has been used for more than two thousand years.
Zhuge Changqing: Fan Li is also the inventor of scales. Why is 16 liang a jin in ancient times? In addition to the six stars of the Southern and seven stars of the Big Dipper, there are three stars of happiness, wealth and longevity. Sixteen liang is one jin.
Fan Li's thoughts on business are mainly as follows:
First, forecast the market and see the opportunity; The second is the reversal of high and low prices; The third is the kind of goods with high quality and authenticity; Fourth, small profits and high sales, no one dares to be expensive; Fifthly, drought is the capital of boats, and water is the capital of vehicles; Sixth, speed up the turnover and run like water; The seventh is the combination of diversification and comprehensive management; The eighth is to be rich and virtuous. Later generations summed up Fan Li's business experience, which was called the "eighteen principles of business":
Business should be diligent, not lazy, laziness is useless;
The price should be clear and not vague. Ambiguity leads to more disputes;
The expenses should be frugal, not extravagant. Luxury is the end of money;
You should know people when you owe money, and don't abuse it. If you abuse it, you will lose money;
The goods should be inspected 100 times and should not be imported indiscriminately, which will reduce the price of the goods;
Be prudent in money, and don't be confused. If you are confused, you will have problems;
Do your duty in the face of things, and do not trust in vain. If you trust in vain, you will suffer greatly;
The accounts should be checked. Don't be slack, slack will lead to capital stagnation;
Accept with humility, don't be irritable, irritability leads to less trading;
Be quiet and don't act recklessly;
Work should be fine, not rough, rough will lead to inferior products;
Talk in a proper way, and don't be impetuous. Impetuous will lead to many accidents;
Be careful when entering and leaving. Don't scribble. Scribble means many mistakes;
Employing people should be fair and not skewed, which is difficult to entrust;
The advantages and disadvantages should be subdivided, and should not be confused, which will consume a lot;
The goods should be corrected, not scattered, which is difficult to check;
The time limit should be agreed. Don't be careless, and carelessness will lead to loss of credit;
Buy and sell at any time, do not delay, delay will lose a good opportunity.
Fan Li's country is prosperous and his family is rich. His behavior of being indifferent to fame and fortune and being brave enough to retreat from the current situation has given great enlightenment to future generations. People with virtue in future generations regard Fan Li's behavior as a model in dealing with the world. Wang Shipeng of the Song Dynasty once wrote a poem to praise him, "Only work hard with the king, but walk back and walk out. The five lakes are vast and misty. Who is the first person in the boat?".
reference:
[1] Liu Yanyan's Comparison of Fan Li's Images in "Historical Records" and "Mandarin"
[2] Gong Jiahui, China Business School: The Secret of Historical Business Success
[3] Sima Qian's "Records of the Historian", "Biography of the Merchandiser", and "Goujian Family of the King of Yue"
[4] Baidu Information
Bless all the people in the world who are destined to meet their needs, the heavenly officials will bless them, the cause will take off, and the source of wealth will expand!
范蠡、又叫陶朱公，他不仅韬光养晦、蓄势待发，而且富有智慧、敢作敢为，他的神奇之处在于：从政可为宰相，经商能为巨富。他用大智慧开创了中国商业文化。他不仅商业智慧超群，而且行善积德、救助贫困，受到人们感恩赞誉。他不仅被赞为商圣、更被供奉为财神。
-----
诸葛长青
伟大的中国，正阔步前进，奋勇向前，逐渐走向世界领袖地位。
诸葛长青认为，中国人最大的幸福，是有圣贤指引方向。
在中国文化中，人们一般对圣贤有特殊的尊称。
历代圣贤的智慧之光，照亮了中华民族前进的征程，中国因此也能迅猛发展。伟哉圣贤！
中国人尊称圣贤为圣人：
孔子为文圣、孙子为兵圣；
关公为武圣、诸葛亮为智圣；
张仲景为医圣、张衡为科圣.......
那么中国商圣是谁呢？
商圣就是春秋时候越国的范蠡。
范蠡，字少伯，生卒年不详，汉族，春秋楚国宛（今河南南阳）人。
春秋末著名的政治家、军事家和实业家。后人尊称“商圣”。
他出身贫贱，但博学多才，与楚宛令文种相识、相交甚深。
因不满当时楚国政治黑暗、非贵族不得入仕而一起投奔越国，辅佐越国勾践。帮助勾践兴越国，灭吴国，一雪会稽之耻，功成名就之后激流勇退。
他化名姓为“鸱（chi）夷子皮”，变官服为一袭白衣与西施西出姑苏，泛一叶扁舟于五湖之中，遨游于七十二峰之间。
期间三次经商成巨富，三散家财，自号陶朱公，乃我国儒商之鼻祖。世人誉之：“忠以为国、智以保身；商以致富、成名天下”。
司马迁《史记》中的《货殖列传》和《越王句践世家》都曾专门介绍。
历史研究专家刘燕燕对范蠡很有研究，《<史记>、<国语>中的范蠡形象比较》中专门做过阐述,高度评价范蠡。刘燕燕指出，范蠡是一位充满智慧的政治家、谋略家、军事家、思想家。在研究范蠡的过程中，诸葛长青还看到巩家辉先生写了一本好书---《中国商学院:历史商业成功秘籍》。通过这本书，我们可以对历代商业圣贤们有一个全面的了解。
一、佯狂癫痴：“楚国狂人”遇知音
范蠡是春秋末年河南南阳人，出身贫寒，父母早亡，由哥嫂扶养成人。范蠡小时天资聪慧，博闻强识，喜欢读书，有很大的抱负，但不喜欢耕作，为众乡邻不齿。范蠡说：“你们怎么知道我的志向呢？”他苦读了《书》《易》《诗》等大量书籍，学到了许多历史知识和治国安邦的理论。范蠡还潜心钻研了姜太公的军事书籍《六韬》和《三略》。姜太公把大力发展农业、手工业和商业作为军事韬略的三大法宝，这一点范蠡特别推崇。后来范蠡无论是治家还是治国，姜太公的思想对其影响都很大。
当时著名的商业理论家计然(计然，名研，姓辛，字文子，著有《文子》一书，春秋时期名人)，到南阳云游，范蠡拜其为师，跟他学习经济知识和经商技巧。
诸葛长青：翻阅古今历史，我们会发现一个规律，那就是----凡是成就大事业的人，多是勤奋刻苦、博览群书；多是广拜名师、文韬武略。他们往往一开始不被人重视，一旦登上舞台大展雄才的时候才被人视为奇才。所以，如果你还没有建功立业，首先要考虑，你自己的能力是否文韬武略呢？是否具备征战天下的能力呢？你要练好本领，这样才能在将来驰骋天下。有缘者多思之。
范蠡虽满腹经纶，但当时楚国政治黑暗，选拔官吏，非贵族阶层不得做官。范蠡无法施展自己的才能，就放浪形骸，做事办事不合时宜，做出的事情往往令人惊诧不已。相传他性情倜傥不俗，佯狂癫痴，甚至装疯卖傻，不为乡人所识。疯疯癫癫，行为怪异，被时人称为
“楚国狂人”，乡邻们则喊他为“范疯子”。
楚荆王时，楚国名士文种(字子禽，楚国郢人)到宛任令，遍访贤人，听说范蠡年纪不大，但很有才能，就派手下官员去请他。手下人回来说：“范蠡行为怪异，疯疯癫癫像是个疯子，不值得邀请。”文种却说：“一个人有才能，必假装疯狂来掩盖其贤德。”
于是文种亲自驾车去拜访，却发现范蠡家大门紧闭，正要下车，忽见院墙下的一个破洞里有个人蓬头垢面，趴在那里冲着文种学狗叫。随从的官员看不过去，上去用宽大的袖子遮挡范蠡。文种说：“不要遮盖，我听说狗之所以叫，是因为人来了。我今天到此，发现有圣人气，一路求访，才来到这里。况且他是人身却冲我汪汪叫，意思是说我是人呢。”于是，下车恭敬地朝范蠡作揖，而范蠡却不予理睬，文种只好离去。
第二天，范蠡对其哥嫂说：“今天有贤人来拜访我，请借给我一套干净衣帽。”刚穿戴梳洗完毕，文种就来了。这一次，范蠡不再装疯卖傻，他很客气地把文种请进屋。两人交谈后，方觉相见恨晚，遂结为终身知己。这就是南阳广为流传的“范蠡狗洞遇文种”故事。
诸葛长青：大人物往往韬光养晦，静待时机、抓住时机。“范蠡狗洞遇文种”故事体现了范蠡的韬光养晦。
那时列国纷争，相互争霸兼并，楚国的政治更加黑暗，有才之士得不到重用，两人的政治抱负眼看无法实现，就商量着要离开楚国，另投贤明，实现政治抱负。范蠡说：“三王是三皇的后代，五伯是五帝的子孙。天机命运千年轮回一次，如今我观天象，霸王之气已见于东南方。楚国良将伍子胥已挟长弓持锐箭投奔了吴王。我们干吗在这楚国碌碌无为？”
于是，他们就商议去吴国，但因伍子胥已投奔了吴国，且声名显赫，于是两人跋山涉水来到越国。范蠡和文种入越后，深得越王重用，勾践任范蠡为大夫，又擢为上将军。
诸葛长青：人生目标选择十分重要，你必须选择你的人生目标。你的未来要干什么呢？范蠡、文种选择了越国，由此拉开了人生的灿烂序幕。
越王勾践三年，勾践率兵攻打吴国，结果被打得大败，只剩下5000残兵被围在会稽山上。在文种、范蠡的谋划下，数次“卑词厚礼”，收买吴国大臣伯嚭，请求夫差放一条生路，但吴王夫差提出勾践必须到吴国为人质。
范蠡随勾践入吴为质。两年中，范蠡为勾践备受屈辱，忠心耿耿，出谋划策使勾践化险为夷。获释返回后，与文种同心协力为越国共谋良策，促进越国强盛。范蠡训练兵将，经过二十余年的苦心奋斗，越王“卧薪尝胆”，终于把国家治理得强盛起来。
勾践十五年，吴王夫差率精兵北赴黄池(今河南封丘西南)会盟诸侯，留太子与老弱守国。在范蠡建议下，勾践发兵伐吴，袭破吴都(今江苏苏州)，杀吴太子。勾践二十四年，越军在围吴都三年后破城，夫差自杀。越国终于吞并吴国。
诸葛长青：没有文种、范蠡，越国早就被灭亡了。卧薪尝胆，展现了范蠡的韬光养晦谋略。回头来想，范蠡提出的“卧薪尝胆”谋略不正是他年轻时候的装疯卖傻经历吗？所以，苦难有时候非常好，可以促进人反思、促进人们提升智慧。
灭掉吴国后，勾践挥师北上，与众诸侯会盟于徐州，勾践当了霸主。自徐州返回后，越国君臣设宴庆功，群臣欢歌笑语，十分高兴。此时，只有勾践一人面无喜色，范蠡看到后，暗自叹道：“勾践为了灭吴兴越，不惜忍辱负重，卧薪尝胆。如今如愿以偿，功成名就，越王不想将功劳落到大臣名下，只能同患难，不能共享乐，猜疑嫉妒之心已见端倪。大名之下，难以久居。如不及早激流勇退，日后恐无葬身之地。”
于是范蠡携带家眷悄悄出走。
诸葛长青：有智慧的人总是建功立业之后，急流勇退。范蠡非常有智慧啊。
二、充满智慧的政治家形象
范蠡形象在《国语·越语》中完全是一个正面的人物。他在越王勾践打了败仗之后，不仅提出了实用的劝谏，而且身先士卒，甘愿充当吴国的谋士。他的政治才能被推崇与勾践的慧眼识英才是密不可分的。早在吴越争霸时，范蠡与文种分析了天下大势，料定能够争雄的只有吴、越两国，他们最先去的是吴国。但他们在吴国呆了一段时间没有被重用，就转向了越国。后来，他们得到了越王勾践的重用，才有机会实现他们的政治才能。
1、范蠡提出“天、地、人”之论
越王勾践在刚即位不久，就想建立一番功业。他想通过攻打吴国，争夺霸主的地位。范蠡认为攻打吴国需要积攒一定的基础才能开战，他提出了著名的“天、地、人”的论证这是他在勾践攻打吴国前，劝谏勾践不要打仗说的话。但此时的勾践脑中充满了打仗的兴奋，根本听不进去任何劝谏，结果惨败而归。
诸葛长青：一个帝王领袖，有了智囊谋士仅仅是第一步，能够虚心请教才能见到效果。“夫国家之事，有持盈，有定倾，有节事。持盈者与天，定倾者与人，节事者与地。”范蠡的建议可谓是符合天道啊。
收到了教训的勾践，知道固执的后果很严重，就认真的向范蠡请教。他向勾践分析了失败的原因，“未盈而溢，未盛而骄，天时不作而先为人客，人事不起而创为之始，此逆于天而不和与人。”勾践之所以失败，是因为还没有打仗的时机还不够成熟，这个时候打仗不合天时。范蠡下面就开始陈述如何才能使勾践灭吴做到天时、地利、人和。
诸葛长青：天时地利人和，是成功的基本要素。得到天时地利，顺应人心，才会成就大事业啊。
自越国攻打吴国惨遭失败到彻底打败吴国这段时间，是越国修养生机的一段时间。范蠡就是靠他的天、地、人的理论使越王勾践等待时机成熟，他说“时不至，不可强盛；事不究，不可强成。”俗话说：“伴君如伴虎。”他一次次地延迟越王勾践灭吴的时机，以致发怒。范蠡却用机智的语言化解了勾践的疑虑。“天应至也，人事未尽也。”他又用“人事与天地相参”的理论，让勾践耐心的等待。
就这样，范蠡用他的天、地、人的理论化解了自己的一次次危机，也使勾践找到了最好的时机灭吴。
诸葛长青：欲成功，切忌急躁，要顺应天时地利人和，学会韬光养晦。
2、知人善任
《国语》中的范蠡形象最大的优点就是知人善任。文本中最能突显范蠡知人善任的章节，就是他几次都举荐大夫文种，使得文种的才华得以彰显。
越王勾践初次委任国事与范蠡时，他却推辞说：“四封之内，百姓之事，蠡不如种也。四封之内，敌国之制，立断之事，种亦不如蠡也。”其实，按常理说在国内当官要比在其他国家舒服得多，更何况还是要去强大的吴国，这个时候被派到外国当官，无疑是件苦差事。但范蠡知道治理国内的事情，文种更是个专家，而他更适合当外交大臣。
诸葛长青：虚怀若谷，推荐文种。也是对文种当年帮助自己的感恩。
范蠡在吴国做了三年的外交使臣返回国内后，勾践为了使范蠡尽心效力于自己，再一次地向范蠡提出，让他来治理国家。这次，他同样把善于治理内政的文种推了出来。他说：“四封之内，百姓之事，时节三乐，不乱民功，不逆天时，五谷睦熟，民乃蕃滋，君臣上下交得其志，蠡不如种也。四封之外，敌国之制，立断之事，因阴阳之衡，顺天地之常，柔而不屈，强而不刚……兵胜于外，福生于内，用力甚少，而名声章明，种亦不如蠡也。”这两次的进谏，不仅使文种和他自己的才能得到最大程度的发挥，而且使文种的地位得到很大的提高。由此可见，范蠡不仅能战胜于千里之外，而且可以知人善任、举贤任能。这不仅说明他深谙兵法，而且更会用人。
3、把握战机
范蠡认为打仗一定要遵循天时、地利、人和，他的这一形象也是在出谋划策中彰显的。他以道家黄老思想为主导结合儒家的用兵之道的战略思想，在与勾践的交谈中尽显出来。勾践第一次向吴国宣战的时候，范蠡极力劝谏：“天时不作而先为人客，人事不起而创为之始，此逆于天，而不和于人。”《老子道德经》中有：“天长地久，天地之所以能长且久者，以其不自生，故能长生。道家认为天地是最能长久的，因为他们有谦虚的美德。儒家认为做事应该遵循天时地利人和，《孟子·公孙丑下》中：“天时不如地利，地利不如人和。”《孙膑兵法·月战》：“天时、地利、人和，三者不得，虽胜有殃。”
诸葛长青：天时地利人和十分重要啊。此乃天道也。
范蠡为了等待最好的战机他竟然让一代过往等了十年，这个时间对于一个亟待报仇晚会君面的越王勾践来说是多么地漫长啊。在这十年里，他不但整天为了积蓄力量忍气吞声，而且在卧室挂一枚苦胆，每日舔一下，让自己不要忘却打了败仗的耻辱。勾践在这十年中很多次向范蠡发问打仗的时机，范蠡总是说：“强索者不详”“人事未至，天未应也。”“天地未形，其事未成。”“人事未尽也”这些理由第一次说，是真真实实的理由，说上三次以上就会被误以为借口。勾践在忍无可忍的时候，发怒了“妄其欺不谷也？”范蠡以他坚定的理论“人事必将与天地相参”止住了勾践的怒火，也使战争熬到了最佳时机。
三、看破红尘的陶朱公形象
司马迁根据《国语》范本，重塑了范蠡的形象，给功成身遂的范蠡又蒙上了一层神秘的面纱。
1、看破人性
诸葛长青：范蠡博览群书，熟读历史，对古今人物、古今历史都已经烂熟于心，所以对人生也就看的很透彻了。
司马迁笔下的范蠡在帮助越王勾践灭吴之后，写了一封信告诫大夫文种：“飞鸟尽，良弓藏；狡兔死，走狗烹。越王为人长颈鸟喙，可与共患难，不可与共乐。”这一段话不仅表现出范蠡有一双慧眼，能看出越王勾践的为人可以共患难，但不可以共享乐。它更加说明范蠡是个敢进勇退的大丈夫。事实证明，范蠡功成身退的选择是非常明智的。范蠡走后不久，越王就摄于文种在国人面前的威严将文种刺死了。恐怕此时，文种才想明白可以立功但不可以鞠躬的道理。
2、看破钱财和名利
诸葛长青：钱财非常好，用到造福百姓身上更是非常好。能够把钱财看透，能够有造福社会、造福百姓之心，就是大功德啊。
古语说：“钱财乃身外之物。”这句话恐怕很多人都会说，但很少人能做到。范蠡就做到了这一点。
范蠡在离开越国之后到了奇国，他改名换姓为鸱夷子皮。经过一段时间苦身戮力的耕作，就置下了千万家产。齐国人听说他是个大贤人，就想立他为宰相。他却认为这是不祥的预兆，说：“居家则致千金，居官则致卿相，此布衣之极也。久受尊名不详。”他就立刻辞去相位，散尽了他的钱财，移居到了定陶。如果他不认为钱财和名利都是身外之物，又怎么会走得那么洒脱呢？
3、看破生死
范蠡从齐国再次移居到定陶时，又一次更换了姓名，叫陶朱公。他在定陶县没有多长时间又积攒了很多财富，他在定陶经常周济贫苦百姓。范蠡有三个儿子，大儿子爱财吝啬，二儿子放荡不羁经常惹祸，三儿子出手大方却很贪玩。有一次他的二儿子不小心烦了杀人罪，按当地律法要受死刑。范蠡认为：“杀人而死，职也。”一般人听说儿子犯杀人罪都会痛心疾首，想方设法营救，而他却说他的儿子该死。可见，生死问题已经不能够影响到他。
他的二儿子犯了杀人罪，需要千金解救时，他说小儿子去救能把儿子救出来，大儿子去救一定救不出来。因为小儿子从小就出手大方，花钱没概念。而大儿子喜欢斤斤计较，比较爱财。他明知道大儿子去了，二儿子就回不来，最后还是让大儿子去了。果然，大儿子带着小儿子的棺材回来了。这个时候，家人都痛哭流涕，而只有陶朱公一个人笑，还说：“吾日夜固以望其丧之来也。”他的亲生儿子死了，居然还能笑出来，而且是在意料之内。如果陶朱公没有看破生死，又怎么会让这样的事情发生呢？
四.
贵出如粪土，贱出如金玉：齐国垦荒，陶地致富
商品价格的涨落不是无限度的，上涨到一定限度就会下跌，下跌到一定限度就会上涨。商品价高时，就要尽快把手头商品像粪土一样毫不吝惜地抛售出去；商品价格下落时，要把它看作珠玉一样，大量收购进来。这样才能获取更多的利润。
范蠡在助越灭吴后，乘舟到达齐国。范蠡到了齐国，隐姓埋名，自称“鸱（chi）夷子皮”，即生牛皮，意为“有罪被流放的盛酒皮囊”。这是为了纪念被吴王逼杀、并装入叫“鸱（chi）夷”牛皮革囊中抛入大海的伍子胥。范蠡认为自己的遭遇同伍子胥一样。
在齐国，范蠡在海边选了一片土地，和儿子一起开荒种地，种植谷物，并引海水煮盐，日出而作，日落而归，不几年光景，就致产数十万，成为当地巨富。
诸葛长青：范蠡经营盐业，被誉为盐业的始祖。
在农业社会，农业生产的丰歉直接影响到谷物价格的涨落。同时，谷物价格的涨落又必然引起其他各类商品的一系列波动，因此，掌握了谷物价格的规律也就掌握天下商品价格变化的规律，如能顺应这种变化规律进行贸易，自然能获取巨利。
范蠡将商品分为“谷物类”和生活所需的“非谷物类”，他认为“谷物类”商品与“非谷物类”商品的价格波动方向相反——
当收成好谷物价低时，人们对其他商品的需求就会增多，使其他商品价格上涨；当谷物价高的时候，人们对其他商品需求减少，它的价格就会下降。
范蠡对商品的价格上涨或下跌的趋势也有着精辟的见解。他说：“论其有余不足，则知贵贱。贵上极则反贱，贱下极则反贵。贵出如粪土，贱出如金玉。”就是说，透过市场上某种商品的多寡，就可以预测其价格发展的趋势。一种商品，其价格极贵，可以获取极大的利润时，必然吸引更多的人从事这一产品的生产，而生产出来的产品一多，价格就会下跌。反之，一种商品价格极为便宜，必导致很少有人愿意生产，导致供不应求，于是其价格就将上涨。
诸葛长青：范蠡对市场有着独特的敏锐观察力。
范蠡认为商品以将来迫切需要者为最有利可图，所以夏天要预测皮毛商品，冬天要预测葛麻商品，手中还要经常掌握着实物的积蓄，因为商品的价格的涨落不是无限度的，上涨到一定限度就会下跌，下跌到一定限度就会上涨。商品价高时，就要尽快把手头商品像粪土一样毫不吝惜地抛售出去；商品价格下落时，要把它看作珠玉一样，大量收购进来。手内不要多存钱，要加快资金周转，这样才能获取更多的利润。
范蠡还提出了一个“水则资车，旱则资舟”的“待乏”原则。就是说，在水灾之年做车的生意，在旱灾之年做船的生意。这粗听似乎违背常理，其实是大有道理，因为当水灾时，大家都在做船的生意，利润必定不高。而车的生意此时必定无人问津，如果趁此机会囤积一大批车，水灾一旦结束，车将成为特别需求的商品，价格必然上涨。这时，将水灾之年积下的车一下抛出，就能迅速获取巨利。
诸葛长青：范蠡的帝王道家经营之道，堪称是奇才谋略。
后来，齐国国君听说了范蠡的事情，觉得此人有奇才，就想任他为相。可是范蠡却把相印交还了齐君，把大部分资财散发给乡邻好友，一家人又重新迁居。
这次，他到了“陶”(今山东定陶)这个地方，当时陶地客商云集，店铺鳞次栉比，商业往来频繁。他认为陶是天下的中心，是交易买卖、互通有无的商业要道。这正是经商的好地方，就先定居下来，自称陶朱公。
范蠡经商的时候，打听到吴越一带需要好马。他知道，在北方收购马匹并不难，马匹在吴越卖掉也不难，而且肯定能赚大钱。可是把马匹运到吴越却很难：千里迢迢，花费的盘缠且不说，当时正值兵荒马乱，沿途强盗很多，马匹很可能运不到吴越就被抢去。
范蠡听说附近有个很有势力、经常贩运麻布到吴越的巨商姜子盾。姜子盾因常贩运麻布早已用金银买通了沿途强人。于是，范蠡写了一张榜文，张贴在城门口。榜文上说范蠡有一组马队，可免费帮人向吴越运送货物。不出所料，姜子盾主动找到范蠡，求运麻布，范蠡满口答应。就这样，范蠡与姜子盾一路同行，货物连同马匹都安全到达吴越。马匹在吴越很快卖出，范蠡因此赚了一大笔钱。
诸葛长青：联合策略做大市场，真乃奇谋也。
范蠡做生意讲究薄利多销，赚钱只赚十分之一的利润，看准行情买卖货物，货物的买入和出售都很谨慎，后来生意越做越好，又只有几年的工夫，就靠积累了亿万家财成了名扬天下的大富翁。天下都知道陶朱公了，诸侯争相与他交往。
五.
“时断”和“智断”相结合：范蠡卢氏收山货
《韩非子•五蠢》中说：“鄙谚曰：‘长袖善舞，多钱善贾’，此言多资之易为工也。”这里强调了一个“善”字。资金不足，必须善于使用，使用的目的也是获利，唯有资金与商品流通不息，才能使利润滚滚而来。处理资金要做到“无息币”，即指货币不能滞压，货币和商品流通了，买卖就活了。宋代的沈括举例说：“十万资金倘不周转，虽百岁故十万也，如果贸而流通，加快周转，则利百万矣。”
范蠡对货物交换过程中如何赢利、积累财富看得十分透彻。他主张经商要“时断”和“智断”相结合，把握好“度”，才能立于不败之地。货物通过交换增值，商人在交换过程中赚取应得的利润。做生意应使“财币欲其行如流水”，意为像流水一样地周转流通。他的积财方法非常实在，但又富有很深的经商哲理与学问。
相传，范蠡有一次到卢氏经商，来到一个集镇上，集镇旁边有一个大湖，镇上很是热闹，有各种各样的店铺，人们熙熙攘攘，连大树底下也摆满了杂货小摊，有皮毛肉类和各种山货。
向人一打听才知道这儿就是昔日洪水横流时，大禹治水的熊耳山下古莘卢邑，那时禹王带领民工在山的东北角处劈山开石，疏通河道，使洛水东流后水位下降，留下一片几十里的大湖，人们才在湖边镇上安居乐业。
范蠡了解到当地盛产核桃、木耳、山珍野味、肉类皮毛，粮食药材等土特产品，但是农民缺少食盐、葛麻布衣、日用杂品等。范蠡觉得做生意的好机会来了。
于是，范蠡就在当地开了个杂货铺，做起了收购山货的生意。他收购的山货价格很高，一传十，十传百，供货人都往这里跑，还不满一个月，各种山货就堆满了几个大库房。
见货越来越多，范蠡就找人把每种货物都进行挑拣分类，把上等货另放。按各地商贾的需求，先把各类上等货用牲口驮运出山，送往各要货的地方出售，得款后，他再到市上购回食盐、葛麻布衣和各类日用杂货等。
这些购回来的货物很快地就卖完了，他把往返一来回的利润一盘算，赚了很多钱。就这样，远近的商贩们闻风而至，供货的、进货的络绎不绝，商贩们送来从山区购回的大宗山货，按一般收购价再加价，提高了他们供货的积极性，走时又让他们带些食盐，让他们到山区以盐换货。后来，当地的农民也都纷纷来批发些盐和日用杂品下乡去卖或换货，学着做生意，这个地方的人渐渐地也都富裕起来。
诸葛长青：范蠡主张经商要“时断”和“智断”相结合，把握好“度”，才能立于不败之地。
有一次，一家收山货的店铺起火，范蠡的店铺就在隔壁，“殃及鱼池”，范蠡的店铺也随之起火，接着，接二连三，一条街的店铺都烧着了。镇上的人都忙乱着到处救火。但是范蠡却没有忙着去救火，而是带上银两，网罗人力到附近的镇上去采购竹木砖瓦、芦苇椽桷等筑房材料。火灾过后，百废待兴，大家都开始忙着建新房子，范蠡采买回来的大批竹木砖瓦这时正好派上了用场，人们纷纷来找范蠡买这些建房子的材料，范蠡原来被烧毁的店铺虽然损失惨重，但卖砖瓦木材所赚的钱数十倍于店铺所值之钱，同时也满足了百姓的需要。
诸葛长青：范蠡遇到起大火不抢救商铺，反而外出购物，可见范蠡的大智慧。
陶朱公在卢氏经营了几年山货，又积累了几十万家财，他把绝大部分资财都送给他的好友和乡邻，又散发许多钱给穷苦人，人们都感谢不尽。卢氏县令为了纪念这位伟大的商人，就把莘川村命名为“范蠡镇”。
诸葛长青：行善积德，必有福报。范蠡千古传名，乃是当年厚德福报也。
六.
世事洞明：办事要大方大气不小气
范蠡住在陶地时，生了个小儿子。小儿子从小生长在富贵之中，养成了花钱如流水的习惯，而范蠡的大儿子小时候受过苦，知道挣钱的艰难。这时范蠡的二儿子在楚国因杀了人而被抓了起来。范蠡认为，家里有千金财产的孩子，是不应该在大庭广众面前被处死的。于是就要求他的小儿子，去楚国探视一下，看能不能救出哥哥。
长子听说了，要求让他去办。范蠡不答应，长子觉得很委屈，感到范蠡不相信他，认为自己无能，就要闹着自杀。范蠡没办法，叹息了一声，只好让长子带了两万两黄金去了楚国，并写了一封信给他从前在楚国的好朋友庄先生。
范长子到了楚国，见到庄先生，把父亲的信及两万黄金给了他。庄先生收下信和黄金后对他说：“你赶快离开楚国，即使你弟弟被放出来也不要问为什么。”庄先生是个很耿直讲信誉的人，虽穷困潦倒，但上至楚王下至百姓都很尊重他。范蠡的长子却担心把钱送给他，不会起什么作用，所以他没有听从庄先生的话立刻离开，而是继续留在楚国，并用私带的钱去贿赂楚王身边的人。
庄先生找到一个适当的机会对楚王说：某星出现在某个位置，对楚国不利，要他施恩德以避害。楚王听信了庄先生的话，准备大赦天下。楚王身边的人听到这个消息，赶紧告诉范长子。范长子认为只要大赦，他弟弟肯定会被释放，白白给庄先生那么多钱实在太可惜了，于是他又去见庄先生，想把那些黄金要回来。庄先生见到他很吃惊，问他为什么不走。范长子说：“楚王准备大赦，我弟弟没事了，特来向你辞别。”庄先生一听就明白了他的意思，就把黄金还给了他。范长子很庆幸这次既救了弟弟，又没有失去黄金。
庄先生对范蠡长子的所作所为，觉得很羞愤，于是又见楚王，对他说：“我听别人议论，这次你大赦天下，完全是因为陶朱公儿子的缘故。”楚王很生气，我大赦天下，完全是为了施恩德，怎么会因为他的儿子呢？于是就把范蠡的二儿子杀了，杀了之后才宣布大赦天下。
范蠡的长子把弟弟的尸体运回家的时候，全家除陶朱公外，都很悲伤。陶朱公说：“我早就知道会有这个结果的。他不是不爱他的弟弟，而是他太爱金钱了，这是因为他年轻的时候和我一起置家产，深知钱财来之不易，看得重。而小儿子生而富有，不知钱财来之不易，所以他会轻易舍弃财物，这一点长子做不到。”这说明范蠡把世上的人情世故看得很透彻，这个故事就是成语“千金之子，不死于市”的来源。
诸葛长青：办事要大方大气不小气。尤其是求人办事，更要大方，切忌吝啬小气。尤其是和别人定好的事情，更要兑现诺言，该花的钱必须花，否则就是弄巧成拙。人家为你付出智慧和辛苦，获得报酬也是应该的。
七、《史记》与《国语》中范蠡形象不同的原因
同是范蠡，在《史记》和《国语》中却有着不同的人物形象，这与作品产生的时代背景和作者的思想有着深刻的联系。
1、时代思潮的影响
《国语》产生在战国后期，正是百家学术思想争鸣的时代。当时正是战乱时期，法家学术思想盛行，所以作者在塑造范蠡这一人物形象时，不仅运用了《孙子兵法》中的计策，而且将儒家、道家的思想也融入其中。这样，范蠡不仅仅是一国的谋士，更是思想的集大成者和运用者。他的战争理论及用人观念无疑是一个充满智慧的战神的化身。
《史记》产生于西汉时期，当时的社会刚刚经过秦始皇暴政的摧残，百废待兴，所以黄老思想比较盛行。范蠡之所以在《史记》中能够看破人性、看破财权、看破生死，与当时的社会风尚有着莫大的关系。
2、作者的意愿
《国语》的作者至今颇有争论，但据现有典籍记载，作者都标注为左丘明。相传，左丘明双目失明后，将以前的所见所闻记载下来。本文猜测关于范蠡的传闻肯定也是残缺不全的，左丘明之所以这样写也与当时社会多隐士有关。春秋战国时期百家争鸣，许多隐士不愿出来做官。出来做官的名士也都想功遂身退。范蠡这一成功范例无疑是众多名士的仰望的典范。
司马迁笔下的范蠡可以说几乎一个神。范蠡在《史记》中已经看破了红尘，迁徙三次都成名天下，把名、利、财、生命都视之如尘土。文中记载：“范蠡三徙，成名于天下，非苟去而已，所止必成名。”司马迁本人作为史官，不但没有立功，没有成名，还因为一句劝谏获了宫刑。这对他来说，是多么难以承受啊。范蠡的神圣形象也是司马迁有心造就的。他在文中说：“范蠡三迁皆有荣名，名垂后世。臣主若此，欲毋显，得乎？”司马迁想如果他的君王想勾践一样贤明，能虚怀纳谏，自已也一样可以扬名后世。诸葛长青：司马迁的评价可以说十分中肯，因为范蠡的确称得上是财神。
范蠡(公元前536—公元前448)，字少伯，春秋末年著名的政治家、军事家和商人，楚国宛(今河南省南阳市)三户人。他出身贫贱，但博学多才，年轻时因不满当时楚国政治黑暗、非贵族不得入仕，而与楚宛令文种一起投奔越国，他辅助越王勾践奋发图强，灭吴兴越，建立了不朽功业。
范蠡在哲学、政治、军事、经济、外交等方面均有很大成就。他助越王勾践灭吴后，功成身退，辞官至陶，以经商闻名天下，十九年中三至千金，富甲一方，人称陶朱公。
范蠡认为物价贵贱的变化，是由于供求关系的有余和不足，主张谷贱时由官府收购，谷贵时平价售出。其言论见于《国语•越语下》和《史记•货殖列传》。
范蠡是中国乃至世界公认的商业之祖、制陶制盐业的先师、度量衡杆秤的发明者。他创立了商业运筹学、价格学及循环论等关于经商的理论，在以后的2
000多年里都产生了很大影响。
八.大胜靠德：“富好行其德”的陶朱公
范蠡的一生充满着神秘和传奇的色彩，正如唐代诗人李白在《悲行歌》中所说：“范子何曾爱五湖，功成名就身自退。”元代王昙在《留侯祠》所言：“君不见五湖范蠡载西施，一舸鸱夷去已还。”范蠡年老的时候，由子孙持家，最后的家产越来越大。当时有一个叫猗顿的人听说陶朱公经商有法，就拜他为师，后来经商致富，家产也达千万。后人说起富豪就把他俩并称为“陶朱猗顿之富”。
另外，范蠡经商受人称赞，还有一个原因，就是他“富好行其德”，十分讲究道德。他“十九年之中三致千金”，又一再“分散与贫交疏昆弟”，把财富分给穷人及较疏远的兄弟，不为金钱所累。唐代诗人李白路过南阳，在《南都行》中咏道：“陶朱与五觳(百里奚)，名播天壤间。”
诸葛长青：人生是一个过程，钱再多有什么用呢？如果能够救助贫困，那不仅挽救了很多人的生命，而且具有极大功德。富豪者，行善积德是第一要务啊。
范蠡有一次做生意到了商洛，据说是中国最早发明青铜器的地方。商洛当时生产的青铜器具很精美，远近闻名，当时上至豪门，下至百姓都以使用青铜器为荣耀。范蠡打听到邻近的秦国需求量大，他想：物以稀为贵，如果把商洛的青铜器运到秦国，肯定能够牟取高利。范蠡于是就雇了很多牛车和人，到商洛地区收集青铜器，然后到秦国去卖。在去秦国的时候，为了标明身份，就在牛车上和青铜器上都铸个“商”字，“商”的意思是“买卖”。
到了秦国国都咸阳，秦人看到牛头上写着“商”字，青铜器上铸着“商”字，加上一件件器具光亮耀眼，精美绝伦。于是人们都叫着“商人来了，商人来了”，很快就把器具抢购一空。“商人”后来就成为买卖商品人的代称，“商人”的名称由此而来。
诸葛长青：商人的来历，就起源于范蠡。范蠡到秦国贩卖青铜器，为了标明身份，就在牛车上和青铜器上都铸个“商”字，“商”的意思是“买卖”。到了秦国国都咸阳，秦人看到牛头上写着“商”字，青铜器上铸着“商”字，加上一件件器具光亮耀眼，精美绝伦。于是人们都叫着“商人来了，商人来了”，很快就把器具抢购一空。“商人”后来就成为买卖商品人的代称，“商人”的名称由此而来。
相传范蠡还是十六两老秤的发明者。他在经商中发现，人们买卖东西都是用眼睛估计，很难做到公平交易，便想创造一种测定货物重量的工具。一天，范蠡经商回家，在路上偶然看见一个农夫从井里汲水，方法极其巧妙：井边竖一高高的木桩，一横木绑在木桩顶端；横木的一头吊木桶，另一头系石块，此上彼下，轻便省力。范蠡顿受启发，回家仿照着做了一杆秤：用一根细直的木棍儿，一头钻上小孔，小孔系上麻绳，用手来掂；细木一头拴上吊盘，装盛货物，一头系鹅卵石为砣；鹅卵石移得离绳越远，吊起的货物就越多。秤做出来了，一头挂的货物多，鹅卵石就要移得远，才能平衡，他觉得必须在细木上刻出标记才行，但用什么东西作标记呢？他苦苦思索了几个月，仍然不得要领。
一天夜里，范蠡偶然外出，一抬头看见了天上的星宿，突发奇想，便用南斗六星和北斗七星作标记，一颗星一两重，十三颗星是一斤。从此，市场上便有了统一计量的工具——
秤。
但时间一长，范蠡发现有些心术不正的商人，卖东西时缺斤少两，克扣百姓。如何杜绝奸商的恶行呢？范蠡又是一番苦思冥想，终于想出了改白木刻黑星，为红木嵌金星，在南斗六星和北斗七星之外，再加福、禄、寿三星，十六两为一斤。范蠡告诫商人，缺一两折福，缺二两折禄，缺三两折寿。这种十六两秤，一用就是两千多年。
诸葛长青：范蠡还是秤的发明人。古时候为什么16两是一斤？在南斗六星和北斗七星之外，再加福、禄、寿三星，十六两为一斤。
范蠡在经商方面的思想主要表现在：
一是预测行情，窥其先机；二是贵贱复反，贱买贵卖；三是实物上种，质高货真；四是薄利多销，无敢居贵；五是旱则资舟，水则资车；六是加速周转，行如流水；七是多元相济，综合经营；八是富而好德，仗义疏财。后人归纳出范蠡经商的经验，这些经验被称为“经商十八则”：
生意要勤快，切勿懒惰，懒惰则百事废；
价格要定明，切勿含糊，含糊则争执多；
费用要节俭，切勿奢华，奢华则钱财竭；
赊欠要识人，切勿滥出，滥出则血本亏；
货物要百验，切勿滥入，滥入则货价减；
钱财要明慎，切勿糊涂，糊涂则弊端生；
临事要尽责，切勿妄托，妄托则受害大；
账目要稽查，切勿懈怠，懈怠则资本滞；
接纳要谦和，切勿暴躁，暴躁则交易少；
主心要安静，切勿妄动，妄动则误事多；
工作要精细，切勿粗糙，粗糙则出劣品；
谈话要规矩，切勿浮躁，浮躁则失事多；
出入要谨慎，切勿潦草，潦草则错误多；
用人要公正，切勿歪斜，歪斜则托付难；
优劣要细分，切勿混淆，混淆则耗用大；
货物要修正，切勿散漫，散漫则查点难；
期限要约定，切勿马虎，马虎则失信用；
买卖要随时，切勿拖延，拖延则失良机。
范蠡治国则国盛，治家则家富。他淡泊名利、急流勇退的行为给后人很大的启示，后代有贤德的人都把范蠡的这种行为作为处世的楷模。宋代王十朋曾写诗“只与君王共辛苦，功成身退步逡出。五湖渺渺烟波阔，谁是扁舟第一人”来赞扬他。
参考文献：
[1]刘燕燕《<史记>、<国语>中的范蠡形象比较》
[2]巩家辉 《中国商学院:历史商业成功秘籍》
[3]司马迁 《史记》《货殖列传》《越王句践世家》
[4]百度资料
祝福天下有缘者有求必应、天官赐福、事业腾飞、财源广进！
（本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）
诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。
（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）
Zhuge Changqing mailbox：
zhuge8031@163.com
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date:2020-09-18 16:02:39
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