Emperor's Way: Emperor Kangxi's Leadership Art (Picture)

帝王之道：康熙帝的领导艺术（图）

The wisdom of leadership, excellent team, and the satisfaction of the people are the necessary elements for the long-term stability of the country and the long-term survival of the enterprise.

-----Zhuge Changqing

Emperor Kangxi (Aixinjueluo Xuanye, 1654.5.4-1722.12.20), Emperor Zuren of the Qing Dynasty, the fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty, and the second emperor after the Qing Dynasty established its capital in Beijing.

Kangxi, from the year. Health and peace; Hee, prosper -- take the meaning of "peace of the people and prosperity of the world".

Emperor Kangxi ascended the throne at the age of 8 and reigned for 61 years. He was the longest reigning monarch in Chinese history. He laid the foundation for the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty and created the overall situation of the prosperous Kangxi and Qianlong dynasties. He was a wise monarch and a great politician. After his death, he was buried in the Jingling Mausoleum of the Eastern Tomb of the Qing Dynasty. His posthumous title was Hetian Hongyun, Wen Wurui, Zhe Gong, frugal, generous, filial piety, and respect for the integrity, merit and virtue of the Emperor Dachengren.

The leadership art of Emperor Kangxi can be regarded as a successful example of emperors of all dynasties.

Recently, Zhuge Changqing read Mr. Zou Fanping's book "The Way of Kings and Subjects", saw Mr. Zou Fanping's unique research, and read it deeply.

The following content is selected from "The Way of Kings and Officials" written by Mr. Zou Fanping.

Although Emperor Kangxi's concept of monarch and minister is mainly Confucian, the concept of Legalism is also indispensable. Confucianism and law interact, otherwise the country would be subjugated like Emperor Wu of Liang Dynasty. Xiong Cilu once warned Emperor Kangxi from a religious point of view that he should take Emperor Liang Wudi as a warning and should not be sycophantic to Buddha. In fact, this is not the key to the problem.

Emperor Yongzheng and Emperor Qianlong believed in Buddhism, but they were not usurped by ministers. Now, we need to talk about how Emperor Kangxi strengthened the imperial power from the perspective of legalists' monarchy and magic.

Since Zhu Yuanzhang, the Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty, abolished the prime minister in the 13th year of Hongwu (1380) by using the case of Hu Weiyong, he added the Grand Bachelor of the Imperial Court as the secretary adviser, and called it the cabinet when the Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, the cabinet chief aide had actually become the prime minister, and officials in the central government also respected the cabinet chief aide as the prime minister. Although the cabinet system of the Ming Dynasty was followed in the early Qing Dynasty and the cabinet bachelor was set up, it was only an honorary title, whose main purpose was to win over Han officials.

In the early years of Kangxi's reign, the South Study was transformed into a central institution for drafting imperial edicts, which absorbed the characteristics of the part-time job of the king and minister of government. "The South Study Walk" came from the Imperial Academy.

In order to solve the contradiction between the monarchy and the relative power, in the early Qing Dynasty, the rulers repeatedly changed the authority and personnel composition of the central institutions. Before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, under the influence of the military democracy, the Council of Ministers of the State Council was established. After entering the customs, the cabinet was formed on the basis of the old internal three courtyards outside the customs (the Inner Hongwen Academy, the Inner Secret Academy, and the Inner National History Academy, established in 1636). However, the cabinet of the Qing Dynasty was different from the cabinet of the Ming Dynasty. In fact, it was just a yamen that conveyed the edicts and issued the proclamations. All important military affairs were not issued by the cabinet ministers, but were handed over to the Council of Ministers.

When the Qing government moved south to Beijing, the Shunzhi little emperor had no real power, and the power of the ministers of the government was also suppressed by the regent. In the early years of Kangxi, the imperial power was seriously violated. After the Emperor Kangxi captured Aobai, the power of the ministers of the king of government has risen again. Emperor Kangxi, with the help of the power of Han officials and the concept of monarch and minister of Confucianism and Legalism, tried to strengthen the imperial power and gradually took the power of the ministers of the king of politics back to the emperor. The Manchurian aristocracy could no longer play any role of checks and balances in the political life of the Qing Dynasty.

The Qing Dynasty completed the autocratic regime in the form of monarchy from the Kangxi Dynasty.

Emperor Kangxi cut off the Aobai Group, concentrated the national power in his own hands, and formed this kind of dictatorship into a tradition. He said, "The great power of the world should belong to one". "Today, all the big and small affairs are handled by me alone, and there is no way to lend. It is absolutely impossible to delegate the important tasks to others. Everything is of great importance, and I will make my own decisions".

Zhuge Changqing: The emperor's iron-handed power ensures the nationwide implementation of the executive power. Zhuge Changqing believes that the key to the permanence of the country and the stability of the society lies in promoting filial piety, enriching the people, educating the people and strengthening national defense. To do this is to stabilize the country.

The power of the Council of Ministers of the King of Political Affairs is declining day by day. At that time, there were also a large number of royal princes who participated in the discussion of politics, such as Prince Heshuokang Jieshu, Prince Boguoduo of Zhuang, Prince Yue Le of An, Prince Leerjin of Dora Shuncheng, King Bonggono of Hui, Dora Belcani, Dong Er, Shang Shan, and so on. In December of the eleventh year of Kangxi's reign, Pongono and others resigned from discussing politics, and then dismissed the right to lead the army to discuss politics. In the twenty-fourth year of Kangxi's reign, the people who could not handle the affairs in Dutong were removed from the government. At this time, there was only one king of the royal family who participated in the political discussion, and the council of ministers of the king of political discussion changed from the highest decision-making body to the emperor's deliberative and advisory body. After the death of Jieshu in the 36th year of Kangxi's reign, the council of ministers became the council of ministers. The power of the Manchurian princes and nobles to speak in the central government is weakening.

At that time, no matter the ministers, the cabinet ministers, or the Han officials in the south study were allowed to monopolize the government. Some of them might participate in some important government affairs and have a larger voice, but this power can only be derived from the grant of Emperor Kangxi. Emperor Kangxi concentrated his power in his own hands, and formulated a series of theories and principles with legal effect, so that future generations could follow rules and have records to record, thus ensuring the long-term continuity of this regime. To sum up, his monarchy and magic principles in this respect mainly include the following:

First, the emperor monopolized military power, and today the president is the supreme commander of the national army.

Zhuge Changqing: Soldiers are important to the country. You should not be careless. The success of the Qing Dynasty first came from the army.

The main content of the Eight Banners system is that the Lord of the Eight Banners has military power. In the 18th year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, Emperor Kangxi limited the number of officials in the residence of the Eight Banners Crown Prince. Each flag was set up with Dutong and Deputy Dutong, who were in charge of the command and education, the decoration of the military, and the rule of the flagman. Each Dutong directly obeyed the emperor and deprived the flag princes of the right to interfere in the flag affairs. Later, the custom of the Eight Kings' unified military expedition was changed to the emperor's appointment to go out, often with the royal sons as the commander, which weakened the military power of the Eight Kings. In the late Kangxi period, the emperor's son took charge of the flag affairs, which completely changed the tradition of the Eight Kings and their sons' unifying the army.

Emperor Kangxi strictly controlled the general and never shifted the military power down. After calming down the Wu Sangui Rebellion, we summed up our experience and found that not only the general was not allowed to hold the military power for a long time, but also the general was required to face the enemy frequently to make him feel in awe. He said, "It is not a good thing to hold the military power for a long time. Holding the military power for a long time will lead to arrogance, so it will lead to chaos." He added: "Frontier towns often come to the court, and they are in awe. For example, Wu Sangui, Geng Jingzhong, and Shang Zhixin, because they do not make the coming court, they are arrogant and rebellious. What matters here is that the border generals and men know only the master of their jurisdiction, and do not learn the laws of the country. In the past, I once granted amnesty to Guangxi General Ma Chengyin, who knelt down and received it, and everyone under him was shocked, saying that my general also knelt down? From this point of view, it should not be good at military power for a long time."（ "Notes to Kangxi's Lives" Volume 1)

Second, the right of employment cannot be neglected. The most important officials in the court are all from the emperor, and they will never be separated from the ministers.

The essence of employment is to grant or distribute political power, which is the key to achieve political control.

Emperor Kangxi said: "The right to employ people is the most important", so the ministers should not be arbitrary. When enumerating Aobai's crimes, he particularly accused Aobai of "deceiving my dictatorship, acting arbitrarily, leaving all civil and military officials in his own hands, and using his treacherous party both inside and outside the court" (Volume 34 of Kangxi Facts). In view of this, Emperor Kangxi carried out a high degree of monopoly on the use of people in the imperial court after his personal administration to strictly prevent the abuse of officials. Actually, it can't be prevented. In the middle of the Kangxi period, powerful ministers, such as the Pearl and Yu Guozhu, sold their offices and titles, and became powerful. In the 26th year of Kangxi's reign, Xiaocheng and Jackie Chan accused the two men of selling officials. Emperor Kangxi asked, "Why not participate?" The answer was, "Who is not afraid of death?" Emperor Kangxi said, "With me, are they more powerful than the four auxiliary ministers? If I want to go, I will go. What's the fear?" Then someone dared to impeach them and dismissed them.

Another example is that at that time, Yu Chenglong, the governor of the river course (junior), "appointed himself as governor and governor of the river course, only to invoke private persons". This was also a precedent in the bureaucratic system, and there was nothing particularly wrong. However, Yu Chenglong said that "it is better to kill Yu Chenglong than to use his subordinate servants". Emperor Kangxi was not impressed by his remarks, He reprimanded him face to face and said, "If I have the right to choose people, do I have the right to choose officials? If I have the right to recommend officials, I will also talk about salary promotion and compensation. That is, I know it well, and I will use it according to its effectiveness. Otherwise, I will talk about salary. I am the master of the world, and I am not willing to accept it at the time of choosing people. I am a person who is a person who wants to help others, I will be punished later, and I will abstain from it." "Yu Chenglong is a good official and has worked for him, but he is brave and always wants to win. His performance is only personal and wants to make people feel personal. The promotion of talents is the supreme power of the imperial court, and it is not a matter that can be done by a minister." Since Yu Chenglong said this for some of his subordinates, it is impossible for some positions to be appointed by the emperor, so it is not necessary to investigate. Obviously, Emperor Kangxi believed that Yu Chenglong meant to despise the monarchy.

The right of the emperor to use people must be affected by the powerful officials in the court asking for the map and the use of the pearl. General officials think that they can't get rich unless they follow their path, and so is public opinion. Emperor Kangxi heard of it, The decree is hereby issued: "Today, when the court uses one person, outsiders say that it is recommended by a minister, so it may be used or discussed, that is to say that a minister claims that a certain official is superior, and that a certain official is inferior, so that the restless people try to rush to the door of the minister, and from then on. If I don't ask the minister why I know the merits and demerits of the officials? Although the minister has the recommendation, the use and rejection are all based on my arbitrariness. Occasionally, using one or two people is only what I know and use, if it is recommended by the minister Well, what do I do? Although there are people who have been asked by Jiuqing, they are half used and half not used. " The minister can recommend it, but the final decision on the appointment of personnel rests with the emperor, never with the minister, otherwise the emperor will have nothing to do.

For example, Emperor Kangxi asked first and then decided. Yao Qisheng has repeatedly recommended Shi Lang to serve as the governor of Fujian navy again. He believes that he is familiar with the sea situation and is resourceful. Zheng is quite afraid of him.

Before using Shi Lang, Emperor Kangxi asked Li Guangdi, "Do you have acquaintances in your chest? Can you be a general?" Li Guangdi replied, "This is not a trivial matter. After a few days of thinking, I will reply to the order after deliberation." Emperor Kangxi said, "Very well, think about it." A few days later, the emperor sent a pearl to ask, Li Guangdi said, "It's hard to believe, but it's still Shi Lang. His family was killed by the sea (Taiwan). It's a world feud, and his heart can be guaranteed. He is familiar with the sea situation, and no one can surpass him. He also has some strategies, and is not a brave man. He is also feared by Zheng Jun at sea. Only this one person can use it to seize the morale of Zheng Jun first." Later, the bachelor Li Guangdi recommended Shi Lang. Li Guangdi believed that he played a key role in using Shi Lang. Emperor Kangxi believed that the special promotion of Shi Lang was "from my heart". In fact, Yao Qisheng was the first person who recommended Shi Lang for many times. He even defended Shi Lang for this position with his family. The Emperor Kangxi believed that Shi Lang was successful in using human rights, but if Shi Lang was not successful, he would have to blame the minister for his reckless actions.

Emperor Kangxi's legalist thought of employing people must have its mistakes. Two examples:

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Wei descendants, a famous minister with a bachelor's degree, made great contributions to the Qing government. However, after Emperor Kangxi cleared Aobai, he was impeached. In May of the ninth year of Emperor Kangxi's reign, Li Zhifang, the imperial governor, impeached him for colluding with Ban Bulshan, a close confidant of Aobai, and was autocratic and disorderly. The result of the investigation by the Ministry of Public Affairs and the Procuratorate is that this is not accurate. Wei Yijie was hit by this and begged for sick leave in the first month of the next year. Although Wei Yijie and Aobai are not one party, they are not the same, which is very suspicious and unreliable. This kind of thinking logic is often used by people. The young Emperor Kangxi could not help being angry with him, so he had no intention of holding back Wei Yijie, which made the imperial court lose an accomplished minister. Wei Yijie was far-sighted. As early as February of the first year of Kangxi's reign, when he learned that Wu Sangui had captured and killed Emperor Yongli of the Ming Dynasty, he wrote in the "Please garrison Jingxiang to prevent the key points" that Yunnan is flat, but it is located in the border. If the military and bandits have a heart, it will be far behind. In view of the previous history, Jingxiang is the heart of the world. According to the victory of the waterway, he was elected as a major general to lead thousands of troops stationed in Jingxiang. If there is nothing, it will control the situation, and if there is something, it will be a response, This is a century-old plan, not just today's plan. (Volume 11 of the Collected Works of Jitang at the same time) At that time, Aobai was in power and was not adopted. In the 12th year of Kangxi, Wu Sangui rebelled and quickly entered Hunan. The first action of Emperor Kangxi to quell the rebellion was to use the suggestion of Wei Yijie that year, and ordered the forward commander Shuo Dai to lead one forward for each assistant, and then rushed to Jingzhou for defense. At that time, people all admired Wei Yijie's foresight and sagacity. However, Wei Yijie was never used again. Since Emperor Kangxi used the strategy of Wei people, why not use him? The reason is that Emperor Kangxi believed that Wei Zhijie was "tough" and "good in life" (page 1493 of Kangxi's Notes on Living). In fact, this view is just prejudice. See how Emperor Kangxi treated another capable minister.

During the Wu Sangui Rebellion, Fujian Governor Yao Qisheng personally recovered Pinghe and Zhangping, which were captured by Taiwan's Zheng army, and sent troops to rescue Quanzhou and other places, making the Qing army a great turnaround in the battlefield. Yao Qisheng said that the people of Fujian suffered from war, the Qing army and corrupt officials. Among them, the soldiers occupied all the houses, and the corvee was heavy and difficult. While stabilizing the place, he appeased Zheng Jun, purged officials, and strictly enforced rewards and punishments. In order to honor the reward regulations, he donated more than 80000 taels of silver. On the eve of the war in Penghu, he rushed to repair the warship day and night, tried to raise food and pay, and donated all his silver plates, cups and bowls, his wife and concubine's jewelry and other things for military supplies. The officers and soldiers saw this scene, "they looked at each other and sighed, and all of them were in tears. The Emperor Kangxi also praised Yao Qisheng for his remarkable achievements in calming the Wu Sangui Rebellion and recovering Taiwan.

Due to the disagreement between Shi Lang and Yao Qisheng, after the Qing army conquered Penghu, Shi Lang immediately sent the bodyguard Wu Qijue to Beijing to perform the victory, deliberately "get Yao (Qisheng) a little shady private matter" to flatter the emperor (Li Guangdi's "Rong Village Quotations" Volume 12). Emperor Kangxi certainly believed in the bodyguards around him, because that was equal to believing that he was right. At the same time, Mingzhu and others also slandered Yao Qisheng in front of Emperor Kangxi. Emperor Kangxi therefore accused Yao Qisheng of "a lot of vanity", "no achievements", and "presumptuous recommendation of Shi Lang, disguised as useless empty words" (Kangxi Qiju Notes, p. 1067). These statements also deny my previous evaluation of Yao Qisheng. Emperor Kangxi liked to summon ministers in person. Why did Emperor Kangxi say this to Yao Qisheng when he never summoned him? It is obviously unfair.

After the recovery of Taiwan, Yao Qisheng put forward the idea that Taiwan should be kept rather than abandoned earlier than Li Guangdi and Shi Lang. In addition, he also invited five provinces to move their borders and six provinces to impose sea bans. These are the foresight and sagacity in keeping with current politics. However, Emperor Kangxi reprimanded Yao Qisheng for "the Ming Dynasty is not in line with the city's favor, and all books are not allowed" (page 1078 of the Notes to Kangxi's Lives). After several months, Emperor Kangxi issued the same edict as Yao Qisheng's proposal in October of the same year (1683) and the first month of the next year. In the same year, Emperor Kangxi praised the work of the Shi Lang Platform, and granted the title of Jinghai Marquis. However, Yao Qisheng was stopped from "discussing the purpose of narration", which really chilled Yao Qisheng's heart. He was depressed and had a relapse of gangrene, so he died in November.

Third, in order to ensure that the monarchy is not infringed, it is strictly forbidden for officials to "exceed their authority". Since the abolition of the prime minister in the Ming Dynasty, the emperor has combined decision-making and executive power, becoming the embodiment of autocratic totalitarianism. Under the influence of the Han culture, Emperor Kangxi had a very clear awareness of the monarchy, saying that he "would not grant people great power"? So what power does the minister have? Only have the power to make suggestions and implement them.

Emperor Kangxi advocated that ministers should be diligent and prudent in their duties, but hated the autocracy of ministers. He said: "Only the diligent and prudent officials of the Ministry and the Court can keep their points and do not cause trouble. Their autocratic and victorious people want to take advantage of public affairs to achieve their personal interests. What is the benefit to the country?" (The fourth volume of the Kangxi Sermon) The minister's "diligent and prudent" is more valuable than "can", because "can" and "autocratic and victorious" can draw the same sign, even if it is to share the country's worries, it is also "to achieve its personal interests". The so-called "what is the benefit to the country" can be interpreted as "what is the benefit to the imperial power".

In the fifty-third year, Emperor Kangxi thought that the Lang Zhonggong Mengxiong of the Ministry of Justice had misbehaved and was bold and obstinate, and was afraid that he would "stay in the Ministry and cause disorder". He ordered him to withdraw, and said that there were such people in the Ministry and the court again, so he would participate immediately. The next year, Zhao Shenqiao, the minister of the Ministry of Household, wanted to become an example, but Emperor Kangxi was very displeased, saying, "It seems that some people may want to monopolize things in recent days, but this generation cannot be in front of me. Everything should be handled by the combination of Manchu and Han, compromise, and self-use?" (Volume 3 of the Notes to Kangxi's Lives) If the ministers want to do something, they are often regarded as acting on their own.

While Emperor Kangxi advocated leniency for politics, he also tried to strengthen the power of the emperor. If there is a request from the officials to issue an imperial edict, it is often regarded as a breach of duty and reprimanded. For example, in December of the 20th year, Xu Yuanwen, the governor of Zuo Du, said that the world was peaceful, and asked for an imperial edict. Kangxi said that "the imperial edict is issued by the people", and Xu Yuanwen was "selling the city's grace". (The first volume of "Notes on Kangxi's Lives") That is to say, Xu should buy well in front of the common people and make himself the background of "royal grace". In May of the 36th year of Kangxi's reign, the ceremony department gave Zheng Xian a calming order to the matter, and asked him to issue an amnesty edict. Kangxi said, "All the amnesty edicts are the matter of the Lord, not the words of the ministers... Zheng Xianrong wrote the edict, read his original speech, and was lenient, and was severely reprimanded by the senior scholars."? Because this would put the emperor in a passive position. Good things should be done by the emperor, and good reputation should be enjoyed by the emperor. In this regard, no influence of ministers is allowed. Good words are not allowed to be done from the conscience of the subjects. They should be put forward by the emperor. The so-called "good belongs to the king, and bad belongs to yourself". The emperor was afraid of "today's Daoism, which is to return to the emperor if you are wrong, and to return to yourself if you are good". If the emperor has this mentality, no one will take the initiative to do good things.

Fourth, supervise local officials and establish a secret discount system.

The emperor must establish an effective prevention, supervision and control mechanism in order to monopolize the power and prevent the officials from arrogating. At that time, the Qing government followed the methods of the Ming Dynasty to investigate the officials, including Beijing inspection, grand plan, military and political affairs. Jingcha is a six-year inspection of Beijing officials; The main plan is to visit foreign officials once every three years; Military and political affairs are to inspect military officials once every five years. Emperor Kangxi often met with civil and military officials, observed the situation through conversation, and often personally examined the riding and shooting of military officials, trying to understand the actual situation, but this is only superficial observation. For places far away from the emperor, there is no surface observation. Emperor Kangxi said, "The world is big. How can I know if I hear it? If I don't make it secret, how can I know it?" In the late Kangxi period, the government relaxed, and officials at all levels rarely played it according to the facts. In order to strengthen control, the emperor must master the real situation, and the secret folding system came into being. At first, Mizen was only the emperor's special eyes and ears. The secret report is a non-procedural small report that goes directly to the imperial court without going through the cabinet.

In the fifty-first year of Kangxi's reign, the Jiangnan imperial examination case occurred, and the governors and governors criticized each other, which shocked the whole country. Zhang Boxing, governor of Jiangsu Province, Shu Shen, governor of the two rivers, Gali, cheated with the examiners, bribed and sold people and collected silver. Gali impeached Zhang Boxing for seven major crimes, including framing and killing people. Emperor Kangxi sent a large officer to hear the case. In view of the fact that the last Kari was involved, and the Emperor Kangxi tolerated Kari, and the lesson of the anti-impeachers, they still favor Kari as usual. I don't know this time, but it's not the case. Emperor Kangxi may be trying to make up for the mistakes of the last time and must enforce the law impartially. Since the normal channels cannot be unblocked, we have to open up two channels. Emperor Kangxi ordered Suzhou Weaver Li Xu to investigate the facts of the trial, as well as the public opinion of the people in the south of the Yangtze River, the dynamics of Kari and Zhang Boxing, and then played them in secret. At that time, the examiner was Zuo Pibo, and the deputy examiner was Zhao Jin. After making the list, most of the candidates in Su County were the children of Yangzhou salt merchants. In an uproar, thousands of people gathered at the Xuanmiao Temple in Suzhou. Someone wrote a couplet to satirize the two examiners, saying, "Zuo Qiuming has no pearls in his eyes, and Zhao Zilong is a coward." Another person pasted the plaque of "Gong Yuan" with paper and changed it to "sold out". Zhusheng believed that it was Zhao Jin and Gali who bribed the joint. Gali arrested the leader of all lives for treason. This incident reminds people of the Shunzhi Dynasty taxi cry temple protest against corrupt officials, which ended with the beheading of Jin Shengtan and others. At one time, corrupt officials were greatly encouraged, and the children of three feet all sighed.

Emperor Kangxi got the secret information and got to know the situation, which led him to the conclusion that the trial minister was partial to Gali, and thus made the decision to severely punish Gali. The channel for the emperor to control the situation of officials is no longer blocked by the mutual protection of officials. Some problems that are difficult to find out through the main channel will be clear through the second channel of the secret play. Emperor Kangxi believed that allowing secret play was beneficial to restrain officials: "All the ministers, including Wang Wenwu, knew that there was a secret play and could not fathom what they said, so they were naturally frightened and self-reflective.". (Records of the Holy Ancestor of the Qing Dynasty, Volume 270) In this way, the form of secret folding is indispensable, and the spirit of secret folding is even more unbreakable. Of course, the non-procedural secret exchange has advantages. Even today's non-procedural telephone eavesdropping, no democratic government can do without it.

Another example is that salt owls run amok in Sanjiangkou and Shandong in the south of the Yangtze River, causing official salt to be blocked and business travel to suffer. However, none of the local military and political officials actually heard of it, and it was Cao Yin and Li Xu who weaved it. After the Emperor Kangxi heard the news, the imperial government banned the travel and cleared the salt owls. Emperor Kangxi tasted the benefits of the secret discount and further expanded the secret discount right. When some officials sent to various places returned to the court to report their orders, they were ordered by the emperor to report what they saw and heard secretly; Ministers, governors, governors, supervisors, and general officers are all allowed to play in secret. Some imperial envoys can play in secret; The governor was also given the right to secretly play and arrest the outlaws because the imperial envoys and others were sent to commit crimes in other places. The two restrict each other. Emperor Kangxi said, "It is the most important thing that I order ministers to play secret notes. This is the meaning of being clear and wise. I know everything they play, whether public or private, and I approve all memorials personally."

These are the manifestations of Emperor Kangxi's legalism in the administration of officials.

Fifth, personally inspect the place.

Zhuge Changqing: The emperors of all dynasties encouraged the local people through inspection. Gao Shiqi said, "If you want to be a gentleman, you should understand the major events in the world. If you want to understand the people's conditions, you must not go deep into the local areas frequently. The common people can make the upper and lower levels smooth."

In addition to going to the south of the Yangtze River many times, Emperor Kangxi also often visited the north. Emperor Kangxi's tour was different from that of Emperor Qin Shihuang or Emperor Qianlong. It was not for sightseeing, but for understanding the situation. He said to Gao Shiqi, a scholar of the Imperial Academy who was accompanying him, "It is a great taboo for emperors to govern. The most important reason for the loss of the country in the Ming Dynasty is that Emperor Chongzhen lived in the deep palace and did not know the place and the situation, resulting in the separation between the monarch and the minister, the separation between the monarch and the people, and finally the loss of the country. Li Chuang hit Changping County, a suburb of Beijing, and he still did not know how ridiculous it was."

Gao Shiqi said, "If you want to be a ruler, you need to understand the world's major events, and if you want to understand the people's feelings, you can not often go deep into the local areas. The common people can make the upper and lower levels smooth." In an autocratic era, it is almost impossible to make the upper and lower levels smooth. However, the emperor's tour can help understand some people's feelings to a certain extent. If one year there was a severe drought in the north, but no one reported it to Emperor Kangxi. When he went on his tour, he saw the starving people everywhere, and said with emotion, "I live in the deep palace every day, and I don't know the major disasters in the world".

Local officials dare to do evil because "the sky is high and the emperor is far away", and the people have no place to complain. For the emperor, with the secret discount system and proper patrols, there would be a certain degree of "lower love and higher attainment". It is better to know more than not at all. It is better to know more than to know less. It is better to know the officials below, even if you can't know them at all.

Today's film and television works often joke about Emperor Kangxi's private visit. In fact, Emperor Kangxi was the most opposed to private visits. He said that both the Song Taizu and the Ming Taizu had the matter of changing their clothes and misbehaving. This may be a rumor to warn the public. "However, I will never do such things. If I do so, there will be no people who do not know me in the whole country, as well as your servants. It will not only be useless, but also hurt in general.". (The third volume of "Notes on Kangxi's Lives") "To know the truth of the world" is far better than a private visit. The tour is also conducive to personally investigating the situation of the people and the relationship between the officials and the people. The emperor wasted countless money when he was on patrol. The emperor lived in the palace for a long time and could not understand the people. In the 42nd year of Kangxi's reign (1703), Emperor Kangxi made a tour to the south and praised Song Luo, a clean official. He said, "I'm here. No one said that you are bad. You are really a good official, and you are well known as a minister."

In Chinese history, emperors with people-oriented ideas such as Emperor Kangxi are rare. Emperor Kangxi often said that "it is difficult to know people, and it is not easy to use people, and the way to achieve governance is all in this". In fact, if we can respect public opinion, it is not difficult to know people. In the feudal era, because there was no bottom-up supervision mechanism, the promotion of officials was entirely determined by their superiors. Therefore, most officials were single-minded to please their superiors, regardless of the lives of the people. In fact, the emperor knew very well that the way to distinguish between good and bad officials was very simple. He only needed to ask the people. As Emperor Kangxi said, "The people's hearts can't be deceived, and the official's good or not can be distinguished here." Since it is so simple, why doesn't the emperor often listen to the opinions of the people to select officials?

The emperor's respect for public opinion and support for honest officials can only be limited to a small range, beyond which it is not allowed. Even the wise monarchs in the prosperous feudal period often have great differences due to their personal education and personality. In the Kang, Yong and Qian dynasties, the three emperors had different views on officials. Emperor Kangxi was more able to respect public opinion, so he was more willing to listen to the opinions of the people to examine the integrity of the officials. Emperor Yongzheng sent officials to inspect and implement the secret system to supervise officials, which also received certain results.

We should have a "middle way" and be impartial. Emperor Kangxi had both legalists and Confucians, and both were hard. It is not easy to do the middle way well. In Chinese history, Emperor Kangxi was a very good emperor.

Reference: This article is selected from "The Way of Kings and Officials" written by Mr. Zou Fanping

Bless all the people in the world who are destined to meet their needs, the heavenly officials will bless them, the cause will take off, and the source of wealth will expand!

领导智慧、团队过硬、民心满意，是江山永固、企业长存的必备要素。

----- 诸葛长青

　  康熙大帝（爱新觉罗·玄烨，1654.5.4--1722.12.20），清圣祖仁皇帝，清朝第四位皇帝、大清定都北京后第二位皇帝。

   康熙，来自年号。康，安宁；熙，兴盛－－取万民康宁、天下熙盛的意思。

   康熙帝8岁登基，在位61年，是中国历史上在位时间最长的君主。他奠下了清朝兴盛的根基，开创出康乾盛世的大局面，是一位英明的君主、伟大的政治家。死后葬于清东陵之景陵，谥号合天弘运文武睿哲恭俭宽裕孝敬诚信功德大成仁皇帝。   

    康熙皇帝的领导艺术，堪称历代帝王的成功典范。

    最近，诸葛长青在阅读邹范平先生撰写的《君臣道》一书，看到了邹范平先生的独特研究，读来感到分析深刻。

    以下内容，选自邹范平先生撰写的《君臣道》。

    虽然康熙帝的君臣观念主体上是儒家的，但是法家观念也是不可或缺的，儒法交互为用，否则就会像梁武帝那样亡国。熊赐履曾经从宗教的角度告诫康熙帝要以梁武帝为诫，不可佞佛。其实，问题的关键不在于此。

    雍正帝、乾隆帝都笃信佛教，却并没有被大臣篡权。现在，需要从法家的君势、法术的角度谈一谈康熙帝是如何加强皇权的。
　　自从明太祖朱元璋在洪武十三年(1380年)利用胡惟庸案件废除宰相后，就增设殿阁大学士作为秘书顾问，到明成祖时称之为内阁。至明中叶后，内阁首辅大学士实际上已经形同宰相，朝中官员也尊称内阁首辅为宰相。虽然清初沿用明代内阁体制、设置内阁大学士，但这只是一种荣誉头衔，其主要目的是为了笼络汉族官员。

   康熙初年把南书房改造成草拟诏谕的中枢机构，吸取了议政王大臣兼职的特点，“南书房行走”都出自翰林院。
　　为了解决君权与相权的矛盾，清初，统治者对中枢机构的权限以及人员构成屡屡予以变更。清入关前，受军事民主制的影响，创建议政王大臣会议，入关后又在关外旧制内三院（内弘文院、内秘书院、内国史院，1636年建立）的基础上组建内阁。但清代的内阁与明朝内阁不同，实际上只是一个传达谕旨、发布文告的衙门，凡军国重务不由阁臣票发，而交议政王大臣会议。
　　清廷南迁北京，顺治小皇帝没有实权，议政王大臣的权力也受到摄政王的压抑。康熙初年也是如此，皇权受到严重侵犯。康熙帝逮治鳌拜以后，议政王大臣们的势力又有所抬头。康熙帝乃借助于汉臣的力量和儒法两家的君臣观念，极力加强皇权，逐渐把议政王大臣们的权力夺归皇帝。满洲贵族们在清朝政治生活中不能再发挥任何制衡作用了。
　　清朝完成君权一揽形式的专制政体是从康熙朝开始的。
　　康熙帝剪除鳌拜集团，使国家大权集中到自己手中，并将这种专权形成传统。他说：“天下大权当归于一”，“今天下大小事务皆朕一人亲理，无可旁贷。若将要务任于他人则断不可行，事无巨细，朕必躬自断制”。

   诸葛长青：帝王的铁腕权力，确保了执行力的全国推行。诸葛长青认为，江山永固、社会稳定的关键点，在于弘扬孝善、富裕民众、教化人心、强大国防。做到这些，即是国家稳定矣。

   议政王大臣会议权力日趋衰微。当时，参加议政的还有大批宗室王公，如和硕康亲王杰书、庄亲王博果铎、安亲王岳乐、多罗顺承郡王勒尔锦、惠郡王博翁果诺、多罗贝勒察尼、董额、尚善等。康熙十一年十二月，博翁果诺等辞去议政，此后又罢领兵诸王议政之权。康熙二十四年，又将都统中不能办事者罢去议政权。此时，参加议政的宗室王仅剩杰书一人，议政王大臣会议从最高决策机构变为皇帝议事和咨询机构。康熙三十六年杰书去世，议政王大臣会议就成为议政臣会议。满洲王公贵族在中央的发言权日趋削弱。
　　当时，无论是议政王大臣、内阁大学士，还是值南书房之汉官，均不得专擅朝政，他们中一些人可能参与某些重要政务，拥有较大发言权，但这种权力只能源于康熙帝的授予。康熙帝将权力集中到自己手中，并且制定了一系列具有法律效力的理论与原则，使其后世子孙有章可循，有案可稽，从而保证了这种政体的长期延续。概括起来，他在这方面的君势、法术原则主要包括以下内容：
　　第一，皇帝独揽兵权，犹今日总统为国家军队的最高指挥官。
    诸葛长青：兵者，国之大事，不可不慎重啊。大清朝的成功首先来自军队。
　　八旗制度的主要内容，是八旗王爷拥有兵权。康熙十八年，康熙帝限定八旗王公府邸官员名额，各旗设都统、副都统，掌管宣命教养，整饰戎兵，以治旗人。各都统直接听命于皇帝，将各旗王公干预旗务的权力剥夺。以后，把八王统兵征伐的惯例改为由皇帝任命出征，往往是以皇家子弟为帅，这就削弱了八王的军权。康熙晚期，更由皇子管理旗务，彻底改变了八王及其子弟统兵出征的传统。
　　康熙帝对将军控制严密，绝不使军权下移。平定吴三桂之乱后，总结经验，不但不许将军久握兵权，而且令其经常朝见，使其心知敬畏。他说： “边疆提镇，久握兵权，绝非美事。久握兵权，心意骄纵，故每致生乱也。”又说： “边疆提镇常来朝见，则心知敬畏。如吴三桂、耿精忠、尚之信辈，因为不令来朝，心生骄妄，以致反叛。此处所关甚要，况边陲将士，惟知其统辖之主，不习国家法度。昔者，朕曾降赦于广西将军马承荫，承荫跪受，其下诸人皆惊，谓我将军也跪人耶？由此看来，不可令人久擅兵权也。”（《康熙起居注》第一册）
　　第二，用人之权不可旁落。朝中重臣，用黜一概出自皇帝，绝不分权于大臣。
    用人就其实质而言就是授予或分配政治权力，这是实现政治控制的关键。

   康熙帝说： “用人之权，关系最为重大”，故臣下不得专擅。在列数鳌拜罪行时，曾特别指责鳌拜“欺朕专权，恣意妄为，文武各官尽出其门下，朝廷内外都用其奸党”（《康熙实录》卷三四）。有鉴于此，康熙帝亲政后对朝廷用人实行高度垄断，严防臣僚僭越。其实是防不住的。康熙中叶，权臣明珠、余国柱，卖官鬻爵，权势熏天。康熙二十六年，小于成龙控告二人卖官。康熙帝问： “何无人参？”答： “谁不怕死呢？”康熙帝说： “有我在，他们的势力重于四辅臣吗？我欲去，则尽去之，有何怕？”然后才有人敢于参劾，乃将二人革职。
　　又如：当时河道总督（小）于成龙“自任巡抚及为河道总督，惟知援引私人”，这本来也是官僚体制之内的成例，没有什么特别不对的地方。但是于成龙却说出“宁杀于成龙，至于属下效力人等不可不用”的话，康熙帝听到他这种言论，颇不以为然，当面训斥他说： “用人之权，岂人臣所得专擅？朕今用人，若有保举官员，亦必就中论俸升补，即素所深知者，亦视其效力之处，酌量用之，否则，俱使论俸。朕乃天下之主，用人之际尚不肯任意，为人臣者，乃妄意自擅，可乎？大抵欲援助人者，后必自己获罪，尔其戒之。”又说： “于成龙居官好，亦曾效力，但为人胆大，凡事必欲取胜，其所奏之事只徇人情面，欲令人感彼私恩。夫擢用人才乃朝廷之大权，非为臣者市恩沽名所可擅行之事也。”既然于成龙是针对自己一部分属下说这话的，某些职位也不可能都由皇帝来任命，就不必深究。显然康熙帝认为，于成龙有藐视君权的意思。
　　朝中权臣索额图、明珠用事，必然影响到皇帝的用人之权。一般官员以为非走他们的门路不能得肥缺，舆论也是如此。康熙帝有所耳闻，特降谕旨： “今朝廷用一人，外人即曰是某大臣荐举，故用之，或有商议之事，即声言某大臣称某官之优，言某官之劣，致使躁进之徒营求奔竞于大臣之门，从此而起。凡官员之优劣，朕若不问大臣何由而知？大臣虽有荐举，用与舍则皆出于朕之独断。间或用一二人，也不过是朕所知而用者，若但因大臣荐举而用之，那么朕所治理之事又为何？虽有经过询问九卿举出之人，用者与不用者各半。”大臣可以荐举，但用人的最后决定权在皇帝，决不在大臣，否则皇帝就没有事干了。
　　如征讨台湾，康熙帝就是先问后定。姚启圣多次上疏举荐施琅重新担任福建水师提督，认为他熟悉海上情形，并富有谋略，郑氏对其颇为畏惧。

   启用施琅之前，康熙帝问李光地： “你胸中有相识人，可任为将者否？”李光地答： “此非小事，容臣思想数日后，斟酌妥即覆旨。”康熙帝说： “很是，你去想。”后数日，皇帝派明珠来问，李光地说： “都难信及，但计量起来，还是施琅。他全家被海上（台湾）杀，是世仇，其心可保。又熟悉海上情形，没有人超过他。又其人还有些谋略，不是一勇之夫。又为海上郑军所畏，惟此一人，用之，则先夺郑军锐气。”后来，大学士李霨又推荐施琅。起用施琅，李光地认为是自己起了关键性作用。康熙帝则认为，特别擢用施琅是“断自朕衷”。其实，最早并多次保举施琅的人是姚启圣，他甚至以全家百口力保施琅担任此职。施琅征台成功，康熙帝就认为是自己用人权运用得好，但如果施琅不成功，恐怕就该问大臣的妄举之罪了。
　　康熙帝的法家用人思想，必然有其失误之处。试举两例：
　　清初名臣大学士魏裔介于清廷颇有贡献。但是，在康熙帝清除鳌拜之后，却遭到弹劾。康熙九年五月，御史李之芳举劾他与鳌拜的亲信班布尔善相互勾结，专权乱政。吏部都察院会勘的结果是，此奏不确。魏裔介受此打击，遂于次年正月以病乞假。虽然魏裔介与鳌拜不是一党，但是也没有势同水火，这就很可疑，有些不可靠。这种思维逻辑是人们常常使用的。年轻的康熙帝不免对其有迁怒之意，所以对于魏裔介就毫无挽留之心，这就使朝廷失去一名卓有建树的能臣。魏裔介颇有远见，早在康熙元年二月，当魏裔介得知吴三桂俘杀了明永历帝后，他就上《请驻防荆襄以防要害疏》说，云南虽平，但地处边陲，倘或戎寇生心，鞭长不及，鉴于前史，荆襄乃天下腹心，据水路之胜，当选一大将领兵数千常驻荆襄，无事则控扼形势，有事则提兵应变，这是百年久远之计而非徒今日之谋也。（《兼济堂文集》卷一一）当时是鳌拜当权，未予采纳。康熙十二年，吴三桂起兵反叛，迅速进入湖南。康熙帝平叛的第一个行动正是运用当年魏裔介的建议，命前锋统领硕代率每佐领前锋一名，兼程赶往荆州防守。时人都佩服魏裔介的远见卓识。可是，魏裔介始终没再被起用。康熙帝既然用魏裔介之谋，为何不用其人？原因在于康熙帝认为魏裔介“为人强悍”，“生平实好生事”（《康熙起居注》1493页）。其实，这种看法只是偏见。再看康熙帝是如何对待另一位能臣的。
　　吴三桂之乱期间，福建总督姚启圣亲自收复了被台湾郑军攻克的平和、漳平，又分兵救援泉州等地，使清军在战场上大有转机。姚启圣上疏说：福建百姓一苦于战乱，二苦于清兵，三苦于贪官污吏。其中，又以兵丁占尽民房、徭役繁重难当等事为害最烈（《忧畏轩奏疏》卷二）。他一面安定地方，一面招抚郑军，整肃吏治，严行赏罚，为了兑现奖赏条例，他自捐银8万余两。澎湖之战前夕，他昼夜赶修战船，竭力筹措粮饷，将自家的银盘杯碗并其妻妾首饰等物，悉数捐出，以供军需。官兵见此情景，“相视感叹，莫不涕零，各矢用命”。平定吴三桂之乱，收复台湾，姚启圣成效卓著，康熙帝也予以表扬。
　　由于施琅与姚启圣意见不合，清军攻克澎湖后，施琅随即派侍卫吴奇爵进京奏捷，蓄意“得姚（启圣）一点阴私事”在皇帝面前进谄（李光地《榕村语录续集》卷一二）。康熙帝当然深信自己身边的侍卫，因为这就等于是相信自己正确。同时，明珠等人也在康熙帝面前中伤姚启圣。康熙帝因此指责姚启圣“颇多虚妄”，“并无劳绩”，“妄言保举施琅，饰为无益虚词”（《康熙起居注》1067页）。这些说法也否定了自己以前对姚启圣的评价。康熙帝喜欢亲自召见大臣，为什么康熙帝在从未召见姚启圣的情况下，就对姚启圣下此断语？显然有失公正。
　　收复台湾后，姚启圣又比李光地、施琅更早提出台湾宜守不宜弃的主张。此外，他还疏请复五省迁界，开六省海禁。这些都是切中时政的远见卓识。但是，康熙帝却斥责姚启圣“明系沽名市恩，殊为不合，着各本皆不准行”（《康熙起居注》1078页）。时隔数月，康熙帝于同年（1683年）十月和次年正月却下达了与姚启圣上述建议相同的谕旨。同年，康熙帝赞扬施琅平台之功，封靖海侯，世袭罔替。而姚启圣则被停其“议叙之旨”，这真是令姚启圣寒透了心。他心情郁闷，疽病复发，于是年十一月逝世。
　　第三，为保证君权不被侵犯，严禁臣僚“越权”。自从明朝废除宰相以后，皇帝就兼决策与执行权于一身，成为专制极权的化身。康熙帝在汉人文化影响下，对君权具有非常明确的意识，说自己“岂肯以大权授人”？那么，大臣有什么权力呢？只有出谋划策和具体执行的权力。
　　康熙帝提倡大臣勤慎守分，而厌恶大臣专权。他说： “部院堂官，惟勤慎者能守分，不生事，其专权好胜之徒，特欲借公事以遂其私意耳，于国家何益？”（《康熙圣训》卷四四）大臣的“勤慎”比“能”更可贵，因为“能”与“专权好胜”可以画等号，即使是为国分忧，也是“遂其私意”，所谓“于国家何益”可解读为“于皇权何益”。
　　五十三年，康熙帝认为刑部郎中宫梦熊行止不端，胆大执拗，恐其“留在部内，必致紊乱”，特令革退，并说，部院内复有如此等人，着即参奏。次年，户部尚书赵申乔欲变成例，康熙帝大不以为然，说： “看来近日或有人欲专权用事，此辈在朕前则不可，凡事俱宜满汉合一，折衷办理，自用可乎？”（《康熙起居注》第三册）能臣要有所作为，往往被视为自行其是。
　　康熙帝为政崇尚宽大的同时，也竭力强化君权一揽。如臣僚中有奏请颁行恩诏者，往往被视为越职，而予以斥责。例如，二十年十二月，左都御史徐元文以天下荡平，请大颁恩诏。康熙说“颁行恩诏，出自人主”，徐元文是“沽名市恩”。（《康熙起居注》第一册）也就是说，徐要在老百姓面前买好，使自己成为“皇恩浩荡”的背景。康熙三十六年五月，礼科给事中郑显以平定噶尔丹，请颁赦诏，康熙说： “凡颁赦诏，皆人主之事，非人臣所宜言……郑显妄以诏款陈奏，念其本系言官，特从宽处理，着大学士等严厉训斥之。”（《康熙圣训》卷二四）臣子这样做，到底有什么罪呢？因为这样一来就使皇帝处于被动的地位上了。好事要皇帝自起，美誉要归皇帝享有，在这里面不允许有臣子一丝一毫的影响力。好事好话不允许臣民发自良心而为之，要由君上提出来。所谓“善则归君，过则归己”。皇帝怕的是“如今的道学，便是过则归君，善则归己”。皇帝有这种心态，好事自然也就没有人主动去做了。
　　第四，监督地方官员，创立密折制度。
　　皇帝要独揽大权，防止臣僚僭越，就必须建立一套有效的防范、监督、控制机制。当时，清廷沿用明朝的方法考察官吏，有京察、大计、军政等方式。京察是考察京官，六年一次；大计为考察外官，三年一次；军政是考察武官，五年一次。康熙帝经常接见文武官员，通过谈话，察言观色，又往往亲自验看武官骑射，想方设法了解实际情况，可惜这都只能是表面观察。对于天高皇帝远的地方，连表面观察也没有。康熙帝说： “天下大矣，朕一人闻见岂能周知，若不令密奏，何由洞悉？”康熙后期，吏治松弛，各级官吏很少据实上奏。皇帝为了强化控制，必须掌握真实情况，密折制度便应运而生了。起初，密折只是皇帝的特别耳目。密折是不经内阁而直达御前的、非程序化的小报告。
　　康熙五十一年，发生江南科场案，督抚互讦，震惊全国。江苏巡抚张伯行疏参两江总督噶礼与考官通同作弊，贿卖举人，收取银两。噶礼疏劾张伯行挟嫌诬陷，监毙人命等七大罪状。康熙帝派大员审理此案。他们鉴于上次噶礼被参，而康熙帝宽容噶礼，反坐参劾者的教训，照例依然偏袒噶礼。不知此次却又不然，康熙帝也许是要弥补上次的错误，一定要秉公执法。既然正常渠道无法畅通，只好开辟二渠道。康熙帝令苏州织造李煦调查审案实情，以及江南群众的舆论，噶礼与张伯行的动态等，然后密折上奏。当时，主考官为左必蕃，副主考是赵晋。发榜后，苏郡中试者多为扬州盐商子弟。诸生哗然，千余人聚集苏州玄妙观。有人写对联讽刺两位主考道： “左丘明两眼无珠，赵子龙一身是胆。”又有人以纸糊“贡院”之匾，改为“卖完”。诸生认为，是赵晋与噶礼共同贿买关节。噶礼以谋反罪名逮捕诸生首领。此事使人想起顺治朝的士人哭庙抗议贪官事件，那次事件以金圣叹等人的被杀头而告结束。一时，贪官污吏，大受鼓励，三尺小儿，皆叹不平。
　　康熙帝得到密折，了解了情况，使他得出了审案大臣偏袒噶礼的结论，从而做出了严惩噶礼的决定。皇帝掌握众官员情况的渠道不再因为官官相护而堵塞。有些问题通过主渠道难以查清的，经过密奏之二渠道就清楚了。康熙帝认为允许密奏有利于约束官吏： “诸王文武大臣等，知有密折，莫测其所言何事，自然各加惊惧，修身反省矣”。（《清圣祖实录》卷二七○）如此一来，密折的形式就是不可或缺，密折的精神更是牢不可破。非程序化的密折当然有好处，犹今日非程序化的电话窃听，再民主的政府也离不开它。
　　又如江南三江口及山东地方，盐枭横行，致使官盐壅塞，商旅受害。而当地军政官员并无一人据实奏闻，又是织造曹寅、李煦上密折启奏。康熙帝闻奏后，钦派禁旅，清除盐枭。康熙帝尝到了密折的甜头，就把密折权进一步扩大。有些差遣到各地办事官员回朝复命时，受皇帝之命，将所见所闻密报；大臣、总督、巡抚、提督、总兵官皆许密奏。有的钦差可专折密奏；因派出钦差等人有在外地为非作歹者，又给予督抚密奏并擒拿歹徒之权。两者相互制约。康熙帝说： “朕令大臣皆奏密折，最有关系，此即明目达聪之意也。其所奏之事，或公或私，朕无不洞悉；凡一切奏折，皆朕亲批。”
　　这些都是康熙帝的法家思想在吏治方面的表现。
 　第五，亲自考察地方。

   诸葛长青：历代帝王通过巡视考察激励地方。高士奇说： “为君者要明了天下大事，百官要了解民情，就不可不经常深入地方，庶可使上下畅通。”   

   康熙帝除了多次下江南，也常常巡狩北方。康熙帝出巡与秦始皇或乾隆帝出巡不同，他不是为了游山玩水，而是为了解下情。他对随行的翰林学士高士奇说： “上下不通是帝王为政之大忌。明朝失国最重要的原因，是崇祯帝居于深宫不了解地方，不了解下情，造成君臣隔膜，君民不通，以致最终失国。李闯打到了京郊昌平县，他尚全然不知，何等荒唐。”
　　高士奇说： “为君者要明了天下大事，百官要了解民情，就不可不经常深入地方，庶可使上下畅通。”在一个专制时代，要做到上下畅通，几乎是不可能的，不过，皇帝出巡可以在一定程度上了解到一些民情。如有一年北方大旱，却无人向康熙帝报告，他出巡时见到饿殍遍野，感慨地说： “日居深宫，天下大灾都不知”。
　　处在地方的官吏，因为“天高皇帝远”就敢于为非作歹，百姓无处申冤。对于皇帝来说，有了密折制度，再适当地出巡，就有了一定程度上的“下情上达”。有总比一点都没有好，多了解一些情况总比少了解情况好，对下面的官吏即使不能了如指掌，也总比完全被蒙在鼓里好。
　　今日的影视作品常常戏说康熙帝如何微服私访。其实，康熙帝最反对微服私访。他说：宋太祖、明太祖皆有易服微行之事，此或假为传闻，以警众人。“然此等事，朕断不行。若如此行，举国臣民，以及汝等仆隶，未有不识朕者，非徒无益，亦于大体有伤”。（《康熙起居注》第三册）“欲知天下事理”靠密折远胜于微行私访。出巡也有利于亲自考察民情和官民关系。皇帝出巡，浪费钱财无数，皇帝久居宫中，又不能了解民情。康熙四十二年(1703年)，康熙帝南巡，对清官宋荦大加赞扬，说： “朕到此，无一人说尔不好，尔真是好官， 深得大臣之体。”
　　中国历史上如康熙帝这样具有民本思想的帝王是不多见的，康熙帝常说“知人难，用人不易，致治之道全在于此”。其实，如能尊重民意，知人就不难。封建时代由于没有自下而上的监督机制，官吏的升迁与否，完全由上司决定，故此，官吏大多都一门心思只求讨好上司，而不顾百姓死活。其实皇帝心中很明白，鉴别官吏良莠的途径很简单，只要向百姓一询问就知道了。正如康熙帝所说：“民心不可欺，官好与否，于此立辨矣。”既然如此简单，那么皇帝为什么不常常听取百姓的意见以评选官员呢？
　　皇帝尊重民意和扶持清官，只能限制在一个小小的范围之内，超出这个限度就不允许了。即使是封建盛世时期的英明君主，也往往由于个人的学养和性格而有很大区别。康、雍、乾之朝，这三个皇帝对官吏的考察就大不相同。康熙帝较能尊重民意，因此也较愿意听取百姓的意见来考察官吏的清廉与否。雍正帝则是派员巡察和实行密折制度来监察官吏，也收到一定的效果。

　　要有“中庸之道”，不偏不倚。康熙帝是法家与儒家两手都有，两手都硬。中庸之道要做得好，却不容易，中国历史上，康熙帝算是做得很好的一位皇帝。

   参考资料：本文选自邹范平先生撰写的《君臣道》

祝福天下有缘者有求必应、天官赐福、事业腾飞、财源广进！

（本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

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