Chinese Etiquette Culture: What are the ancient Chinese etiquette?

国学礼仪文化：中国古代礼仪有哪些？

Chinese etiquette, the unity of man and nature, reflects the image of a great country.

... Zhuge Changqing

China is a big country and a country of etiquette.

The development of the Chinese nation is also a history of etiquette development.

Why does China have etiquette?

Zhuge Changqing saw in his study of the Book of Changes that the origin of etiquette in China since Fu Xi and Nu Wa started China:

"There is heaven and earth and then everything, there is everything and then men and women, there are men and women and then couples, there are couples and then father and son, there are father and son and then monarch and minister, there are monarch and minister and then up and down, there are up and down and then etiquette measures."

It can be said that etiquette grew up with the development of the Chinese nation.

What is etiquette?

Zhuge Changqing believes that etiquette is the basic moral code of appearance and behavior spread by the Chinese nation for tens of millions of years.

In the process of studying the traditional culture of Chinese culture, Zhuge Changqing saw that all schools of thought, such as Confucianism, Taoism, strategists, and Mohism, pay attention to etiquette.

The most standardized etiquette in China came into being in the Zhou Dynasty. The sage Duke of Zhou formulated a complete set of etiquette.

In the age of the sage Confucius, he was determined to restore the Zhou ceremony, so Confucius specially sorted out the Book of Rites, hoping that the Chinese nation would spread this complete etiquette.

Looking back on history, we can experience the etiquette of a great country in line with the principles of heaven and earth.

Five categories of etiquette are recorded in the Book of Rites in China.

The five ceremonies are "auspicious, unlucky, military, guest and beautiful"

1. Auspicious ceremony: refers to the ceremony of offering sacrifices to gods and ancestors:

2. Fierce ceremony: refers to the funeral ceremony;

3. Military etiquette: refers to military etiquette;

4. Guest etiquette: refers to the etiquette of entertaining guests;

5. Jiali: refers to adult and marriage rituals.

Zhuge Changqing here shares the classified information of Chinese etiquette organized by "Le Wu Guoxue".

The five rites are the general name of the auspicious rites, the evil rites, the military rites, the honorable rites and the guest rites in ancient China.

1. The auspicious ceremony is a ceremonial activity to offer sacrifices to gods, earth animals, people and ghosts. Although the rise and fall of different dynasties are different, they are highly valued by the rulers. Its etiquette is very exquisite, The Tongdian once said: "The five rituals made in the Kaiyuan year of the Tang Dynasty have two rites in one hundred and fifty. The first is the auspicious ceremony, which has five rites in five hundred and fifty: first, the winter solstice worships the heaven on the dome; second, the Xinqi Valley on the first month is worshipped on the dome; third, the Meng Xia Yu worships the moon on the dome; fourth, the late autumn is enjoyed in the Ming Hall; fifth, the beginning of the spring worships the Qing Emperor in the eastern suburbs... fifty-five, and the following princes worship and the cold food worship." The Zhou Rites, the Spring Officials, the Big Uncle said: "Big uncle is in charge of the ceremonies of the gods, ghosts and earth animals that build the country, to help the king build the country, and to serve the ghosts and gods of the country with auspicious ceremonies. He sacrifices the god of heaven with sandalwood, the sun, the moon and the stars with solid firewood... He sacrifices the five mountains with blood, the five mountains with forest, the mountains and the mountains with beaver Shen... He enjoys the first king in the temple in spring, the first king in the autumn, and the first king in the winter." From the above, we can see that offering sacrifices to heaven, grain, the bright hall, spring, wax, the country, mountains and rivers Sacrifice to the Temple of the Son of Heaven, the sharing of meritorious officials, the interpretation of the memorial ceremony, the upper tomb, the worship of Confucius, the worship of the previous emperors, and the patrol of the hunting ceremony are all the contents of the auspicious ceremony.

When Zhuge Changqing studied the historical data of Chinese culture during the reign of Qianlong, he found that there was a complete set of rituals for Qianlong to sacrifice to heaven and earth. It's amazing.

2. Fierce ceremony is a ritual activity for condolence. Including funeral ceremony (the ceremony of expressing grief and mourning for the dead), famine ceremony (the ceremony of the ruling class expressing awareness of the disaster and sharing with the people in case of famine or epidemic), hanging ceremony (the ceremony of the ruling class sending people to comfort when other countries or others are suffering from natural disasters), compensation ceremony (the ceremony of the ruling class sending people to comfort when neighboring countries are in turmoil) Hui Li (the etiquette for the Allied princes to raise money and aid when other countries are attacked and damaged by the enemy) and other five items. Later, it mainly refers to funeral, clothing holding, posthumous title and other rituals. "Zhou Li · Chun Guan · Da Da Bo": "Da Bo... mourns the worries of the country with a fierce ceremony, mourns the death with a wild ceremony, mourns the disaster with a hanging ceremony, mourns the defeat with a juniper ceremony, and mourns the rebellion with a compassionate ceremony." The Tongdian says: "The system of five rites in the Kaiyuan year of the Tang Dynasty... five is called a fierce ceremony, and there are eight out of ten: one is to relieve the suffering in the year of the disaster; two is to ask for the illness; three is to ask for the work of the central palace: four is to ask for the work of the crown prince: five is to wear (funeral clothes) System; 6、 The emperor mourned for his minor achievements; 7、 Imperial envoy hanging: eight, funeral: nine, book gift ten, funeral; 11、 To pay a memorial service; 12、 The queen mourned the condolence; 13、 The prince of the emperor mourned and offered a condolence; 14、 The Crown Princess mourns and condoles; 15、 The third grade has gone to mourning; 16、 The fifth grade has gone to mourning; 17、 The sixth grade has fallen into mourning; 18、 The prince has died. " To sum up, cruel etiquette is the etiquette of expressing sympathy when other countries or others suffer misfortunes.

3. Military etiquette is about military etiquette. According to Tongdian: "The Five Rites of the Kaiyuan period of the Tang Dynasty... Four are military rites, and their rites are three: one is to go to God personally: two is suitable for Taishe 3, and to tell the Temple of Tai; four is to go to the place of the expedition: five is to go out of the country; six is to tell the mountains and rivers; seven is to declare the dew cloth: eight is to go to the army general; nine is to talk about martial arts; ten is to go to Tian Shou; eleven is to shoot the palace; twelve is to watch shooting; thirteen is to send the general to go to Taishe; fourteen is to send the general to tell the Temple of Tai; fifteen is to send the general to tell the Temple of Tai Gong of Qi; sixteen is to worship Mazu; seventeen is to enjoy the first grazing; eighteen is to sacrifice Horse Club: 19, Sacrifice horse steps; 20、 Hezhou Fagu; 21、 He Shuo, Zhuzhou, cut drums: 22, Grand Nuo; 23、 Zhuzhou County Nuo. " "Zhou Li · Chun Guan · Da Bo" said: "Da Bo... is the same as the state with military gifts. The master's gift is the same as that of the people. The gift of Da Jun is the same as that of the people. The gift of Da Tian is the same as that of the people. The gift of Da Jie is the same as that of the people. The gift of Da Feng is the same as that of the people." For example, the Zhou Li cited the master (summoning and rectifying the army), Da Jun (correcting the household registration, adjusting the tax levy), Da Tian (inspecting the people of the chariots and horses, and practicing field hunting), Da Jie (collecting apprenticeship due to the construction of the city) Dafeng (renovation of borders, roads and ditches), as well as the Gaotai Temple, Mingjiang Temple, Graduation, Xuanlu Cloth, Dashou, Horse Festival, and Danuo in the Kaiyuan Rite. The military ceremony in ancient times was very complex. For example, during the expedition, there were a series of rituals, such as sacrificing the community, reading the teacher, swearing the teacher, sacrificing the road, class teacher, labor teacher, sacrificing the victory, and sacrificing the prisoner. It is obvious that no matter which dynasty, the military ceremony is the ceremony of the king and belongs to the national etiquette system.

4. Jiali is a festive ceremony. Including crown ceremony, wedding ceremony, Yan ceremony (banquet ceremony for the monarch and his ministers), banquet ceremony (grand ceremony for the monarch to entertain guests), shooting ceremony (ceremony for shooting competitions), etc. Sometimes it refers to the wedding. "Zhou Li · Chun Guan · Da Bo" said: "Da Bo...... To the people with the gift of Jiali, to the clan brothers with the gift of food, to the men and women with the gift of the faint crown, to the old friends with the gift of the guest shooting, to the guests with the gift of Yan Zhi, to the guests with the gift of celebrating, to the country with the gift of a different surname." The "History of the Qing Dynasty Draft · Li Zhi 63" said: "(Jiali) Those who belong to the Son of Heaven are called Chaohui, Yanxiang, Shuming and Jingyan. Those who walk in the common people call the drinking ceremony in the countryside. The wedding ceremony is the same as the wedding ceremony. "

5. Guest etiquette, specifically speaking, is the etiquette when the princes meet the emperor and visit each other. For example, the Son of Heaven is made a pilgrimage by the princes, the Son of Heaven is invited by the envoys sent by the princes, the Son of Heaven sends envoys to meet and serve the princes, and the Son of Heaven is made a tribute or banquet by the princes (envoys). Because the guest ceremony is based on the Son of Heaven, and the vassal is regarded as the guest, there are different names due to the different status, time, and purpose of the guests, such as pilgrimage, pilgrimage, religion, encounter, meeting, meeting, asking, viewing, etc. "Zhou Li · Chun Guan · Da Da Bo" said: "Da Bo...... To be close to the country with a guest of honor, to see the dynasty in the spring, to see the emperor in the summer, to see the emperor in the autumn, to meet the emperor in the winter, to meet the emperor in the winter, to meet the emperor in the afternoon, to meet the emperor in the afternoon, to meet the emperor in the afternoon, to meet the emperor in the afternoon, to ask the emperor in the afternoon, and to look at the emperor in the afternoon." The "Tong Dian" said: "The system of five ceremonies in the Kaiyuan year of the Tang Dynasty is called the guest of honor, and the ceremony has six meanings: first, the arrival of the host of the country; second, the host of the country; third, the host of the country; fourth, the host of the envoy of the country; fifth, the host Border countries. With the gradual strengthening of the monarchy, the color of respect and inferiority in the Hajj rituals has become increasingly strong. In later generations, the meeting ceremony between officials and ordinary people is also called the guest ceremony. Zheng Xuan's note in the Book of Etiquette, "When people meet each other, it is a guest ceremony."

Zhuge Changqing here shares the classified information of Chinese etiquette organized by "Le Wu Guoxue".

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to work with like-minded people in the world to "inherit traditional Chinese culture, promote good morality, revitalize China, and benefit the world".

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ） 

(The article is welcome to be forwarded. Please indicate the source for forwarding)

中华礼仪，天人合一，体现泱泱大国的形象。

…诸葛长青

中华大国，礼仪之邦。

中华民族的发展，也是一部礼仪发展的历史。

中国为何有礼仪呢？

诸葛长青在研究《易经》中看到，我国从伏羲、女娲开启中华以来的礼仪渊源：

“有天地然后有万物，有万物然后有男女，有男女然后有夫妇，有夫妇然后有父子，有父子然后有君臣，有君臣然后有上下，有上下然后礼仪有所措。”

可以说，礼仪是伴随中华民族发展而成长起来的。

什么是礼仪呢？

诸葛长青认为，礼仪就是中华民族几千万年以来流传的言行举止等基本仪表行为道德规范。

在研究国学传统文化过程中，诸葛长青看到，儒家、道家、兵家、墨家等诸子百家都很注意礼仪。

中国最规范的礼仪形成于周朝，圣人周公制订了成套的礼仪。

到了圣人孔子时代，他志在恢复周礼，于是孔子特意整理了《礼记》，希望中华民族流传这个完整的礼仪。

回顾历史，让我们从中体会到了符合天地之道的泱泱大国礼仪之风。

我国礼记中记录了礼仪的五个类别。

五礼分别是“吉、凶、军、宾、嘉”

1.吉礼：指祭祀天神、祖先等仪礼:

2.凶礼：指丧葬仪礼;

3.军礼：指与军事相关的仪礼;

4.宾礼：指宴请宾客的仪礼;

5.嘉礼：指成年和婚姻仪礼。

诸葛长青这里分享“乐无国学”整理的中华礼仪分类资料。

五礼是中国古代对吉礼、凶礼、军礼、嘉礼、宾礼的总称。

1.吉礼,是祭祀天神、地衹、人鬼等的礼仪活动。虽历代兴革不一,但都极受统治者重视。其行礼十分考究,《通典》曾云:“大唐开元年之制五礼,其仪百五十有二。一曰吉礼,其仪五十有五:一,冬至祀昊天于圆丘;二,正月上辛祈谷于圆丘;三,孟夏雩祀于圆丘四,季秋大享于明堂;五,立春祀青帝于东郊……五十五,王公以下拜扫、寒食拜扫。”《周礼·春官·大宗伯》则云:“大宗伯之职,掌建邦之天神、人鬼、地衹之礼,以佐王建保邦国,以吉礼事邦国之鬼神衹。以檀祀祀昊天上帝,以实柴祀日月星辰……以血祭祭社稷五祀五岳,以貍沈祭山林山泽……以祠春享先王,以尝秋享先王,以烝冬享先王。”从上述可知,祭天、祈谷、大享明堂、春祭、大蜡、祭社稷、祭山川、祭天子宗庙、功臣配享、释奠、上陵、祀孔子、祀先代帝王、巡狩封禅等都是吉礼的内容。

诸葛长青在研究乾隆年间国学文化历史资料时候，发现乾隆祭祀天地等都是有一套完整的礼仪。令人震撼不已。

2.凶礼,是用于吊慰的礼仪活动。包括丧葬礼(对死者表示哀痛与哀悼之情的礼仪)、荒礼(遇到荒年饥馑或瘟疫流行时,统治阶层表达体察灾情、与民同苦之意的礼仪)、吊礼(当他国或他人遭受自然灾害后,统治阶层派人慰问的礼仪)、恤礼(邻国遭乱时,统治者派人慰问的礼仪)、桧礼(当他国遭敌人袭击而残破后,同盟诸侯筹集财物予以援助的礼仪)等五个项目。后多指丧葬、持服、谥号等礼仪。《周礼·春官·大宗伯》:“大宗伯……以凶礼哀邦国之忧,以丧礼哀死亡以荒礼哀凶札,以吊礼哀祸灾,以桧礼哀围败,以恤礼哀寇乱。”通典》云:“大唐开元年之制五礼……五曰凶礼,其仪十有八:一,凶年赈抚;二,劳问疾患;三,中宫劳问:四,皇太子劳问:五,服(丧服)制度;六,皇帝为小功以上举哀;七,敕使吊:八,会丧:九,册赠十,会葬;十一,致奠;十二,皇后举哀吊祭;十三,皇帝太子举哀吊祭;十四,皇太子妃举哀吊祭;十五,三品已上丧;十六,五品已上丧;十七,六品已下丧;十八,王公已下丧。”概括来说,凶礼都是他国或他人遭受不幸时表达慰问的礼仪。

3.军礼,是有关军事方面的礼仪。《通典》云:“大唐开元之制五礼……四曰军礼,其仪二十有三:一,亲征类于上帝:二,宜于太社三,告于太庙;四,祃于所征之地:五,拔于国门:六,告所过山川;七,宣露布:八,劳军将九,讲武:十,田狩;十一,射宫;十二,观射十三,遣将出征宜于太社;十四,遣将告太庙;十五,遣将告齐太公庙:十六,祀马祖;十七,享先牧;十八,祭马社:十九,祭马步;二十,合州伐鼓;二十一,合朔诸州伐鼓:二十二,大傩;二十三,诸州县傩。”《周礼·春官·大宗伯》云:“大宗伯…,…以军礼同邦国。大师之礼,用众也;大均之礼,恤众也;大田之礼,简众也;大役之礼,任众也;大封之礼,合众也。”如《周礼》所举大师(召集和整顿军队)、大均(校正户口,调节赋征)、大田(检阅车马人众,亲行田猎)、大役(因建筑城邑征集徒役)、大封(整修疆界、道路、沟渠),以及《开元礼》的告太庙、命将、出师、宣露布、大射、马祭、大傩等。古时的军礼十分复杂,如在出征时,就有祭社、阅师、誓师、祭路、班师、劳师、献捷、献俘等一系列礼仪。显而易见的是,无论是哪个朝代,军礼都为王者之礼,属于国家礼制。

4.嘉礼,是喜庆的典礼。包括冠礼、婚礼、燕礼(君臣宴饮之礼)、飨礼(君王设宴款待宾客的隆重礼仪)、射礼(射击比赛的礼仪)等。有时特指婚礼。《周礼·春官·大宗伯》云:“大宗伯……以嘉礼亲万民,以饮食之礼亲宗族兄弟,以昏冠之礼亲成男女,以宾射之礼亲故旧朋友,以飨燕之礼亲四方之宾客,以贺庆之礼亲异姓之国。”《清史稿·礼志六三》则说:“(嘉礼)属于天子者,曰朝会、燕飨、册命、经筵诸典。行于庶人者,曰乡饮酒礼。而婚嫁之礼,则上与下同也。”

5.宾礼,具体来讲,是诸侯朝见天子及诸侯间相互拜访时的礼仪。如天子受诸侯朝觐、天子受诸侯遣使来聘、天子遣使迎劳诸侯、天子受诸侯国朝贡或宴请诸侯(使者)等。由于宾礼以天子为主,视诸侯为宾,因来宾身份、时间、目的的不同而又各有称呼,如朝、觐、宗、遇、会、同、问、视等。《周礼·春官·大宗伯》云:“大宗伯……以宾礼亲邦,春见曰朝,夏见曰宗,秋见日觐,冬见曰遇,时见曰会,殷见曰同,时聘曰问,殷眺曰视。”《通典》:“大唐开元年之制五礼曰宾礼其仪有六:一,番国主来朝:二,戒番国主见三,番主奉见;四,受番使表及币;五,宴番国主;六,宴番国使。”番,指西方边境各国。随着君权的逐步强化,朝觐礼仪中的尊卑色彩也日趋浓厚。到了后世,官员、土庶人之间的相见礼,也被称为宾礼。《仪礼·士相见礼》郑玄注即云:“士相见,于五礼属宾礼。”

诸葛长青这里分享“乐无国学”整理的中华礼仪分类资料。

  诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“传承国学、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com） 

            （文章欢迎转发，转发请注明出处）

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

Selected Articles in Previous Periods

Click the article title to view

往期精选文章

点击文章标题查看

1The wisdom of traditional Chinese culture changes the destiny: filial piety to parents+five in one+self-improvement

1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

2诸葛长青改命运三把金钥匙诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

3Zhuge Changqing's Greeting Ritual (15 Steps Concise Version)

3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

9Shocking photo of feeding: Buddha, Bodhisattva and Dharma Protector come to the scene

9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

10施食仪轨回向：回向修改为简洁回向