Wuhou Temple: the Holy Land of Sage Culture and Tourism in Chengdu, Sichuan

武侯祠：四川成都圣贤文化旅游圣地

The Temple of Marquis Wu not only preserves history, but also is an important inheritance of sages' culture.

-----Zhuge Changqing

The Chinese nation is a nation of sages and sages.

Pangu Emperor, Fuxi, Nuwa, Yan Emperor, Huang Emperor, Yao Shunyu, Shang Tang, Yi Yin, King Wen of Zhou, King Wu of Zhou, Jiang Taigong, Guiguzi, Confucius, Laozi, Zengzi, Emperor Wu of Han, Liu Che, Zhang Liang, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun, Liu Bingzhong, Liu Bowen, Qi Jiguang, Zhang Juzheng, Chen Tuan, Yue Fei, etc.

Zhuge Changqing believed that memorizing and inheriting the spirit of sages is the key to ensure the rapid development of the Chinese nation.

The Wuhou Temple was originally established to commemorate the sages of the Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei and the heroes of Shu Han.

Today's Wuhou Temple, with the theme of commemorating Zhuge Liang, has become a comprehensive cultural base for commemorating sages.

Wu Hou Temple (Han Zhaolie Temple), a national key cultural relics protection unit, a national AAAA tourist attraction, and a national first-class museum.

The Wu Hou Shrine is a memorial hall to Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms Period in China. It is named after Zhuge Liang was awarded the title of Wu Xiang Marquis before his death. Later, it was integrated with the Zhaolie Temple in memory of Liu Bei.

The Wuhou Temple is located in Wuhou District, Chengdu, Sichuan Province. It was founded in 223 AD when the tomb of Liu Bei Hui was built. It is the only temple in China where the emperor and the minister worship together, and the most famous and the most influential museum of the Three Kingdoms relics in China.

Chengdu Wuhou Shrine now covers an area of 150000 square meters and is composed of three parts: the Three Kingdoms Historic Relics Area (Cultural Relics Area), the West Area (Three Kingdoms Cultural Experience Area) and the Jinli Folk Custom Area (Jinli), enjoying the reputation of "the Holy Land of the Three Kingdoms".

"Heart Attack Couplet" is a couplet praising Zhuge Liang in Chengdu Wuhou Temple, which is loved by tourists and is widely known. This couplet is hanging in the center of the front of Zhuge Liang Hall. It was written by Zhao Fan in 1902 (the 28th year of Guangxu's reign in the Qing Dynasty).

The couplet reads: "If you can attack the heart, you will lose the side. From ancient times, you know that the military is not belligerent; if you don't judge the situation, you will be lenient and strict. Later, you will have to think deeply about governing Shu." Zhuge Changqing, a researcher of traditional Chinese culture, believes that the highest wisdom of the Chinese nation is to love all living beings and win without fighting. This couplet just reflects Zhuge Liang's thought of benevolence, righteousness and sages.

Zhuge Changqing believes that this couplet is of great significance for you to strengthen enterprise management and improve management level. Let's remember and practice:

The first couplet: if you can attack the heart, you will lose the side. From ancient times, you know that soldiers are not belligerent;

The second couplet: Both leniency and strictness are wrong without judging the situation. Later, it is necessary to think deeply about governing Sichuan

Zhuge Liang (October 8, 181-234), known as Kongming and Wolong (also known as Fulong), is a Han nationality from Langya Yangdu, Xuzhou (now Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong Province), the prime minister of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms Period, and an outstanding politician, strategist, essayist, calligrapher and inventor. During his lifetime, he was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang, and after his death, he was granted the posthumous title of Marquis of Zhongwu. The Eastern Jin regime specially granted him the title of King of Wuxing because of his military ability. His prose representative works include "A Teacher's Table", "The Book of Commanding Children" and so on. He has invented wooden ox, Liuma, Kongming lantern, etc., and transformed the crossbow, called Zhuge crossbow, which can shoot ten arrows with one crossbow. Yu Jianxing died in Wuzhangyuan (now in Qishan, Baoji) in the 12th year (234).

Zhuge Liang, the posthumous title of the loyal marquis of Wu, is often honored as Zhuge Liang by marquis of Wu and Zhuge Wu in later generations. Zhuge Liang is a representative of loyal ministers and wise men in Chinese traditional culture.

In 234 AD, Zhuge Liang died of illness due to overwork in Wuzhangyuan (about 20 kilometers south of Qishan County, Baoji City, Shaanxi Province), at the age of 54. Zhuge Liang was the prime minister of the Shu Han Dynasty. Before his death, he was awarded the title of "Marquis of Wuxiang". After his death, he was awarded the title of "Loyal Marquis of Wu" by Liu Chan, the later master of the Shu Han Dynasty. Therefore, his temple was honored as "Marquis of Wu" in history. The earliest Wuhou Temple in China is Mian County (Mian County) in Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province, but the most influential one is Chengdu Wuhou Temple.

According to the Records of the Three Kingdoms, after Liu Bei died in Baidi City in 223 AD, the coffin was transported back to Chengdu and buried here, which is called Huiling in history. According to the Han system, there must be a temple if there is a tomb, so at the same time, the Han Zhaolie Temple was born. Around the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Chengdu Wuhou Temple was merged with Huiling Temple and Han Zhaolie Temple.

Chengdu Wuhou Temple is located in Wuhou Temple Street, Nanmen, Chengdu, Sichuan Province. It is the only temple for the joint worship of monarchs and ministers in China. It is composed of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, and Hui Ling. Chengdu Wuhou Temple is the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units (1961) and the first batch of first-class museums. It attracts millions of tourists every year and enjoys the reputation of the Holy Land of the Three Kingdoms.

The tomb of Liu Bei was built in 223 A.D. Over the past thousand years, it has been damaged and changed.

The Temple of Marquis Wu (referring to Zhuge Liang's special temple), built before the Tang Dynasty, was initially adjacent to the Zhaolie Temple, which worships Liu Bei (Emperor Zhaolie of Han Dynasty).

In the early Ming Dynasty, the Wuhou Temple was incorporated into the "Han Zhaolie Temple" when it was rebuilt, and the existing Wuhou Temple was formed. The main building of the existing temple was rebuilt in 1672 during the reign of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (the 11th year of Emperor Kangxi).

In 1961, it was announced as a national AAAA cultural relics protection unit. The museum was established in 1984.

In 2006, it was rated as the National AAAA Tourist Attraction and the most influential museum of the Three Kingdoms in the world. Chengdu Wuhou Temple is a major scenic spot in China to commemorate Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han Dynasty, and also a major tourist attraction in Chengdu. Chengdu Wuhou Temple is the most influential museum of relics of the Three Kingdoms in China, and is best known for the "Three Wonders" of the "Stele of Zhuge Wuhou Temple of the Prime Minister of Shu", which is known as the "Three Wonders".

In 2008, it was selected as one of the first national first-class museums, enjoying the reputation of "Holy Land of the Three Kingdoms". Chengdu Wuhou Temple is now divided into three parts: cultural relics area (Three Kingdoms Historical Relics Area), garden area (Three Kingdoms Cultural Experience Area) and Jinli (Jinli Folk Custom Area), with an area of about 150000 square meters.

It is now divided into three parts: cultural relics area, garden area and Jinli, covering an area of 230 mu (150000 square meters). According to the new planning content of the Wuhou Shrine, the Wuhou Shrine will carry out a more reasonable functional division of these three areas, which are divided into three parts: the Three Kingdoms Historical Relics Area, Jinli Folk Custom Area, and the Three Kingdoms Cultural Experience Area.

The Wu Hou Temple is adjacent to the Han Zhaolie Temple and the tomb of Liu Bei (Huiling). The whole Wuhou Temple faces south from the north. The main building is the gate, the second gate, the Han Zhaolie Temple, the hall, and the Wuhou Temple. There are also Sanyi Temple and Jieyi Building behind the Wuhou Temple, which are strictly arranged on a central axis from south to north. A total of seven. In the temple, there are more than 50 statues of heroes of Shu Han, such as Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang, more than 50 inscriptions of Tang Dynasty and later generations, and more than 70 tablets and couplets, especially the "three unique steles" of Tang Dynasty and the "heart attack" couplets of Qing Dynasty.

The former South Suburb Park of Chengdu was merged into the Wuhou Temple garden area. The Southern Suburb Park was originally the cemetery of Liu Xiang, the president of Sichuan Province during the Republic of China and the commander of the Seventh War Zone during the Anti-Japanese War. Founded from 1938 to 1942, the 400-meter central axis runs through the north and south. The stone archway gate, the three-hole gate, the four-square pavilion, the Jianxin Hall, and the tomb are the only northern cemetery complex in the southwest. In the development planning of the Wuhou Temple, the West District will be built into a dissemination and experience center of the Three Kingdoms culture.

In 1953, it was renovated and turned into a park, with relief stone archway gate, Jingzhong Gate, Stele Pavilion, Jianxin Hall, Liu Xiang Tomb and other buildings built successively. Jinli on the east side of the Wuhou Temple was restored by the Wuhou Temple Museum. Jinli is an ancient street with architectural style in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Relying on the Wu Hou Shrine, it expands the extension of the Three Kingdoms culture, integrates the folk customs and customs of western Sichuan, integrates food, housing, transportation, travel, shopping and entertainment, and becomes a new highlight of cultural tourism in Chengdu.

The "Jinli" Ancient Street, which is now close to the Wuhou Shrine, was rebuilt by the Chengdu Wuhou Shrine Museum with funds, and is the "National Cultural Industry Demonstration Base". Jinli, as a part of the Wu Hou Shrine Museum (Three Kingdoms Historic Relics Area, Jinli Folk Custom Area, West Area), covers an area of more than 30000 square meters, a building area of more than 14000 square meters, and a total length of 550 meters. The building is based on the style of Sichuan folk houses at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, and the content is based on the culture of the Three Kingdoms and Sichuan traditional folk culture. Jinli was officially opened to the public in October 2004; Its extension section opened in January 2009. The Jinli extension section boldly introduced live water into the circulation, forming a new landscape of "Jinli on the water bank". "Worship Wuhou and soak in Jinli" has become one of the most appealing slogans of Chengdu tourism.

It is said that Jinli was one of the oldest and most commercial streets in the history of Western Shu, and was famous throughout the country as early as the Qin, Han and Three Kingdoms periods. Today's Jinli relies on the Chengdu Wuhou Temple, with the spirit of Qin, Han and the Three Kingdoms as its soul, the Ming and Qing Dynasties as its appearance, and the western Sichuan folk customs and folk customs as its content, expanding the extension of the Three Kingdoms culture. In this street, the essence of Chengdu life is concentrated: there are tea houses, inns, restaurants, bars, stages, snacks, handicrafts, local specialties, which fully demonstrate the unique charm of Sichuan folk customs.

The plaque at the main entrance of the ancestral hall is "Han Zhaolie Temple". In the shade of the gate, there are six stone steles, one on each side of which is a stele corridor. The largest one is in the east side of the stele corridor. The stele of Zhuge Wu, the prime minister of Shu Han in the Tang Dynasty, was erected in the fourth year of Yuanhe reign of Emperor Xianzong in the Tang Dynasty (809 A.D.). It has high cultural value and is a national first-class cultural relic. It is known as the "three unique steles" because of its excellent articles, calligraphy and carving techniques. The famous prime minister Pei Du of the Tang Dynasty wrote the inscription, the calligrapher Liu Gongchuo (the brother of Liu Gongquan) wrote the inscription, and the famous craftsman Lu Jian carved the inscription, all of which were from famous masters, so they were called "Three Wonders Stele" by later generations. The inscriptions on the stele gave a critical appraisal of Zhuge Liang's life; He made every effort to praise Zhuge Liang's lofty demeanor and integrity, and his cultural and martial arts skills, so as to inspire the rulers of the Tang Dynasty. The inscription especially praised Zhuge Liang's thought of rule of law. Ma Su was executed by Zhuge Liang according to law for losing the Jieting. Ma Su cried and said that he was dead without complaint. Li Yan and Liao Li are both sinners who were cut off and exiled by Zhuge Liang, but they are also willing to admit their guilt. When they learned that Zhuge Liang had died of illness, "they either cried or died when they heard the pain". These are all historical facts. Pei Du, according to the comments of the history, is convinced that the inscription is full of words and sentences, and the writing is fluent, which makes people never tire of reading. The reason why Zhuge Liang is admired by later generations is also because he has noble thoughts and style and does not use his power for personal gain.

After entering the second gate, there is a plaque written by Wu Yingli of the Qing Dynasty, "Ming Liang will last for a long time".

Through the second door, you can see the "Wen Hua Fu Guo" Wen minister corridor and the "Wu Xiong Zhi Bing" military general corridor. The east and west corridor houses 14 seated figures of Shu Han Wen minister and military general respectively. Pang Tong is the leader of the literary minister Langfang in the east, and Zhao Yun is the leader of the military general Langfang in the west. Each statue is life-size, and there is a small stone tablet in front of it, which is printed with its name and life story for tourists to understand.

The main hall of the Han Zhaolie Temple can be seen through the corridors of the ministers and generals.

After the second gate is Liu Bei Temple, also known as Zhaolie Temple.

Zhaolie Temple is a single-eaved Xieshan style building.

The Han Zhaolie Temple, commonly known as Liu Bei Temple, is located in the middle of the cultural relics area of the Wu Hou Temple.

On the plaque at the gate are the four big characters "Han Zhaolie Temple" carved in the Qing Dynasty.

Entering the gate, there are Tang steles and Ming steles on the left and right sides. In the shade, there are six stone tablets, the largest of which is the Tang Dynasty "Zhuge Wu Marquis Memorial Stele of the Prime Minister of Shu Han", which has high cultural value and is known as the "Three Unique Steles". Pei Du, the famous prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, wrote the inscription, Liu Gongchuo, the calligrapher, and Lu Jian, the famous craftsman. They are all exquisite, so they are known as the three unique steles. The inscriptions on the stele gave a key comment on Zhuge Liang's short and solemn life; He made every effort to praise Zhuge Liang's lofty demeanor and integrity, and his cultural and martial arts skills, so as to inspire the rulers of the Tang Dynasty.

The "Yeshaogaoguang" written by Wanyan Chongshi in the Qing Dynasty is the highest praise for Liu Bei. In the center is a gilded statue of Liu Bei, and on the left is his grandson Liu Chen. The wall of the main hall of the Zhaolie Temple is hung with the woodcut of the "Graduation Table" written by Yue Fei before and after. Liu Bei Hall is a single-eaved Xieshan style building, magnificent and magnificent. The Qing people wrote a book and couplet in the Zhaolie Hall: "The emperor is the hero of the world, the orthodox you go home, the royal bell tower and the mulberry car cover; Bashu is the end of the Han Dynasty, the remains are still there, and the ancient cypress ancestral hall of Batu Yu".

There are statues of Guan Yu's father and son and Zhou Cang in the east side hall of the "Righteous and Cloudy", and three generations of Zhang Fei's ancestors and grandchildren in the west side hall of the "Chengguan Jinshi".. Liu Chen, the son of Liu Chan, came to Liu Bei's tomb to cry and worship when the later ruler of the Shu Han Dynasty, Liu Chan, surrendered to the Wei Dynasty. After killing his family, he committed suicide. On both sides of the side hall, there are the statues of Guan Yu's father and son and Zhou Cang in the east, and the three generations of Zhang Fei's grandparents in the west, which show the different looks and different personalities of Guan and Zhang, and also reflect the common characteristics of their superior martial arts and bravery. The east and west corridor houses on both sides are respectively carved with 14 seated figures of Shuhan literary ministers and military generals. Pang Tong is the leader of the literary minister Langfang in the east, and Zhao Yun is the leader of the military general Langfang in the west. Each statue is life-size, and there is a small stone tablet in front of it, which is printed with its name and life story for tourists to understand. These statues, each with a dignified appearance and a combination of form and spirit, reflect the superb clay sculpture skills of Chinese folk artists in the Qing Dynasty. On the west wall of the main hall of the Zhaolie Temple is a woodcut of the "Departure Table" written by Yue Fei, and on the east wall is a woodcut of the "Longzhong Dui" written by the modern calligrapher Shen Yinmo.

Zhuge Liang Hall, behind Liu Bei Hall, has several steps down (the Wuhou Temple is lower than the Han Zhaolie Temple, which symbolizes the ancient relationship between monarchs and ministers). It is a hall with a plaque of "Wuhou Temple". The Temple of Marquis Wu is the ancestral hall to commemorate Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms Period. Zhuge Liang was awarded the title of "Marquis of Wuxiang" during his lifetime, and his posthumous title was "Zhongwu" after his death. Therefore, the ancestral hall to commemorate him is called the "Temple of Marquis Wu". Zhuge Liang Hall hangs a plaque with the name hanging over the universe. On both sides, Zhao Fan of the Qing Dynasty wrote a book called "Attack the Heart", which reads: "If you can attack the heart, you will lose the side. Since ancient times, you know that soldiers are not belligerent; if you don't judge the situation, you will be lenient and strict. Later, you need to think deeply." The couplet is a very famous couplet. Through the analysis and summary of the success and failure of Zhuge Liang, the Shuhan regime and the Liu Zhang regime, it reminds future generations to learn from the experience and lessons of predecessors when governing Shu and the country, Pay special attention to "attack the heart" and "review the situation". The statue of Zhuge Liang's three generations is enshrined in the main hall. In the center of the hall is a gilded statue of Zhuge Liang wearing a silk scarf and holding a feather fan in his hand. The three bronze drums in front of the statue are said to be made by Zhuge Liang when he led the army to the south, known as "Zhuge Drum". There are exquisite patterns on the drum, which are precious historical relics. The roof beam of the main hall is made of ebony, and Zhuge Liang wrote to his son Zhuge Zhan in "The Book of Commandments to the Son" that "one cannot express one's ambition unless one is indifferent to worldly fame and wealth, and one cannot realize one's lofty ideals unless one is calm in mind and body". Zhuge Zhan and his son were killed in the fight against Wei Gen. Deng Ai in Mianzhu.

Wenwu Gallery: In the Temple of Marquis Wu, there are statues of important figures in Shu. Among them, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei all have special halls, and the other important civil officials and military generals are respectively molded in the civil and military corridors. To the east is the civil gallery, led by Pang Tong, followed by Jian Yong and Lv Kai. To the west is the General Gallery, headed by Zhao Yun, followed by Sun Qian, Zhang Yi, Ma Chao, Wang Ping and Jiang Wei. There are 14 civil and military officers and generals on the left and right corridors, totaling 28 civil and military officers. Pang Tong led the civil gallery in Dongfu, followed by Jian Yong, Lu Kai, Fu Rong, Fei Yi, Dong He, Deng Zhi, Chen Zhen, Jiang Wan, Dong Yun, Qin Mi, Yang Hong, Ma Liang and Cheng Ji; Zhao Yun is the leader of the military general gallery in the western government, followed by Sun Qian, Zhang Yi, Ma Chao, Wang Ping, Jiang Wei, Huang Zhong, Liao Hua, Xiang Chong, Fu Jin, Ma Zhong, Zhang Yi, Zhang Nan and Feng Xi.

Huiling: The west side of Zhuge Liang Hall is the tomb of Liu Bei, known as "Huiling" in history. Zhuge Liang personally selected the treasure and buried Liu Bei here. According to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms - Biography of the First Lord, "Hui Ling was buried in August". According to the Shi Fa, "Love the people and be friendly, say 'Hui'", hence the name of the tomb of Liu Bei and "Hui Ling". Liu Bei's wives Gan and Wu were also buried in the tomb. In front of Liu Bei's tomb is the stone tablet "Tomb of Emperor Zhaolie of Han Dynasty" erected during the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty. The tomb building consists of screen wall, fence gate, Shinto, and sleeping hall. In front of the mausoleum, there was a small Shinto built in the Qing Dynasty. Like the main buildings of Wuhou Temple, Huiling also faces south, and is close to the Zhaolie Temple of Han Dynasty and the west side of Wuhou Temple. There is a red wall between it and the Temple of Marquis Wu.

There are many calligraphy, paintings and couplets in Chengdu Wuhou Temple, among which Longzhong Dui, written by Shen Yinmo, a modern calligrapher, is the most striking. In the Temple of Marquis Wu, there are also carved stones of Zhuge Liang's "Departure Table" written by Yue Fei.

Sanyi Temple, originally known as Sanyi Temple, was built by Zheng Jiaolin, the governor of Sichuan in the early years of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty. In the 49th year of Qianlong's reign (1784), the fire was destroyed due to burning incense. In the 49th year of Qianlong's reign (1787), it was rebuilt and completely repaired in the 22nd year of Daoguang's reign (1842). The buildings and tablets and couplets seen today are mainly the remains of the Daoguang period. Its building is a mixed structure, with an area of 569 ㎡, four buildings and five halls, with a grand scale. Later, it gradually collapsed, and only a few buildings remained intact. In 1981, it was announced as a city-level cultural relics protection unit in Chengdu. In 1998, due to the need of urban construction, the Sanyi Temple was moved from Tidu Street to Wuhou Temple.

Three unique steles: the stele of the ancestral hall of Zhuge Wu, the prime minister of Shu. In the stele pavilion on the east side between the gate of Wuhou Temple and the second gate. The monument is 367 cm high, 95 cm wide and 25 cm thick, and was carved in the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Xianzong of the Tang Dynasty (809). It was written by Pei Du, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, by Liu Gongchuo, the calligrapher (Liu Gongquan's brother), and engraved by Lu Jian, a stone worker. Pei Wen, Liu Shu and Lu Ke are all excellent, so they are known as the Three Wonderful Steles in later generations. The "three wonders" refer to Zhuge Liang's achievements, Pei Du's articles and Liu Gongchuo's calligraphy. The inscription, title and postscript of the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties are engraved on the front, back and side of the tablet.

Historical research of the military gallery: Zhao Yun, the first statue of the military gallery, wore the same clothes as Pang Tong, the first figure of the civil gallery. Zhao Yun is a military general, but he needs to wear civilian clothes.

Zhao Yun's official post: According to historical records, Zhao Yun's official post can be summarized from the official history of "General Yamen", "General Yijun", "Central Guard", "General Zhengnan", "General Zhendong", and "General Zhenjun". It can be seen that Zhao Yun almost always served as a general, so he was a military general, not a civilian officer. In addition, YunBieZhuan mentions that Zhao Yun was once a "partial general", a "prefect of Guiyang", and then a "commander in charge of the camp". In addition to the position of the prefect, which can be held by a civilian officer and is not forced to be a military general, neither the general nor the commander in charge of the horse is a military general, so Zhao Yun is still a military general. In the official history, Zhao Yun once became the savior of the Sun, participated in the task of receiving Sichuan, and became the enemy of Cao Zhen after the Northern Expedition. If he captured the enemy in the Battle of Bowang in the "Biography of Clouds", and fought against Cao Cao's army in the Battle of Hanzhong. If we compare the diplomatic tasks or internal affairs management of civilian officials, participating in war and fighting is more like a military general.

Today, the statue of Zhao Yun in Chengdu Wuhou Temple is located at the head of the military officer corridor, that is, Zhao Yun is classified as a military general.

According to the inscription of the Qing Dynasty, the portrait was reconstructed in the 29th year of Daoguang, so the colors and decisions of each clay sculpture were all from the perspective of the Qing Dynasty. This is why Zhao Yun is wearing civilian uniform when he crowded into the military general corridor, because the civil officials of the Manchu Dynasty are higher than the military generals. Even if they are of the same grade, they also take the civil officials as the right ones, while the military generals as the subordinate ones. For example, the Supreme Master, the Supreme Guard, and the University Scholars of the Imperial Court of the Qing Dynasty are the right ones, but the general and the governor are the only subordinate ones; The second grade civilian officer has governors and governors of provinces, while the second grade military officer is only the commander and deputy general, and the commander and deputy general have to obey the governor and governor. Therefore, the Manchu Dynasty regarded Zhao Yun as a civil official, which was the relationship between the civil official and the military general in the Qing Dynasty.

Zhao Yun was posthumously named as the Marquis of Shunping, which was played by Jiang Wei, the general at that time: "According to the posthumous law, Rou Xian and Ci Hui said Shun, the deacon said Ban said Ping, the destroyer said Ping, and the posthumous cloud said Shunping." According to the posthumous law, the posthumous title was given to evaluate his life, so the posthumous title came from his life first, and then the posthumous title came from the posthumous title. If the posthumous title was pushed back from the posthumous title, it would be like the miracle of Zheng Ren buying shoes, rather than holding them, but forgetting to use them, and buying shoes instead of testing their feet, but believing in the measuring scale. The question is whether Zhao Yun's life can be called the posthumous title, rather than the posthumous title. Therefore, we should evaluate Zhao Yun's civil and martial arts from his official position in his life or from his actions of leading the army in war, instead of saying that Zhao Yun's use of literature is not military. Take the treacherous minister of the Song Dynasty as an example, Qin Hui's death was never given a posthumous title of "loyalty and sacrifice". If the posthumous title reverses his life, it will become a matter of how loyal Qin Hui is to his country because of "loyalty and sacrifice"; Later, Qin Hui was changed to "Miao Chou", but how could Qin Hui's life be changed because of the change? Qin Hui's life story has only one kind, but the posthumous title has two different evaluations. Whether betraying the country harms others is loyalty or ugliness. It is a matter of public opinion. The posthumous title can be changed, but life is hard to change. Before Zhao Yun was born, he did not know that he would be posthumously named "Shunping" after his death, so he did not evaluate Zhao Yun's life as civil and military.

From Zhao Yun's military life, the matter of gathering soldiers and the experience of marching and fighting, he should be a military general. If we consider the suggestion of returning to farmland and resuming business, and the exhortation of Sun Quan in the Eastern Expedition, Zhao Yun also has the characteristics of civil officials thinking carefully and judging the conduct, so it is also reasonable to call him both civil and military.

(This text is based on network information)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to work with like-minded people in the world to "inherit traditional Chinese culture, promote good morality, revitalize China, and benefit the world".

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

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武侯祠，保存的不仅是历史，更是圣贤文化的重要传承。

----- 诸葛长青

中华民族，是圣贤文化辈出的民族。

盘古大帝、伏羲、女娲、炎帝黄帝、尧舜禹、商汤、伊尹、周文王、周武王、姜太公、鬼谷子、孔子、老子、曾子、汉武帝刘彻、张良、刘备、诸葛亮、关羽、张飞、赵云、刘秉忠、刘伯温、戚继光、张居正、陈抟、岳飞等。

诸葛长青认为，纪念传承圣贤精神，是确保中华民族迅速发展的关键。

武侯祠，当初是为纪念汉代圣贤诸葛亮、刘备及蜀汉英雄而建立的。

今天的武侯祠，以纪念诸葛亮为主题，成为一个综合纪念圣贤的文化基地。

武侯祠(汉昭烈庙)，全国重点文物保护单位，国家AAAA级旅游景区，国家一级博物馆。

武侯祠的武侯，是纪念中国三国时期蜀汉丞相诸葛亮的祠堂，因诸葛亮生前被封为武乡侯而得名。后来和纪念刘备汉昭烈庙融为一体。

武侯祠位于四川省成都市武侯区，肇始于公元223年修建刘备惠陵时，它是中国唯一的一座君臣合祀祠庙和最负盛名的，也是全国影响最大的三国遗迹博物馆。

成都武侯祠现占地15万平方米，由三国历史遗迹区(文物区)、西区(三国文化体验区)以及锦里民俗区(锦里)三部分组成，享有"三国圣地"的美誉。

"攻心联"是成都武侯祠内赞颂诸葛亮的一副对联，深得游人喜爱，名扬遐迩。这副对联悬在诸葛亮殿堂前正中，是公元1902年(清光绪二十八年)赵藩撰书的，字体有钱南园笔意。

联文是:"能攻心则反侧自消，从古知兵非好战;不审势即宽严皆误，后来治蜀要深思。"国学传统文化研究者诸葛长青认为，中华民族最高智慧就是仁爱众生、不战而胜。这幅对联恰好反映了诸葛亮仁义圣贤思想。

诸葛长青认为，这幅对联对你加强企业管理、提升管理水平等具有重要意义，让我们记住并实践：

上联:能攻心则反侧自消，从古知兵非好战;

下联:不审势即宽严皆误，后来治蜀要深思

诸葛亮（181年－234年10月8日），字孔明，号卧龙（也作伏龙），汉族，徐州琅琊阳都（今山东临沂市沂南县）人，三国时期蜀汉丞相，杰出的政治家、军事家、散文家、书法家、发明家。在世时被封为武乡侯，死后追谥忠武侯，东晋政权因其军事才能特追封他为武兴王。其散文代表作有《出师表》、《诫子书》等。曾发明木牛流马、孔明灯等，并改造连弩，叫做诸葛连弩，可一弩十矢俱发。于建兴十二年（234年）在五丈原（今宝鸡岐山境内）逝世。

诸葛亮，谥为忠武侯，故后世常以武侯、诸葛武侯尊称诸葛亮。诸葛亮一生鞠躬尽瘁、死而后已，是中国传统文化中忠臣与智者的代表人物。

公元二三四年，诸葛亮因积劳成疾，病卒于北伐前线的五丈原(今陕西宝鸡市岐山县城南约20公里)，时年五十四岁。诸葛亮为蜀汉丞相，生前曾被封为"武乡侯"，死后又被蜀汉后主刘禅追谥为"忠武侯"，因此历史上尊称其祠庙为"武侯祠"。全国最早的武侯祠在陕西省汉中的勉县(沔县)，但目前最有影响的是成都武侯祠。

据《三国志》的记载，刘备于公元223年病故白帝城之后，灵柩运回成都，下葬于此，史称惠陵。而按照汉制，有陵必有庙，所以在同时期，就有了汉昭烈庙诞生。大约在南北朝时期，成都武侯祠与惠陵、汉昭烈庙合并一处。

成都武侯祠位于四川省成都市南门武侯祠大街，是中国唯一的君臣合祀祠庙，由刘备、诸葛亮蜀汉君臣合祀祠宇及惠陵组成。成都武侯祠为首批全国重点文物保护单位(1961年)，也是首批一级博物馆，每年吸引上百万游客参观游览，享有三国圣地的美誉。

公元223始修建刘备陵寝。一千多年来几经毁损，屡有变迁。

建于唐以前的武侯祠(指诸葛亮的专祠)，初与祭祀刘备(汉昭烈帝)的昭烈庙相邻。

明朝初年重建时将武侯祠并入了"汉昭烈庙"，形成现存武侯祠君臣合庙。现存祠庙的主体建筑1672年清朝康熙年间(康熙十一年)重建。

1961年公布为全国AAAA级文物保护单位。1984年成立博物馆。

2006年被评为国家AAAA级旅游景区，是全世界影响最大的三国遗迹博物馆。成都武侯祠是国内纪念蜀汉丞相诸葛亮的主要胜迹，也是成都市一个主要的旅游参观点。成都武侯祠是中国影响最大的三国遗迹博物馆，以文、书、刻号称"三绝"的《蜀丞相诸葛武侯祠堂碑》最为知名。

2008年被评为首批国家一级博物馆，享有"三国圣地"之美誉。成都武侯祠现分文物区(三国历史遗迹区)、园林区(三国文化体验区)和锦里(锦里民俗区)三部分，面积约15万平方米。

现分文物区、园林区和锦里三部分，面积230亩(15万平方米)。根据武侯祠新 的规划内容，武侯祠将对这三个区域进行更加合理的功能区划，分为三国历史遗迹区、锦里民俗区、三国文化体验区三大板块。

武侯祠同汉昭烈庙、刘备墓(惠陵)相毗连。整个武侯祠坐北朝南，主体建筑大门、二门、汉昭烈庙、过厅、武侯祠五重建筑，武侯祠后还有三义庙、结义楼等建筑严格排列在从南到北的一条中轴线上。共七重。祠内供奉刘备、诸葛亮等蜀汉英雄塑像50余尊，唐及后代碑刻50余通，匾额、楹联70多块，尤以唐"三绝碑"、清"攻心"联最为著名。

原成都市南郊公园合并为武侯祠园林区。南郊公园原系民国时期四川省主席、抗战时期第七战区司令长官刘湘墓园。始建于1938年至1942年，400米的中轴线纵贯南北，石牌坊大门、三洞门、四方亭、荐馨堂、墓室等，是西南地区惟一一座北方陵园建筑群。在武侯祠的发展规划中，西区将打造成三国文化的传播体验中心。

1953年经修整辟为公园，依次建有浮雕式石牌坊大门、旌忠门、碑亭、荐馨堂、刘湘墓等建筑。武侯祠东侧的锦里由武侯祠博物馆恢复修建，锦里为清末民初建筑风格的古街。它依托武侯祠，扩展了三国文化的外延，并融入川西民风、民俗，集吃、住、行、游、购、娱于一体，成为成都文化旅游的新亮点。

现紧邻武侯祠的"锦里"古街由成都武侯祠博物馆斥资复建，为"全国文化产业示范基地"。锦里作为武侯祠博物馆(三国历史遗迹区、锦里民俗区、西区)的一部分，占地30000余平方米，建筑面积14000余平方米，街道全长550米。建筑以清末民初四川民居风格为基础，内容以三国文化和四川传统民俗文化为内涵。锦里于2004年10月正式对外开放;其延伸段于2009年1月开肆，锦里延伸段大胆将活水引入循环，形成"水岸锦里"的新景观。"拜武侯，泡锦里"已成为成都旅游最具号召力的响亮口号之一。

传说锦里曾是西蜀历史上最古老、最具有商业气息的街道之一，早在秦汉、三国时期便闻名全国。今天的锦里依托成都武侯祠，以秦汉、三国精神为灵魂，明、清风貌作外表，川西民风、民俗作内容，扩大了三国文化的外延。在这条街上，浓缩了成都生活的精华:有茶楼、客栈、酒楼、酒吧、戏台、风味小吃、工艺品、土特产，充分展现了四川民风民俗的独特魅力。

祠堂正门匾额为"汉昭烈庙"。大门内浓荫丛中，矗立着六通石碑，两侧各有一碑廊，其中最大的一通在东侧碑廊内，唐代"蜀汉丞相诸葛武侯祠堂碑"，唐宪宗元和四年(公元809年)立，有很高的文物价值，为国家一级文物，因文章、书法、刻技俱精被称为"三绝碑"。唐朝著名宰相裴度撰碑文，书法家柳公绰(柳公权之兄)书写，名匠鲁建刻字，都出自名家，因此被后世称为三绝碑。 碑文对诸葛亮的一生，作了重点褒评;竭力赞颂诸葛亮的高风亮节，文治武功，并以此激励唐代的执政者。碑文特别褒奖诸葛亮的法治思想，马谡因失街亭被诸葛亮依法处斩，临刑，马谡哭着表示自己死而无怨。李严与廖立，两人都是被诸葛亮削职流放的罪人，但他们也自甘服罪。当他们得知诸葛亮病逝，"闻之痛之，或泣或绝"。这些均属史实，裴度据史褒评，令人信服碑文通篇辞句甚切，文笔酣畅，使人百读不厌。诸葛亮之所以为后人所敬仰，还因为他有着高尚的思想和作风，不利用职权谋私。

进去之后是二门，有清人吴英立手书"明良千古"的牌匾。

过二门，可以见到"文华辅国"文臣廊和"武雄知兵"武将廊，东、西廊房分别塑有蜀汉文臣、武将坐像各十四尊。东侧文臣廊坊以庞统为首，西侧武将廊房以赵云领衔。每个塑像如真人大小，像前立有一通小石碑，刊其姓名、生平，便于游人了解。

经过文臣武将廊便可以见到汉昭烈庙的正殿。

二门之后是刘备殿，又名昭烈庙。

昭烈庙为单檐歇山式建筑。

汉昭烈庙，即常说的刘备殿，位于武侯祠文物区的正中部。

大门牌匾上有清代刻挂的"汉昭烈庙"四个大字。

进大门，左右两侧分别有唐碑和明碑。浓荫丛中，矗立着六通石碑，其中最大的一通唐代"蜀汉丞相诸葛武侯祠堂碑"，有很高的文物价值，被称为"三绝碑"。唐朝著名宰相裴度撰碑文，书法家柳公绰书写，名匠鲁建刻字。都很精湛，因此被称为三绝碑。 碑文对诸葛亮短暂而悲壮的一生，作了重点褒评;竭力赞颂诸葛亮的高风亮节，文治武功，并以此激励唐代的执政者。

清人完颜崇实写的"业绍高光"，是对刘备最高的赞誉。正中有刘备贴金塑像，左侧陪祀的是他的孙子刘谌。昭烈庙正殿墙壁挂有岳飞所书前、后《出师表》木刻。刘备殿是一座单檐歇山式建筑，气势宏伟，富丽堂皇，清人完颜崇实撰书对联于昭烈殿:"使君为天下英雄，正统攸归，王气钟楼桑车盖;巴蜀系汉朝终始，遗民犹在，霸图余古柏祠堂"。

两侧偏殿，"义薄云天"东偏殿有关羽父子和周仓塑像，"诚贯金石"西偏殿有张飞祖孙三代塑像。。在蜀汉后主刘禅降魏时其子刘谌到刘备墓前哭拜，杀掉家人后自杀身亡。两侧偏殿，东有关羽父子和周仓塑像，西有张飞祖孙三代塑像，表现了关、张两人的不同外貌和不同性格，又反映了他俩武艺超群、勇猛过人的共同特征。两侧东、西廊房分别塑有蜀汉文臣、武将坐像各十四尊。东侧文臣廊坊以庞统为首，西侧武将廊房以赵云领衔。每个塑像如真人大小，像前立有一通小石碑，刊其姓名、生平，便于游人了解。这些塑像，个个气宇轩昂，形神兼备，反映了我国清代民间艺人的高超泥塑技艺。昭烈庙正殿西壁挂有据说为岳飞所书《出师表》木刻，东壁为现代书法家沈尹默书《隆中对》木刻。

诸葛亮殿，在刘备殿后，下数节台阶(武侯祠低于汉昭烈庙，象征古代君臣关系)，是一座过厅，挂有"武侯祠"匾额。武侯祠是纪念三国时蜀汉丞相武乡侯诸葛亮的祠堂，诸葛亮生前封"武乡侯"，死后谥号"忠武"，故纪念他的祠堂称作"武侯祠"。诸葛亮殿悬"名垂宇宙"匾额，两侧为清人赵藩撰书"攻心"联:"能攻心则反侧自消，自古知兵非好战;不审势即宽严皆误，后来治蜀要深思。"的联文，是颇负盛名的一副对联，借对诸葛亮、蜀汉政权及刘璋政权的成败得失的分析总结，提醒后人在治蜀、治国时借鉴前人的经验教训，要特别注意"攻心"和"审势"。正殿中供奉着诸葛亮祖孙三代的塑像。殿内正中有诸葛亮头戴纶巾、手执羽扇的贴金塑像，像前的三面铜鼓相传是诸葛亮带兵南征时制作，人称"诸葛鼓"。鼓上有精致的图案花纹，为珍贵的历史文物。大殿顶梁由乌木制成，上书诸葛亮写给儿子诸葛瞻《诫子书》中"非澹泊无以明志,非宁静无以致远"(不看轻世俗的名利就不能明确自己的志向，不是身心宁静就不能实现远大的理想)。诸葛瞻及其子尚在绵竹抗击魏将邓艾的战斗中不幸身亡。

文武廊：武侯祠里，蜀国的重要人物都有塑像。其中，刘备、诸葛亮、关羽和张飞，都有专殿，其余的重要文官与武将，则分别塑在文武廊。东边是文官廊，以庞统为首，其次是简雍、吕凯。西边是武将廊，以赵云为首，其次是孙乾、张翼、马超、王平、姜维。左右两廊各有文臣武将十四员，合计共二十八名文武。东府文官廊以庞统为首，其次为简雍、吕凯、傅肜(róng)、费祎、董和、邓芝、陈震、蒋琬、董允、秦宓、杨洪、马良及程畿；西府武将廊则以赵云为首，依次为孙乾、张翼、马超、王平、姜维、黄忠、廖化、向宠、傅佥、马忠、张嶷、张南及冯习。

惠陵：诸葛亮殿西侧是刘备墓，史称"惠陵"。由诸葛亮亲选宝地，葬刘备于此。《三国志·先主传》记载:"八月，葬惠陵"。据《谥法》，"爱民好与，曰'惠'"，故名刘备墓称"惠陵"。陵墓中还合葬有刘备的甘、吴二位夫人。刘备墓前有清乾隆年间所立"汉昭烈皇帝之陵"石碑，陵墓建筑 由照壁、栅栏门、神道、寝殿等组成。陵前有规模较小的神道为清代所建。惠陵与武侯祠主要建筑一样亦为坐北朝南，紧邻在汉昭烈庙与武侯祠西侧。与武侯祠之间有红墙夹道相连。

成都武侯祠的字画、对联甚多，其中的现代书法家沈尹默书写的《隆中对》最引人注目。武侯祠还有岳飞手书的诸葛亮《出师表》刻石。

三义庙，初名三义祠，清康熙初年由四川提督郑蛟麟始建。乾隆四十九年(1784)因焚香引起大火被毁，乾隆四十九年(1787)重建，道光二十二年(1842)又曾全面修葺。现在所见建筑和匾联主要是道光年间的遗存。其建筑为混合结构，面积569㎡，四造五殿，规模宏大。后渐坍圮，仅存少量建筑尚完好，1981年被公布为成都市市级文物保护单位。1998年，因城建需要三义庙由提督街迁建到武侯祠内。

三绝碑：本命蜀丞相诸葛武侯祠堂碑。在武侯祠大门至二门之间的东侧碑亭中。碑高367厘米，宽95厘米，厚25厘米、唐宪宗元和四年(809年)刻建。由唐代宰相裴度撰文，书法家柳公绰(柳公权之兄)书写，石工鲁建镌刻。裴文、柳书、鲁刻，三者俱佳，所以后世誉为三绝碑。一说三绝指诸葛亮的功绩、裴度的文章、柳公绰的书法。 碑阳、碑阴、碑侧遍刻唐、宋、明、清时代的题诗、题名、跋语。

武将廊历史考证：武将廊的首位塑像赵云，身穿的服装却与文官廊首位的庞统一样。赵云是武将却要着文臣服装。

赵云官职：据史料记载，赵云所任官职，从正史可考的「牙门将军」、「翊军将军」、「中护军」、「征南将军」、「镇东将军」、「镇军将军」等，归纳可知，赵云一生几乎皆为将军职，故为武将，不为文官。另外《云别传》则提赵云曾为「偏将军」、领「桂阳太守」，后领「留营司马」，除了太守之职可由文官担任不强求于武将外，不论将军或司马之职皆属武将，因此赵云仍为武将。再看战绩，赵云在正史中曾有当阳救主、参与收川任务、从征北伐而身当大敌曹真，若再把《云别传》中的博望之役生擒敌将、汉中之役交战曹操军队等。若比较文官的外交任务或内政治理等，参战博斗更具武将的本色。

现今成都武侯祠的赵云塑像，正好位于武官廊的首席，即赵云被归类为武将。

根据清朝志略碑文所述，道光二十九年重塑肖像，因此各尊泥塑之服色与取决皆带有清朝的眼光。这就是为什么赵云挤身武将廊却身穿文官服，乃因满清文官高于武将，即使同品文武，也以文官为正，而武将为从，如清朝之太师、太保、殿阁大学士却为正一品，但将军、提督不过为从一品;二品文官有各省总督、巡抚，二品武官却只是总兵、副将，而且总兵副将还得听命于总督巡抚。因此满清把赵云视为文官，乃是清朝文官高于武将的关系。

赵云被追谥为顺平侯，此由当时大将军姜维所奏:「谨按谥法，柔贤慈惠曰顺、执事有班曰平、克定祸乱曰平，应谥云曰顺平侯。」按谥法为评价生前而给称号，因此先有生平，才有谥号，若反从谥号来推回生平，有如郑人买履，宁信持度而自忘用足，买鞋不亲试脚而反信量尺的奇事。要问的是赵云的生平能不能足以称得上谥号所述，而非把死后谥号反推赵云生前应有如何对应行为。故以从赵云的生平所任官职或领军打仗等行为来评价赵云文武，而不应以即顺且平之评价反称赵云用文不武。若以宋朝奸臣为例，秦桧卒没曾被谥为「忠献」，若从谥号反推生平，就变成因为「忠献」而推秦桧如何忠心爱国;后来秦桧被改谥「缪丑」，但秦桧的生平又岂可因改谥而有所变更呢?秦桧的生平事迹只有一种，但谥号却有二种截然不同的评价。卖国害人，是忠或丑，自有公论，谥号可改，生平难变。 赵云生前还不知死后会被追谥为「顺平」，故不以谥号评价赵云生平文武。

从赵云戎马倥偬一生，聚兵将军之事，又有行军打仗之历练，综观生平，应为武将。若参酌归田复业之建议、东征孙权之劝谏等，赵云又有文官慎思审行的特征，若称以文武双全亦理所当然。

（本文图文参考选用网络资料）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“传承国学、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

            （文章欢迎转发，转发请注明出处）

 (This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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