Zeng Zi: an important inheritor of Confucianism

曾子：儒家思想文化的重要传承人

Zeng Zi, an important advocate of Confucianism, promoted the sustainable development of Chinese culture.

----Zhuge Changqing

China cannot develop without culture.

Chinese culture cannot be separated from Confucianism.

The establishment of Confucianism cannot be separated from Confucius.

The inheritance of Confucianism cannot be separated from the promotion of Confucius' disciples and the attention of emperors.

Why does Chinese culture have a long history?

Zhuge Changqing believed that because of the dedication of Confucius, Laozi, Zengzi and other sages!

Why are Confucius, Laozi and Zengzi so powerful?

Because what they pursue is the sage way to benefit mankind!

Chinese culture, like a dragon vein, supports the rise and revitalization of the Chinese nation.

The rise of China will benefit the world and let the whole world experience Confucianism.

Confucius has three thousand disciples and seventy-two sages.

Zhuge Changqing believes that Confucius disciples have their own strengths and can be called the model of the world!

Looking back, it's amazing to read the stories of Confucius and his disciples!

For example:

Zengdian is regarded as the first place of motivation;

Ran Geng is the first to persuade students;

Yan Hui is the first in learning;

Zilu is the first in civil and military affairs;

Zi Gong is the first Confucian businessman;

Zixia is the first in the Book of Changes;

Min Ziqian, the first filial piety;

Nangong Shi is the first Dharma Protector;

Gongyechang is the first in sincerity;

Lacquer carving is the first virtue;

......

Today, Zhuge Changqing and the Zengzi you said can be called "the first to carry forward".

With his achievements, he was called the five sages together with "Confucius, Yan Hui, Zisi and Mencius".

1、 Who is Zengzi?

In the process of studying the Confucian interpretation of Daoyehui, you may have read the Confucian classics "The Analects of Confucius", "University", "Filial Piety"

You may have read these famous sentences:

The way of university is to be clear and virtuous, to be close to the people, and to be the best. There is certainty after knowing, and then there is stillness, and then there is peace, and then there is anxiety, and then there is anxiety. Everything has its end, and everything has its end. It is a shortcut to know the priority.

An educated gentleman cannot but be resolute and broad-minded, for he has taken up a heavy responsibility and a long course.

It can hold an orphan of six feet, send a life of a hundred miles, and cannot be taken away in the face of big festivals. Gentlemen and gentlemen?

.....

These classics and famous sentences have an important relationship with the protagonist "Zengzi".

The Analects of Confucius was compiled by Zengzi and other disciples of Confucius;

Confucian works such as "University" and "Filial Piety" are Zengzi's wisdom works.

Next, let's get to know this Confucian sage, Zeng Zi!

1. Confucius' little disciple.

According to the research of Zhuge Changqing, it is found that many of Confucius' disciples have both father and son as disciples.

For example: Yan Hui and his father Yan Lu, once participated in his father's order

Zeng Dian was the first disciple of Confucius.

Later, Zeng Dian gave his son Zeng Shen to Confucius.

He was 46 years younger than Confucius. When he was 16 years old, he worshipped Confucius as his teacher. He was diligent and studious. He was famous for his benevolence, filial piety and righteousness.

Zeng Shen, the disciple who is 46 years younger than Confucius, became the last person of Confucius to care for orphans, and became an important inheritor of Confucianism and filial piety culture.

On his deathbed, Confucius entrusted his grandson (Kong Ji, Zi Si, Confucius's direct grandson and son of Confucius's son Kong Li) to Zeng Shen.

Confucian orthodoxy believes that Confucius' thoughts and theories are passed on to Zisi by Zeng Shen, and then to Mencius by the disciples of Zisi. Later generations referred to Zi Si and Mencius as the Simeng School, so Zi Si inherited Zeng Shen and enlightened Mencius, which played an important role in the inheritance of Confucius and Mencius' "orthodoxy".

Zeng Shen, whose name is Zi Yu, is honored as Zeng Zi because of his profound knowledge and virtue.

Zeng Shen inherited the Confucian orthodoxy from Confucius and opened the Mencius School.

His academic status was gradually recognized after the Tang and Song dynasties. In the past dynasties, Confucianism and Taoism were respected, and Confucius was ranked as the "Four Pairs" of Confucius.

Among the worshipped figures in the Confucius Temple, the "Four Saints" are the second only to Confucius. Their statues sit on both sides of the statue of Confucius, namely Yan Hui (Resurrection), Kong Ji (Sage), Zeng Shen (Sage), and Meng Ke (Sage). Descendants of Zeng followed the temple system and took Zeng Shen as the founder of the school.

Zeng Zi (505-435 BC), named Shen (sh ē n) , Zi Yu, born in the late Spring and Autumn Period in Nancheng, Shandong Province (Nanwushan, Zhifang Town, Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province). He is a famous thinker in China and one of the late disciples of Confucius. He and his father once taught Confucius, and he is an important representative of the Confucian school.

Zengzi advocated the Confucian thought with filial piety, forgiveness, loyalty and faithfulness as the core, his political view of self-cultivation, introspection and self-discipline, and the filial piety view based on filial piety still have extremely valuable social significance and practical value.

Zengzi plays an important role in the development of Confucianism, and is honored as the "Sage of Confucius" by later generations, and is one of the four deserve to enjoy the Confucius Temple.

2. The surname "Zeng" of Zeng Zi comes from "Zeng" of the "State of Chu".

The history of Chinese dynasties originated from the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties.

The founder of the Xia Dynasty was "Qi", the son of Dayu.

Zeng Zi's ancestors are the descendants of the Yellow Emperor.

In other words, the 25th son of the Yellow Emperor is called Changyi. Changyi begat Zhuanxu, Zhuanxu begat Gun, and Gun begat Yu.

Yu Ziqi established the Xia Dynasty, the first hereditary dynasty in Chinese history, under the name of Xia Hou.

The capital of the Xia Dynasty was established in Yangcheng, the southeast of Dengfeng County, Henan Province.

Shaokang, the king of the Xia Dynasty, named his second son Qu Lie as the Jue of Ceng, and established the state of Zeng in Ceng, where the Zeng surname originated.

The State of Ju went through the Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties until the Spring and Autumn Period, that is, it was destroyed by the State of Ju in 567 BC.

The prince Wu fled to Nanwu City of the State of Lu to settle down.

Later, the surname "鄫" was taken as the surname, and the name "Ceng" was removed from the capital, which means leaving the old city without forgetting the ancestors.

Zhuge Changqing's research found that many of the hundreds of surnames originated from the ancient state.

3. Learn from Confucius

Zeng Zi was born on October 12, 505 BC (the fifteenth year of King Jing of Zhou and the fifth year of Duke Ding of Lu).

In 494 BC (Lu Ai AD), Zeng Shen, who often followed his father to learn poetry, said that he was "sitting at the desk and studying hard". In 492 BC (the third year of Duke Ai of Lu), "I worked hard under Mount Tai and could not return for ten days in case of heavy rain and snow. I sang the song of Mount Liangshan because I missed my parents" (see Huainan Zi)

In 490 BC (the fifth year of Duke Ai of Lu), the 16-year-old once visited Confucius as his teacher. He was diligent and eager to learn, and won the true biography of Confucius.

In 482 BC (the 13th year of Duke Ai of Lu), Yan Hui, Confucius' talented disciple, died of illness. Zeng Shen became the main successor of Confucius' theory.

In 480 BC (the fifteenth year of Duke Ai of Lu), Confucius called and told him, saying, "See, my way is consistent." Zengzi said, "Only, the way of Confucius is just loyalty and forgiveness.". (The Analects of Confucius · Li Ren) Confucius taught Zeng Shen with "University".

4. Confucius entrusted orphans

In 479 BC (the 16th year of Duke Ai of Lu), Zeng Shen was 27 years old. In that year, Confucius died at the age of 73.

Zeng Shen, if his father died without clothes, guarded the tomb of Confucius.

Confucius entrusted his grandson (the orphan of Kongli) "Zisi" to Zeng Shen on his deathbed.

Zhuge Changqing believed that it was with the sincere assistance of Zeng Zi that Zisi grew into a great scholar.

In 476 BC (the 19th year of Duke Ai of Lu), Zeng Shen was thirty years old.

After three years of guarding the tomb, Confucius disciples Zixia, Ziyou and Zizhang thought that Youruo looked like Confucius, and wanted to serve Confucius as Youruo. They wanted Zeng Shen to agree.

Zeng Shen refused to say, "It's impossible to do this. The teacher's virtue is washed like the water of the Yangtze River and basked in the autumn sun. It's pure and white. There's nothing more. How can we just look like it?" (See Mencius Teng Wengong I)

In 475 BC (the 20th year of Duke Ai of Lu), Zeng Shen was 31 years old. When his father died of illness, he once read "tears are like springs, and the water slurry is not imported for seven days". Later, "every time I read the funeral ceremony, I will weep" (see the Book of Rites)

In 468 BC (the 27th year of Duke Ai of Lu), Zeng Shen was 38 years old. The doctor of Wucheng appointed Zeng Shen as the guest teacher and set up a teaching in Wucheng.

In 456 BC (the 11th year of mourning for the Duke of Lu), Zeng Shen was 50 years old. At that time, Qi hired the prime minister, Chu welcomed the order of Yin, Jin welcomed the superior minister, and Zeng Zi did not answer the order.

In 455 BC (the 12th year of mourning for Duke Lu), Zeng Shen was 51 years old. In the 13th year of Duke Mou of Lu (454 BC), Zeng Shen was 52 years old.

In 446 BC (the 21st year of Lu Mougong), Zeng Shen was 60 years old. It is taught in the West River area with Zixia and Duan Ganmu.

5. Participate in the preparation of the Analects of Confucius.

After the death of Confucius, Zengzi and other Confucius disciples Zi Gong wrote the Analects of Confucius, which left important intellectual wealth for mankind.

Zhuge Changqing believes that the inheritance of Confucianism cannot be separated from sages like Zengzi in all dynasties.

For example, Liu Che, Shusuntong and Dong Zhongshu, the Great Emperor of Hanwu in the Han Dynasty; Li Shimin, Wei Zheng, Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui of the Tang Dynasty; Zhao Kuangyin, Zhou Dunyi, Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi of the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi and Yue Fei of the Southern Song Dynasty; Yuan Dynasty: Kublai Khan, Liu Bingzhong; Liu Bowen, Fang Xiaoru and Wang Yangming of the Ming Dynasty; Kangxi, Qianlong, Zhang Tingyu, Zeng Guofan in the Qing Dynasty, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Chen Jiageng in modern times, Nan Huaijin, Ji Xianlin, Wang Shanren, Liu Shanren, etc.

6. Create "University" and "Filial Piety".

Zeng Zi, devoted himself to the study of Confucius and Confucianism, determined to carry forward and inherit the Confucian orthodoxy, wrote the "University" and "Filial Piety". These two classics have become important classics of Confucianism.

7. Carry forward Confucianism.

After the death of Confucius, Zengzi widely spread Confucianism and made great contributions to the prosperity of Confucianism.

The monarch of the State of Lu and the important ministers of all countries have invited Zeng Zi to give lectures or send people to ask questions.

Confucius not only carried forward Confucianism, but also practiced Confucianism with prudence.

In 436 BC (the 31st year of mourning of Duke Lu), Zeng Shen was 70 years old. That year, Zeng Shen was ill and bedridden. He called his disciples to him and said, "Open the quilt and look at my feet and hands. They are all well preserved!"! My life is just like the "Book of Songs", which says: "Be cautious, like walking on thin ice, like facing an abyss." Be careful to protect yourself. From now on, I know that my body can be free from damage. Boys, remember! And he said to himself that the three ways to cultivate a gentleman are: "Your looks are far too slow, your colors are far too fast, and your words are far too bad." Can I do these three things? Never forget to cultivate Kung Fu. (The Analects of Confucius · Taber)

In 435 BC (the 32nd year of Duke Mou of Lu), Zeng Shen was 71 years old. One night, Zengzi, who was in critical condition, suddenly remembered that there was a beautiful mat under him, which was given to him by Dr. Lu Jisun. He thought that he should not lay a doctor's mat because he hadn't been a doctor in his life, so he asked his sons to change the mat. Before the mat was ready, he died at the age of 71.

3、 Zeng Zi's Main Thought

1. Self-cultivation, family unity, governance and world peace

In Zeng Zi's book "University", he put forward three principles (clear moral principles, close to the people, and stop at the top of the good) and eight eyes (respect things, knowledge, integrity, sincerity, self-cultivation, family unity, governance, and peace of the world). "In ancient times, those who want to be virtuous in the world should first rule their country; those who want to rule their country should first rule their family; those who want to rule their family should first cultivate their body; those who want to cultivate their body should first correct their mind; those who want to correct their mind should first be honest with their mind; those who want to be honest with their mind should first be honest with their knowledge. Knowledge should be based on the grid. Knowledge should be based on the grid. Knowledge should be based on the grid, and knowledge should be based on the grid. Sincerity should be followed by integrity, and integrity should be followed by integrity, integrity should be followed by integrity, integrity should be followed by integrity, integrity should be followed by integrity, integrity should be followed by family integrity, integrity It constitutes a complete political philosophy system of feudal ethics.

2. Filial piety is the fundamental way of Chinese culture.

Zengzi said, "Be careful to pursue the future, and the people's virtue will be thick."

Zhuge Changqing studied the traditional Chinese culture and believed that filial piety is the foundation of Chinese family harmony and stability.

The first chapter of the first chapter of the book of filial piety says:

Zhongniju, Zeng Zishi. Confucius said, "The first king has the most important moral principles, so as to conform to the world, maintain civil harmony, and have no complaints. Do you know that?"

Zengzi avoided the banquet and said, "If you are not sensitive, why should you know it?"

Confucius said, "Filial piety is the foundation of virtue, and the foundation of teaching is born. Sit back, and I will speak to you."

"The body and the skin, the parents, dare not damage, the beginning of filial piety is also. Stand up and practice the Tao, make famous in later generations, to show the parents, the end of filial piety is also. Filial piety, starting from the matter of relatives, in the matter of the king, finally stand up." Da Ya "says: 'No memory of your ancestors, I cultivate Jue De.'"

The book of filial piety begins with an exposition of the significance of filial piety.

The Book of Filial Piety, centered on filial piety, focuses on Confucian ethics.

It affirms that "filial piety" is the norm set by heaven, "filial piety is the law of heaven, the meaning of the earth, and the conduct of people." It points out that filial piety is the foundation of all virtues, and believes that "the conduct of people is no greater than filial piety". The monarch can use filial piety to govern the country, and the subjects can use filial piety to manage their own families. The Book of Filial Piety first links filial piety and loyalty, considers that "loyalty" is the development and expansion of "filial piety", and extends the social role of "filial piety", and believes that "the highest degree of filial piety" can "connect with the gods, light all over the world, and understand all".

The requirements and methods for implementing "filial piety" are also systematically and in detail.

It advocates that "filial piety" should be embedded in all human behaviors, and that "body and skin should not be damaged by parents" is the beginning of filial piety; The end of filial piety is to "stand up and practice the Tao, become famous in later generations, and show your parents". It links the maintenance of the patriarchal hierarchy with the service of the monarch, and believes that "filial piety" should "start with the matter of relatives, be in the matter of the monarch, and finally stand up". The specific requirements are as follows: "to live is to respect, to raise is to be happy, to be sick is to be worried, to be mourning is to be grieved, and to sacrifice is to be strict".

The Book of Filial Piety also stipulates different contents of "filial piety" according to the different identities of different people:

The "filial piety" of the Son of Heaven requires that "love and respect should be done to his relatives, while morality and education should be imposed on the people, and punishment should be imposed on the whole world";

The "filial piety" of the dukes requires "not to be arrogant in the top, high but not dangerous, strict and prudent, and full but not overflowing";

The "filial piety" of the Qing Dynasty requires "not to speak unlawfully, not to speak without morality, not to speak without choice, and not to act without choice";

The "filial piety" of the scholar class requires "to be faithful in matters, to keep the position of the emperor, and to keep the sacrifice";

The common people's "filial piety" requires "to use the way of heaven, to divide the benefits of the land, to be prudent in using, and to support their parents".

3. People are expensive

Zengzi Tianyuan pointed out that:

"The essence of yang is called spirit, and the essence of yin is called spirit. The essence of yin is the essence of goods. The essence of yin and yang is the essence of goods. The qi of yin and yang is static when it moves from one direction to the other. If it is windy, then it will snow, if it exchanges electricity, if it is chaotic, then it will fog, and if it is harmonious, then it will rain. If it wins, then it will disperse into rain and dew; if it wins, then it will condense into frost and snow. If it wins, then it will be hail, and if it is cloudy, it will be graupel. If it is graupel, it will melt into one."

Zengzi Tianyuan believed that the caterpillar feather insects were generated by Yang Qi, while the scale insects and scale insects were generated by Yin Qi. People are born of Luo, without feathers and scales. They are born with yin and yang essence.

This clearly highlights the position of man in the universe. This is the characteristic of Confucianism.

"Zengzi · Great Filial Piety" said: "The heaven is born, the earth is raised, and man is big." It believed that man is the greatest in heaven and earth, and "the nature of heaven and earth is precious" ("Filial Piety"). "The Book of Rites of Xiaodai · The Book of Rites" said that "human beings have the five elements of beauty." Xunzi inherited and developed this idea, thinking that human beings are not conform to nature and submit to nature, but actively transform nature. "Pour it from the sky, and which one should be used to control the destiny of the heaven" (Xunzi · Theory of Heaven). It is the essence of Confucianism to discover and attach importance to the role of human beings.

4. Behave and do things according to rules.

"To be a gentleman, stop at benevolence; to be a minister, stop at respect; to be a son of man; stop at filial piety; to be a father, stop at kindness; to make friends with people, stop at faith.". Gentlemen and gentlemen? "(The Analects of Confucius · Taber)," Chuang Tzu · Rang Wang "recorded:" Zeng Zijuwei, warm robe without table, swollen color, calloused hands and feet, three days without fire, ten years without clothing. The crown is straight and the tassel is broken. Catch the Jin and see it at the elbow. Dragging and singing "Song of Commerce", the sound fills the world, like a golden sound. The Son of Heaven has no ministers, and the princes have no friends. Therefore, those who cultivate ambition forget their minds, those who cultivate form forget their interests, and those who achieve Tao forget their hearts. "Shuoyuan · Lijie" said: "Zengzi wore his clothes to cultivate, and Lu Jun sent people to the city. "Han Shi Wai Zhuan" said that "Qi Pin took charge, Chu Ying took charge of Yin, and Jin Ying took charge of Qing. "

It is said that those who are ruling the country under the rule of the world are old and the people are filial, long and the people are younger, and lonely and the people are not many.

5. People should often reflect on themselves.

Zengzi said, "I think about myself three times a day -- is it disloyal to seek for others? Is it not trustworthy to make friends with others? Is it not learned to pass on?"

6. To be a man, we should be the model of the gentleman in the world.

Zengzi said: "You can trust an orphan of six feet, you can send a life of hundreds of miles, and you can't take it when it comes to big festivals -- a gentleman? A gentleman."

Zengzi said, "A scholar must not be ambitious and have a long way to go. How important is benevolence when it comes to his own responsibility? After death, it is not far away."

6. Those who win the hearts of the people will win the world.

If the way is numerous, the country will be obtained; If you lose the public, you will lose the country.

7. Only by doing good deeds and accumulating virtue can the family prosper and the country become prosperous and strong.

Therefore, a gentleman should be cautious and virtuous first. There are people who have virtue, people who have soil, people who have soil, people who have wealth, and people who have wealth are useful.

Virtue is the essence, and wealth is the end. Outside the original, inside the end, fight for the people to seize. Therefore, people gather when wealth is gathered, and people gather when wealth is scattered. Those who go out contrary to the old saying, also go in contrary; If goods enter contrary to one another, they also exit contrary.

Kanggao said, "Life is not the same as life." If you are good, you will get it. If you are not good, you will lose it.

"The Book of Chu" said: "The State of Chu does not think of treasure, but good people think of treasure." The uncle said: "The dead people do not think of treasure, but benevolent people think of treasure."

4、 Zeng Zi's anecdotes and allusions

1. Study hard.

Zeng Zi's greatest advantage in learning is diligence. He makes every effort to understand the problems he doesn't understand. He asks teachers for advice and discusses with friends. Even Confucius said that Zengzi was "Shenyalu", that is to say, Zengzi was pure and simple in character, honest and reliable, and he also treated his study in the same way. He would not be able to cheat, and he could not pretend to understand without knowing. He cheated not only himself, but also damaged his character. The other disciples of Confucius asked Zengzi how to keep the same. Zengzi replied, "It's just loyalty and forgiveness." Confucius was very pleased to hear that, and thought Zengzi was a person who could inherit the mantle.

Zeng Zibai was 16 years old when he was under Confucius, but Confucius was already old, so Zeng Zi was a late generation. He didn't follow Confucius for long, and his ideological system was not so sophisticated. But fortunately, he has a hard and steady temperament, which allows him to inherit the most essence of Confucius, and has an unmatched understanding. He added "courtesy and filial piety" to the Confucian thought, making the Confucian system more complete.

In addition to compiling the Book of Filial Piety and advocating filial piety as the first, Zeng Zi also paid attention to the training of his moral quality, improved his self-cultivation, put forward the political idea of ruling the country and the world, and reflected on whether his words and deeds were consistent with the etiquette every day. The world is composed of units and individuals. As long as everyone can be independent, the world can be harmonious and harmonious.

2. Bitter fingers

Zhuge Changqing: This story is recorded in Twenty-four Filial Piety.

The Twenty-four Filial Piety records Zeng Zi's sad tale of biting his fingers: when Zeng Zi was young, he was poor and often went to the mountains to collect firewood. One day, when a guest came to the house, her mother was at a loss, so she bit her finger with her teeth. Zeng Shen suddenly felt distressed. Knowing that his mother was calling him, he quickly returned home with firewood on his back and knelt down to ask why. The mother said, "A guest came suddenly. I bite my fingers and hope you will come back." Zeng Shen received the guest and treated him politely.

3. Zeng Zi evades the banquet

"Zengzi avoids the banquet" is a very famous story from "The Book of Filial Piety". Zengzi was a disciple of Confucius. Once he sat beside Confucius, Confucius asked him, "The king of sages and sages in the past had supreme virtue and profound theories, which were used to teach people in the world that people could live in harmony, and there was no dissatisfaction between the king and his subjects. Do you know what they were?" Zengzi heard and understood that Confucius was the teacher who wanted to teach him the most profound truth, so he immediately stood up from the seat, Walking outside the mat, he respectfully replied, "I'm not smart enough. How can I know? Please teach me these principles."

4. Zeng Zi changed seats

Zengzi was sick and dying. Le Zhengzi Chun sat under the bed, Zeng Yuan and Zeng Shen sat at the foot, and the boy sat at the corner holding a candle. The boy said, "China and Anhui are the same as the doctors." Zi Chun said, "Stop!" Shen Zi heard it, Qu Ran said, "Huh!" He said, "China is Anhui, and the doctor's love is not as good as that." He said, "However, the gift of Si Jisun, I can't change it. Yuan! Rise, I can change it!" Zeng Yuan said, "The master's disease is changing, and cannot change. Fortunately, as for Dan, please respect Yi." Zeng Zi said, "Your love is not as good as that. The love of a gentleman is also moral, and the love of a fine man is also appeasement. What do I want? How can I get right and die?" Easy. The seats were not settled. (The Book of Rites on Tanbow)

5. Zeng Zi is not given

Zengzi wore his clothes to cultivate, and Lu Jun sent people to the capital. He said, "Please repair your clothes with this." Zengzi didn't accept it. Go again and again, but don't accept. The messenger said, "Sir, if you don't ask for it from others, why don't you accept it?" Zengzi said, "When I hear it, those who accept it are afraid of others, those who give it are proud of others, and those who give it are proud of others. If I don't give it, can I not be afraid of it?". Confucius heard it and said, "The words of participation are enough to complete the festival." (Shuoyuan · Lijie)

6. Zengzi's re-election

Zengzi, who was once more in office, said, "I am happy with three cauldrons and happy with three cauldrons, and I am sad with three thousand hours of inaction." The disciple asked Yu Zhongni, "If you are a participant, can you say that there is no county?" He said, "It is already a county. Can you have sorrow if you have no county? If you look at three cauldrons and three thousand hours, you can look at it like watching birds, mosquitoes and flies pass by."

4、 Character status

Zeng Zi, one of the five sages of Confucianism, is known as the "Sage".

After the death of Confucius, he once attended a lecture with many disciples. It is said that he was the founder of Confucius and Mencius. Zeng Shen was not in a high position as a disciple of Confucius and was not included in the "Ten Philosophers of Confucius". He was not promoted to one of the "Ten Philosophers" until Yan Yuan enjoyed Confucius. In the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, he was called "Bo". After the Middle Tang Dynasty, with the rise of Mencius' position, Zeng Shen's position also rose. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Huizong was granted the title of "Duke of Wucheng", in the Southern Song Dynasty, Duzong was granted the title of "Duke of State", in the first year of Yuanzhishun, it was granted the title of "Duke of Zongsheng", and in the Ming Dynasty, Shizong was renamed the title of "Duke of Zongsheng", ranking second only to Yan Yuan, the "Sage of Restoration".

From Confucius, Zeng Zishi actively promoted Confucianism and spread Confucianism. Confucius' grandson, Kong Ji (Zi Si), was a disciple of Confucius and taught to Mencius. For this reason, he has inherited Confucius' way and initiated the Simeon School, and has inherited, developed and contributed to Confucius' Confucianism. Zeng Shen is the main inheritor and disseminator of Confucianism, and plays an important role in connecting the preceding and the following in Confucian culture. Zeng took part in his achievements and finally entered the Hall of Great Confucianism. Together with Confucius, Yanzi (Yan Hui), Zisi and Mencius, he was called the five sages.

Zengzi is calm, steady, cautious, courteous and famous for his filial piety. The State of Qi wanted to hire him as a minister, but he did not resign because he was at home honoring his parents. He once put forward the idea of "being cautious in the end (carefully handling the funeral of parents), pursuing the future (religiously remembering the ancestors), and strengthening the people's morality (paying attention to the people's moral cultivation)". He also put forward the cultivation method of "I examine myself three times a day" (The Analects of Confucius · Xueer), that is, "Is it disloyal to seek for others? Is it not trustworthy to make friends? Is it not learned to pass on?"

5、 Zeng Zi and the Five Sages of Confucianism

Confucianism is the representative of Chinese culture. Since Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's proposal to "depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect Confucianism", Confucianism has become the core value of the Han nation, with an unparalleled national cohesion.

Later generations worshipped Confucian culture and gradually formed the five sages of Confucian culture with Confucius as the core.

Zengzi, who carried forward Confucianism, had great merit and wisdom, and people praised him as a "sage".

1. The Holy Confucius.

Confucius, named Qiu, named Zhongni, was born in the State of Lu (now Qufu, Shandong Province). A great thinker and educator at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in China, and the founder of the Confucian school. Confucius "stood at thirty" and began to teach his disciples. Students are all over the world, such as Yan Lu, Zeng Dian, Zi Lu, Bo Niu, Ran You, Zi Gong, Yan Yuan, and so on. Confucius created private schools, breaking the tradition of "learning in the government" and further promoting the downward movement of academic culture. After the death of Confucius, his disciples and reborn disciples recorded the words, deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled them into the Confucian classic Analects. Confucius was honored as the "Sage of Heavenly Autonomy" and the "Sage and Ancestor" in ancient times, so it was called the "Sage".

2. Fu Shengyanzi.

Yan Hui, whose name is Yuan, was born in the capital of the State of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period (now Qufu, Shandong Province).

Born in a poor family and living a poor life since childhood, he can live in peace and contentment, and does not admire wealth; Quiet, intelligent and thoughtful. I can fully understand many profound truths that Confucius said, and it is Confucius' favorite pupil to "know everything by listening to it". Yan Hui did not become an official in his life, nor did he leave any works handed down from generation to generation. He mainly helped Confucius carry forward Confucianism and was able to retell the wisdom of Confucius.

Zhuge Changqing believed that because Yan Hui could accurately retell Confucius' thought and ensure that Confucius' thought was widely spread and consistent with Confucius' thought, people called it "Resurgence".

3. Zong Shengzengzi

Zeng Zi, whose surname is Zeng, whose name is Shen, whose name is Zi Yu, was born in Nancheng (now Jiaxiang County, Shandong Province) of the State of Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and worshipped Confucius as his teacher at the age of 16.

Zengzi is diligent and studious, and has won the true biography of Confucius. Actively promote Confucianism and spread Confucianism. Confucius' grandson Kong Ji (Zi Si) followed Zeng Zi and taught it to Mencius.

Therefore, Zengzi inherited Confucius' way and initiated the Simeon School. He inherited, developed and made contributions to Confucius' Confucianism. His political view of self-cultivation and self-cultivation, and his view of filial piety based on filial piety and filial piety first have influenced China for more than 2000 years.

He once participated in the book "University", which is the first of the four books. Therefore, Zeng Zi is the main successor and disseminator of Confucius theory.

According to Zhuge Changqing's research, Zengzi is known as the "Sage of Confucius" because of his important position in the Confucian culture as a link between the preceding and the following.

4. Describe the thoughts of the sage.

Zisi, surnamed Kong and Ji, was born in the State of Lu (now Qufu, Shandong Province) in the early Warring States Period and is the grandson of Confucius.

Zi Si followed Zeng Zi, inherited and developed Confucius' theory, and passed it on to Mencius. Together with Mencius' theory, Zi Si is known as the School of Mencius. It is an important representative of Confucianism in the pre-Qin period that plays a connecting role between Confucius and Mencius. It is recorded in the Records of History that Zi Si wrote the book The Mean.

Zhuge Changqing believes that Youzisi plays a connecting role in the Confucian school, can accurately explain Confucius' thoughts and spread Confucius' wisdom, so it is respected as "Sage of Narration" by later generations.

5. Mencius, the second saint.

Mencius, whose name is Ke, whose name is Zi Yu, was born in Zou State (today's Zou County, Shandong Province). A great thinker in the Warring States Period and one of the main representatives of Confucianism.

Mencius is a descendant of the noble Mensun family of the State of Lu. He lost his father when he was young, and his family was poor. He was employed by Zisi. Politically, Mencius advocated that the law should precede the king and implement benevolent government; In theory, he respected Confucius, advocated benevolent government, put forward the people-oriented idea of "valuing the people and despising the king", traveled in Qi, Song, Teng, Wei, Lu and other countries, and followed Confucius to carry out his own political ideas, which lasted more than 20 years.

In the final period, Mencius retired to give lectures and wrote the book "Mencius" with his students.

According to Zhuge Changqing's research, because Mencius further carried forward Confucius' thought and further improved the ideological system, it can be called the Confucian master of the generation next to Confucius, and together with Confucius, it is called "Confucius and Mencius", so it praised Mencius as "the second sage".

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to work with like-minded people in the world to "inherit traditional Chinese culture, promote good morality, revitalize China, and benefit the society".

*Reference: Zeng Zi Guoxue Network

*Written by: Zhuge Changqing

*Article picture: selected from the network

曾子，是儒家思想重要弘扬者，推动中华民族文化持续发展。

---- 诸葛长青

中国的发展，离不开文化。

中国的文化，离不开儒家。

儒家的创立，离不开孔子。

孔子儒家思想传承，离不开孔子历代弟子弘扬和历代帝王重视。

中华文化，为什么源远流长？

诸葛长青认为，因为有孔子、老子、曾子等这些圣贤的奉献！

孔子、老子、曾子等为什么厉害？

因为他们奉行的是造福人类的圣贤之道！

中国文化，犹如龙脉，支撑中华民族的崛起振兴。

中国崛起，造福世界，让全世界都能体会儒家思想。

孔子弟子三千，贤者七十二。

诸葛长青研究认为，孔子弟子各有所长，堪称世人楷模！

再回首，拜读孔子和他的弟子们的故事，令人惊叹！

譬如：

曾点，堪称励志第一；

冉耕，堪称劝学第一；

颜回，堪称学问第一；

子路，堪称文武第一；

子贡，堪称儒商第一；

子夏，堪称周易第一；

闵子骞，堪称孝道第一；

南宫适，堪称护法第一；

公冶长，堪称诚意第一；

漆雕开，堪称德行第一；

......

今天，诸葛长青和大家说的这位曾子（zeng zi），堪称“弘扬第一”。

曾参以他的建树，与“孔子、颜回、子思、孟子”共称为五大圣人。

一、曾子是谁？

在研究国学儒释道耶回过程中，你可能读过儒家思想经典《论语》、《大学》、《孝经》......

你可能读过这些名句：

大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。物有本末，事有终始。知所先后，则近道矣。

士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。

可以托六尺之孤，可以寄百里之命，临大节而不可夺也。君子人与君子人也?

.....

这些经典，这些名句，都与本文主人公“曾子”有重要关系。

《论语》，是曾子和孔子其他弟子一起荟萃编写的；

《大学》、《孝经》等儒家思想作品，是曾子的智慧著作。

接下来，我们一起认识一下这位儒家的圣贤，曾子！

1.孔子的小弟子。

根据诸葛长青研究，发现，孔子弟子中，有许多事父亲、儿子同为弟子的。

譬如：颜回和父亲颜路，曾参和父亲曾点.....

曾点，是孔子第一批弟子。

后来，曾点又把儿子曾参（zeng shen）交给孔子。

曾参比孔子小46岁，16岁时拜孔子为师，勤奋好学，以仁孝礼义著称于世。

曾参，这位比孔子小46岁的弟子，成为孔子临终托孤之人，成为儒家思想、孝道文化的重要传承者。

孔子临终之时，把孙子（孔伋，字子思，孔子的嫡孙、孔子之子孔鲤的儿子）托付给曾参。

儒家道统认为，孔子的思想学说由曾参传子思，子思的门人再传孟子。后人把子思、孟子并称为思孟学派，因而子思上承曾参，下启孟子，在孔孟"道统"的传承中有重要地位。

曾参，字子舆，因为学问深厚，德行圣贤，后人尊称为曾子。

曾参，上承孔子道统，下开思孟学派。

他的学术地位，直到唐、宋以后才被逐步承认。历代尊儒崇道，曾参位列孔子“四配”。

“四配”是孔庙受奉祀的人物中，仅次于孔子的四公（四圣），他们的塑像分坐在孔子像两侧，分别是颜回（复圣）、孔伋（述圣）、曾参（宗圣）、孟轲（亚圣）。曾姓后人遵从庙制，以曾参为开派始祖。

曾子(公元前505年-公元前435年)，名参(shēn)，字子舆，春秋末年鲁国南武城人(山东嘉祥县纸坊镇南武山)。是中国著名的思想家，孔子的晚期弟子之一，与其父曾点同师孔子，是儒家学派的重要代表人物。

曾子主张以孝恕忠信为核心的儒家思想，他的修齐治平的政治观，内省、慎独的修养观，以孝为本的孝道观至今仍具有极其宝贵的社会意义和实用价值。

曾子在儒学发展史上占有重要的地位，被后世尊奉为"宗圣"，是配享孔庙的四配之一。

2.曾子的“曾”（zeng）姓，出自“鄫国”的“鄫”（zeng）。

中国朝代历史起源于--夏商周。

夏朝开创者是大禹的儿子“启”。

曾子的祖辈，是黄帝一脉。

话说，黄帝的第25子叫昌意，昌意生颛顼，颛顼生鲧，鲧生禹。

禹子启建立了中国历史上第一个世袭王朝夏朝，国号夏后氏。 

夏朝建都于阳城，即今河南登封县的东南部。

夏王少康封其次子曲烈为甑子爵，在甑建立鄫（zeng）国，曾姓自此发源。

鄫国历经夏、商、周，直到春秋，即前567年被莒国灭。

太子巫出奔鲁国南武城定居。

其后代用“鄫”为氏，除去邑旁(阝)，表示离开故城，不忘先祖，称为"曾"，玄孙即曾子。

诸葛长青研究发现，百家姓，很多姓氏源自古代封国。

3.师从孔子

曾子，生于公元前505年10月12日(周敬王十五年、鲁定公五年)。

公元前494年(鲁哀公元年)曾参，常随父亲曾点学诗书，有"伏案苦读"之说。公元前492年(鲁哀公三年)，"躬耕于泰山之下，遇大雨雪旬日不得归，因思父母，而作梁山之歌。"(见《淮南子》)

公元前490年(鲁哀公五年)，十六岁的曾参拜孔子为师，他勤奋好学，颇得孔子真传。

公元前482年(鲁哀公十三年)，孔子的高才弟子颜回病故，曾参就成了孔子学说的主要继承人。

公元前480年(鲁哀公十五年)，孔子呼而告之，曰:“参乎，吾道一以贯之。”曾子曰:“唯，夫子之道忠恕而已矣”。(《论语·里仁》)孔子亲以《大学》授曾参。

4.孔子托孤

公元前479年(鲁哀公十六年)曾参二十七岁。是年，孔子卒，终年七十三岁。

曾参若父丧而无服，守孔子墓。

孔子临终将其孙(孔鲤之遗孤)“子思”托付于曾参。

诸葛长青认为，正是有了曾子的诚心辅佐，子思成长为一代大儒。

公元前476年(鲁哀公十九年)曾参三十岁。

三年守墓过后，孔门弟子子夏、子游、子张认为有若面貌很像孔子，要把有若当孔子来事奉，想让曾参同意。

曾参拒绝说:"这样做不可。老师的德行像长江的水洗过，像秋天的阳光晒过，清净洁白，无以复加，怎么只求面貌像似呢?"(见《孟子·滕文公上》)

公元前475年(鲁哀公二十年)曾参三十一岁。父病故时，曾参"泪如涌泉，水浆不入口者七日"，以后"每读丧礼则泣下沾襟"(见《礼记》)

公元前468年(鲁哀公二十七年)曾参三十八岁。武城大夫聘曾参为宾师，设教于武城。

公元前456年(鲁悼公十一年)曾参五十岁。时齐聘以相，楚迎以令尹，晋迎以上卿，曾子皆不应命。

公元前455年(鲁悼公十二年)曾参五十一岁。鲁悼公十三年(公元前454年)曾参五十二岁。

公元前446年(鲁悼公二十一年)曾参六十岁。与子夏、段干木等设教于西河一带。

5.参与编写《论语》。

孔子去世后，曾子和孔子其他弟子子贡等编写了《论语》，给人类留下重要智慧财富。

诸葛长青认为，儒家思想传承，离不开历朝历代像曾子这样的圣贤。

譬如汉代汉武大帝刘彻、叔孙通、董仲舒；唐朝李世民、魏征、房玄龄、杜如晦；北宋赵匡胤、周敦颐、程颢、程颐，南宋朱熹、岳飞；元朝：忽必烈、刘秉忠；明朝刘伯温、方孝孺、王阳明；清朝的康熙、乾隆、张廷玉、曾国藩，近代的毛泽东、周恩来、陈嘉庚，南怀瑾、季羡林、王善人、刘善人等等。

6.创作《大学》、《孝经》。

曾子，潜心学习孔子儒家思想，立志弘扬传承儒家道统，撰写了《大学》《孝经》。这两部经典，成为儒家思想的重要宝典。

7.弘扬儒学。

孔子去世后，曾子广泛传播儒家思想，为儒家思想兴盛，做出巨大贡献。

鲁国国君、各国重臣都多次邀请曾子讲学或者派人前去请教问题。

孔子不仅自己弘扬儒学，而且谨言慎行、时时刻刻实践儒家思想。

公元前436年(鲁悼公三十一年)曾参七十岁。是年，曾参有病卧床不起，把弟子们叫到跟前说:你们掀开被子，看看我的脚和手，都保全得很好吧!我一生正像《诗经》上说的:"战战兢兢，如临深渊、如履薄冰。"小心谨慎，以保其身。从今以后，我知道身体能够免于毁伤了。小子们，要记住啊!并且他自言自语地说，君子修养之道贵在三条:"动容貌斯远暴慢矣，正颜色斯近信矣，出辞气斯远鄙倍矣。"这三条我能做到吗?始终不忘修养功夫。(《论语·泰伯》)

公元前435年(鲁悼公三十二年)曾参七十一岁。一天夜里，病危中的曾子，突然想起身下铺着一领华美的席子，是鲁大夫季孙氏送给他的。他认为，自己一生没做到大夫，不应铺大夫的席子，于是就招呼儿子们把席子换下来。没等换上的席子铺好，他就去世了，终年七十一岁。

三、曾子的主要思想

1.修身、齐家、治国、平天下

曾子著作《大学》，开宗明义提出了三纲(明明德、亲民、止于至善)，八目(格物、致知、正心、诚意、修身、齐家、治国、平天下)。"古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国;欲治其国者，先齐其家;欲齐其家者，先修其身;欲修其身者，先正其心;欲正其心者，先诚其意;欲诚其意者，先致其知。致知在格物。格物而后知至，知至而后意诚;意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。"构成了一套完整的封建伦理道德的政治哲学体系。

2.孝道，是中华文化根本之道。

曾子曰:"慎终追远，民德归厚矣。"

诸葛长青研究国学传统文化认为，孝道是中华民族家庭和睦、安邦定国之本。

《孝经》开宗明义章第一，说道：

仲尼居，曾子侍。子曰:"先王有至德要道，以顺天下，民用和睦，上下无怨。汝知之乎?"

曾子避席曰:"参不敏，何足以知之?"

子曰:"夫孝，德之本也，教之所由生也。复坐，吾语汝。"

"身体发肤，受之父母，不敢毁伤，孝之始也。立身行道，扬名于后世，以显父母，孝之终也。夫孝，始于事亲，中于事君，终于立身。《大雅》云:'无念尔祖，聿修厥德。'"

孝经，开篇就把孝的重要意义做了阐述。

《孝经》，以孝为中心，比较集中地阐述了儒家的伦理思想。

它肯定"孝"是上天所定的规范，"夫孝，天之经也，地之义也，人之行也。"指出孝是诸德之本，认为"人之行，莫大于孝"，国君可以用孝治理国家，臣民能够用孝立身理家。《孝经》首次将孝与忠联系起来，认为"忠"是"孝"的发展和扩大，并把"孝"的社会作用推而广之，认为"孝悌之至"就能够"通于神明，光于四海，无所不通"。

对实行"孝"的要求和方法也作了系统而详细的规定。

它主张把"孝"贯串于人的一切行为之中，"身体发肤，受之父母，不敢毁伤"，是孝之始;"立身行道，扬名于后世，以显父母"，是孝之终。它把维护宗法等级关系与为君主服务联系起来，认为"孝"要"始于事亲，中于事君，终于立身"。具体要求:"居则致其敬，养则致其乐，病则致其忧，丧则致其哀，祭则致其严"。

《孝经》还根据不同人的身份差别规定了行"孝"的不同内容:

天子之"孝"要求"爱敬尽于其事亲，而德教加于百姓，刑于四海";

诸侯之"孝"要求"在上不骄，高而不危，制节谨度，满而不溢";

卿大夫之"孝"要求"非法不言，非道不行，口无择言，身无择行";

士阶层的"孝"要求"忠顺事上，保禄位，守祭祀";

庶人之"孝"要求"用天之道，分地之利，谨身节用，以养父母"。

3.人为贵

《曾子·天圆》中指出:

"阳之精气曰神，阴之精气曰灵，神灵者品物之本也。阴阳之气各从其行则静矣。偏则风，俱则雪，交则电，乱则雾，和则雨。阳气胜，则散为雨露;阴气胜，则凝为霜雪。阳之专气为雹，阴之专气为霰。霰雹者，一气之化也。"

《曾子·天圆》认为毛虫羽虫是阳气化生的，介虫、鳞虫是阴气化生的。人是倮生的，无羽毛鳞甲，乃是禀阴阳精气而生。

这就明显地突出人在万物天地中的地位。这正是儒家思想的特点。

《曾子·大孝》说:"天之所生，地之所养，人为大矣。"认为人是天地间最伟大的，"天地之性为贵"(《孝经》)。《小戴礼记·礼运》中说:"人者五行之秀气也。"荀子继承并发展了这一思想，认为人不是顺应自然，屈从于自然，而是能动的改造自然。"从天而倾之，孰与制天命而用之"(《荀子·天论》)。发现并重视人的作用，这是儒家思想的精华。

4.做人做事要有规矩。

“为人君，止于仁；为人臣，止于敬；为人子；止于孝；为人父，止于慈；与国人交，止于信。” 临大节而不可夺也。君子人与君子人也?"(《论语·泰伯》)，《庄子·让王》篇中记载:"曾子居卫，温袍无表，颜色肿哙，手足胼胝，三日不举火，十年不制衣。正冠而缨绝，捉衿而肘见，纳履而踵决。曳纵而歌《商颂》，声满天地，若出金声。天子不得臣，诸侯不得友，故养志者忘形，养形者忘利，致道者忘心矣。"《说苑·立节》载:"曾子敝衣以耕，鲁君使人往致邑焉。"《韩诗外传》说"齐聘以相，楚迎以令尹，晋迎以上卿，皆不应命。"

所谓平天下在治其国者，上老老而民兴孝，上长长而民兴弟，上恤孤而民不倍。

5.人要经常反思自己。

曾子曰:"吾日三省吾身--为人谋而不忠乎?与朋友交而不信乎?传不习乎?"

6.做人就要做天下之君子楷模。

曾子曰:"可以托六尺之孤，可以寄百里之命，临大节而不可夺也--君子人欤?君子人也。"

曾子曰:"士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦重乎?死而后已，不亦远乎。"

6、得民心者，得天下。

道得众，则得国；失众，则失国。

7.行善积德，才能家族繁荣、国家富强。

是故君子先慎乎德。有德此有人，有人此有土，有土此有财，有财此有用。

德者本也，财者末也。外本内末，争民施夺。是故财聚则民散，财散则民聚。是故言悖而出者，亦悖而入；货悖而入者，亦悖而出。

《康诰》曰：“惟命不于常。”道善则得之，不善则失之矣。

《楚书》曰：“楚国无以为宝，惟善以为宝。”舅犯曰：“亡人无以为宝，仁亲以为宝。”

四、曾子轶事典故

1.勤奋学习。

曾子在学习上最大的优点就是勤奋，千方百计的把自己不明白的问题弄懂，找老师请教，找朋友探讨。连孔子都说，曾子是“参也鲁”，就是说曾子性格上纯真质朴，为人老实可靠，对待学习也是这样，不会就是不会，不能不懂装懂，骗的不仅仅是自己，还会损伤自己的品行。孔子其他的弟子就向曾子请教如何能够保持一直如此，曾子回答说，只要“忠恕而已矣。”孔子听到了之后倍感欣慰，认为曾子是一个能继承衣钵的人。

曾子拜在孔子门下的时候十六岁，但是孔子已经年迈了，所以曾子是一个辈分晚的，跟随孔子的时间不长，思想体系也没有那么纯熟，但是好在他具有刻苦和沉稳坚持的性情，让他继承了孔子学说最精华的部分，并且具有难以匹敌的悟性，将儒家思想中加入了“礼、孝”，让儒家体系更加完整。

曾子除了编纂了孝经，主张孝道为先之外还在注重对自己道德品质的磨练，提升自己的修养，提出齐家治国平天下的政治理念，每天反省自身的言行举止是否和礼数，天下是由一个个单位个体来组成的，只要每个人都能够独善其身，天下就能和谐大同。

2.啮指痛心

诸葛长青：这个故事记录在《二十四孝》之中。

二十四孝记载了曾子啮指痛心的佳话:曾子少年时家贫，常入山打柴。一天，家里来了客人，母亲不知所措，就用牙咬自己的手指。曾参忽然觉得心疼，知道母亲在呼唤自己，便背着柴迅速返回家中，跪问缘故。母亲说:“有客人忽然到来，我咬手指盼你回来。”曾参于是接见客人，以礼相待。

3.曾子避席

"曾子避席"出自《孝经》，是一个非常著名的故事。曾子是孔子的弟子，有一次他在孔子身边侍坐，孔子就问他:"以前的圣贤之王有至高无上的德行，精要奥妙的理论，用来教导天下之人，人们就能和睦相处，君王和臣下之间也没有不满，你知道它们是什么吗?"曾子听了，明白老师孔子是要指点他最深刻的道理，于是立刻从坐着的席子上站起来，走到席子外面，恭恭敬敬地回答道:"我不够聪明，哪里能知道，还请老师把这些道理教给我。"

4.曾子换席

曾子寝疾，病笃。乐正子春坐于床下，曾元、曾申坐于足，童子隅坐而执烛。童子曰:"华而皖，大夫之箦与?"子春曰:"止!"参子闻之，瞿然曰:"呼!"曰:"华而皖，大夫之箦与?"曰:"然，斯季孙之赐也，我未之能易也。元!起，易箦!"曾元曰:"夫子之病革矣，不可以变。幸而至于旦，请敬易之。"曾子曰:"尔之爱我也，不如彼。君子之爱人也以德，细人之爱人也以姑息。吾何求哉?吾得正而毙焉，斯已矣!"举扶而易之。反席，未安而没。(《礼记·檀弓上》)

5.曾子不受赐

曾子衣敝衣以耕，鲁君使人往致封邑焉。曰:"请以此修衣。"曾子不受。反复往，又不受。使者曰:"先生非求于人，人则献之，奚为不受?"曾子曰:"臣闻之，受人者畏人，予人者骄人，纵子有赐，不我骄也，我能不畏乎?"终不受。孔子闻之，曰:"参之言足以全其节也。"(《说苑·立节》)

6.曾子再仕

曾子再仕而心再化，曰:"吾及亲仕，三釜而心乐;后仕，三千钟而不洎，吾心悲。"弟子问于仲尼曰:"若参者，可谓无所县其罪乎?"曰:"既已县矣。夫无所县者，可以有哀乎?彼视三釜三千钟，如观雀蚊虻相过乎前也。"《庄子·杂篇》

四、人物地位

曾子，名列儒家五大圣人，称为“宗圣”。

孔子去世后，曾参聚徒讲学，有不少弟子，相传他就是儒家子思、孟子一派的创始人。曾参在孔门弟子的地位原本不太高，不入"孔门十哲"之列，直到颜渊配享孔子后才升为"十哲"之一 。唐玄宗时追封为" 伯"。中唐以后，随着孟子地位的上升，曾参的地位也随之步步高升。北宋徽宗时加封为"武城侯"，南宋度宗时加封为" 国公"，元至顺元年加封为"宗圣公"，到明世宗时改称为"宗圣"，地位仅次于"复圣"颜渊。

曾子师从孔子，积极推行儒家主张，传播儒家思想。孔子的孙子孔伋(字子思)师从参公，又传授给孟子。因之，曾参上承孔子之道，下启思孟学派，对孔子的儒学学派思想既有继承，又有发展和建树。曾参是孔子学说的主要继承人和传播者，在儒家文化中具有承上启下的重要地位。曾参以他的建树，终于走进大儒殿堂，与孔子、颜子(颜回)、子思、孟子比肩共称为五大圣人。

曾子性情沉静，举止稳重，为人谨慎，待人谦恭，以孝著称。齐国欲聘之为卿，他因在家孝敬父母，辞而不就。曾提出"慎终(慎重地办理父母的丧事)，追远(虔诚地追念祖先)，民德归厚(要注重人民的道德修养)"的主张。又提出"吾日三省吾身"(《论语·学而》)的修养方法，即"为人谋而不忠乎?与朋友交而不信乎?传不习乎?"

五、曾子和儒家五大圣人

儒家思想是华夏文化的代表，从汉武帝采用董仲舒的建议“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”开始，儒家思想便成为汉民族的核心价值观，有着一种无与伦比的民族凝聚力。

后世推崇儒家文化，逐渐形成了以孔子为核心的儒家文化五大圣人。

曾子，弘扬儒家思想，功德甚大，智慧超群，人们赞叹他为“宗圣”。

1.至圣孔子。

孔子，名丘，字仲尼，鲁国(今山东曲阜)人。中国春秋末期伟大的思想家和教育家，儒家学派的创始人。孔子“三十而立”，并开始授徒讲学。学生遍布天下，如颜路、曾点、子路、伯牛、冉有、子贡、颜渊等，都是较早的一批弟子。孔子创设私学，打破了“学在官府”的传统，进一步促进了学术文化的下移。孔子去世后，其弟子和再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成儒家经典《论语》。孔子在古代被尊奉为“天纵之圣”、“至圣先师”，故而被称为“至圣”。

2.复圣颜子。

颜回，字渊，春秋末期鲁国都城(今山东曲阜)人。

出身贫寒，自幼生活清苦，却能安贫乐道，不慕富贵;性格恬静，聪明过人，长于深思。听孔子所讲的许多高深道理，都能完全理解，且能“闻一知十”是孔子的得意门生。颜回一生未曾做官，也没有留下传世之作，主要协助孔子弘扬儒家思想，能够复述孔子思想智慧。

诸葛长青研究认为，由于颜回能够准确复述孔子思想，确保孔子思想广泛流传，思想与孔子的思想一致的，因而人们称其为“复圣”。

3.宗圣曾子

曾子，姓曾，名参，字子舆，春秋末年鲁国南武城(今山东嘉祥县)人，十六岁拜孔子为师。

曾子勤奋好学，颇得孔子真传。积极推行儒家主张，传播儒家思想。孔子的孙子孔伋(字子思)师从曾子，又传授给孟子。

因而，曾子上承孔子之道，下启思孟学派，对孔子的儒学学派思想既有继承，又有发展和建树。他的修齐治平的政治观，省身、慎独的修养观，以孝为本、孝道为先的孝道观影响中国两千多年。

曾参著有《大学》一书，《大学》是四书之首，因此曾子是孔子学说的主要继承人和传播者。

诸葛长青研究认为，由于曾子在儒家文化中具有承上启下的重要地位，以孔子思想为宗，持续传播之意，故而被称为“宗圣”。

4.述圣子思。

子思，姓孔，名伋，战国初期鲁国(今山东曲阜)人，是孔子之孙。

子思师从曾子，继承和发扬了孔子的学说，又传给了孟子，与孟子的学说并称思孟学派，是先秦儒家在孔子和孟子之间具有承上启下作用的重要代表人物，《史记》当中记载，子思作《中庸》一书。

诸葛长青研究认为，有子思在儒家学派中有着承上启下的作用，能够准确阐述孔子思想，传播孔子智慧，故而被后人尊为“述圣”。

5.亚圣孟子。

孟子，名轲，字子舆，邹国(今山东邹县)人。战国时期伟大的思想家，儒家的主要代表之一。

孟子是鲁国贵族孟孙氏的后裔，幼年丧父，家庭贫困，受业于子思。政治上，孟子主张法先王、行仁政;学说上，他推崇孔子，主张仁政，提出“民贵君轻”的民本思想，游历于齐、宋、滕、魏、鲁等诸国，效法孔子推行自己的政治主张，前后历时二十多年。

最后期孟子退居讲学，和他的学生一起作《孟子》一书。

诸葛长青研究认为，由于孟子对孔子的思想进一步发扬光大，思想体系进一步健全完善，堪称仅次于孔子的一代儒家宗师，与孔子合称“孔孟”，故而称赞孟子为“亚圣”。

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“传承国学、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福社会”。

  *参考资料：曾子国学网络资料 

  *国学撰文：诸葛长青 

  *文章图片：选自网络 

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

Selected Articles in Previous Periods

Click the article title to view

往期精选文章

点击文章标题查看

1The wisdom of traditional Chinese culture changes the destiny: filial piety to parents+five in one+self-improvement

1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

2诸葛长青改命运三把金钥匙诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

3Zhuge Changqing's Greeting Ritual (15 Steps Concise Version)

3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

9Shocking photo of feeding: Buddha, Bodhisattva and Dharma Protector come to the scene

9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

10施食仪轨回向：回向修改为简洁回向