Diamond Sutra: Great Wisdom Beyond Religion

amitabha. The Vajra Sutra is a classic of Buddhist wisdom, which contains infinite wisdom.

----Zhuge Changqing

amitabha.

Blessed life is limitless.

Confucius, the supreme teacher of Dacheng.

We are grateful to all Buddhas and Bodhisattvas, all good gods, and all sages for leaving untold wisdom and wealth to the world.

For example, the Buddhist Vajra Sutra, the Heart Sutra, the Tibetan Sutra, the Shurangama Sutra, and the Four Instructions to All Men, such as the Taoist Tao Te Ching, the Quiet Sutra, the Supreme Sensation, the Jade Calendar Treasure Notes, Yu Jingyi's Meeting with the Kitchen God, the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, and the Book of Changes, such as the Confucian Disciple Regulations, the Analects of Confucius, the University, the Mean, Mencius, the Book of Changes, and the Caigen Tan "Zhu Zi's Family Instructions" and so on are rare great wisdom classics.

Today, let's talk about the Vajra Sutra.

The Vajra Sutra, the full name of Vajra Prajna Paramita Sutra, is the great wisdom of Buddha Sakyamuni.

Zhuge Changqing believed that people should read the Diamond Sutra once in their life, no matter what. If there is an opportunity to hold the Diamond Sutra.

The Vajra Sutra is the Buddha Dharma that the Buddha Buddha Sakyamuni explained in response to the question of the "Subhuti" Elder.

In the Vajra Sutra, "all appearances are illusory. All appearances are illusory. All appearances are not appearances, that is to say, the Tathagata", "should have no place to live and live in its heart", "all active laws are like dreams and bubbles, like dew and electricity, and should be viewed as such", "should be as pure as the heart, should not live in color, should not live in fragrance, should not live in its heart, should have no place to live and live in its heart" "When life is like the heart, I should destroy all living beings. Destroy all living beings, but there is no one who actually destroys all living beings.", "Don't take it from the face, as if you don't move." and other classic famous sentences spread around the world, becoming the nectar of enlightened wisdom.

Vajra Sutra is an important classic of Mahayana Buddhism.

1、 The story of Kumarashi, the translator of the Diamond Sutra

The Diamond Sutra was translated by "Kumarashi" in the Yao and Qin dynasties.

Kumarashi is extremely intelligent and proficient in various languages.

（1） Introduction to Master Kumarashi.

Kumarashi, translated as "Tongshou". His father was an Indian and later moved to the country of Kucha. His mother was the princess of Kucha. His mother became a monk soon after he was born, and Rosh became a monk. When I was young, I went to Kashmira to study in northern India and heard of Sanzang. When he returned to Kucha, he passed through the country of Shache, met the Mahayana scholar Suleysumo, and then returned to Mahayana. Kumarashi was already a handsome and learned mage when he returned to Kucha.

In order to obtain this strange Buddhist genius, there was also a war.

Fu Jian, king of Fu Qin, sent Lv Guang to attack Kucha to welcome Kumarashi to China.

After breaking Kucha, Lv Guang escorted Kumarashi back home. On the way, he received the news of Fu Jian's defeat in Feishui. Lv Guang declared his independence, the name of Xiliang, in the western part of today's Gansu Province.

When Yao Qin rose, King Yao Xing believed in Buddhism and sent special soldiers to attack Xiliang to welcome Rosh to Chang'an.

At that time, outstanding Buddhist scholars gathered in Chang'an and received Mahayana Buddhism from Kumarashi.

Kumarashi translated and lectured at the same time. There are many Mahayana sutras translated by Kumarashi, such as Prajna, Fahua, Jingming, Amitabha and other sutras, as well as the wisdom, middle, hundred and twelve sects. They are reliable and can express ideas, and their writing is elegant and gentle. They are considered to be the most successful translations in the translation field. Therefore, the translation of Kumarashi has been respected and widely promoted by Chinese people for thousands of years. Zhuge Changqing's research found that Kumarashi was proficient in Chinese culture, so he used the wisdom of Chinese culture when translating the Diamond Sutra. Since the translated Diamond Sutra conforms to the cultural taste of Chinese people, Chinese people are very happy to read it.

（2） What is the historical stage of the Yao-Qin era of Master Kumarashi?

The current Vajra Sutra was translated by Yao Qin's "Kumarashi" in the Northern and Southern Dynasties.

So, what is the historical stage of the "Yao Qin" era?

Yao Qin is one of the "Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms" in the era of the "Three Kingdoms, Two Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties" and the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

So what does this "Three Kingdoms, Two Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties" mean?

What do the "five Hu sixteen countries" mean?

What does "Yao Qin" mean? Zhuge Changqing explains this historical data.

According to the historical evolution, it will be convenient and clear.

The Three Kingdoms - the "Wei, Shu and Wu" three kingdoms mentioned in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. The three kingdoms were later unified by the "State of Wei" of the Cao Cao family. The State of Wei was later replaced by Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi, who established the "State of Jin".

The two Jin Dynasty refers to the two stages of the Jin Dynasty (the Western Jin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty). In 265, the Cao family of the State of Wei was destroyed by Sima Yan, the grandson of Sima Yi. Sima Yan replaced the regime of Cao Wei and established it. The name of the state was Jin and the capital was Luoyang, which was different from the later Jin Dynasty in the Five Dynasties. It was also known as Sima Jin. A major feature of the Western Jin Dynasty is the migration of a large number of nomadic tribes. Since Liu Xiu, Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty, allowed the border people to move in, a large number of nomadic peoples have been moved in various ways. By the Western Jin Dynasty, the foreign nationalities in Guanzhong and Liangzhou had accounted for half of the local population. These foreigners themselves were taken as slaves by the aristocratic families. Due to the large number of immigrants, which is not far from the Jin people in the Guanzhong area, the separatist forces formed, laying the groundwork for the fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and the sixteen kingdoms of the Five Hues. After the Eight Kings Rebellion, the strength of the Western Jin Dynasty was greatly damaged. The internally displaced nationalities took the opportunity to raise their troops, resulting in the situation of simultaneous development of the five Hu, and a large number of people and aristocratic families began to cross south. In 316, the Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed by the "Qianzhao" established by Liu Yuan, a Hun, and the North entered the period of "Five Hus and Sixteen Kingdoms". In 317, Sima Rui took the throne of Jin in Jiankang, and changed the Yuan Dynasty to Jianwu. The Western Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains ended, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty began. Historically, the Western Jin and Eastern Jin Dynasty in the Jin Dynasty were called the "Two Jin".

The Southern and Northern Dynasties - "Southern and Northern Dynasties" refers to several dynasties that were formed after the formal demise of the Jin Dynasty and the confrontation between the northern and southern dynasties, including the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties in the south, and the sixteen kingdoms of the Five Hues, the Northern Wei, the Eastern Wei, the Western Wei, the Northern Qi, and the Northern Zhou dynasties in the north. Until the establishment of the Sui Dynasty and the unification of southern and northern China, the "Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties", which lasted nearly 400 years since the demise of the Eastern Han Dynasty, officially ended.

Liu Yuan, the Hun, established the Han regime (later renamed Zhao, the former Zhao in history). In 316 AD, Liu Yao, the son of Liu Yuan, captured Chang'an, captured the Jin Min Emperor, and the Western Jin Dynasty fell. Four emperors (52 years) passed. From then on, the North entered the so-called "Five Hu Sixteen Kingdoms" era. The sixteen kingdoms of the five Hu, from the reign of Liu Yuan in 304 AD, the northern nationalities have established their own kingdoms, until the Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by the Tuoba family of Xianbei in 386 AD, unified the north, a total of 135 years. During this period, a total of six nationalities established their own kingdoms, including Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Qiang and Jie; The ruling areas of these kingdoms are distributed in the north and Sichuan. In total, there are Chenghan (Badi Li's), Xia (Hun Helen's), Qianzhao (Hun Liu's), Houzhao (Jie Shi's), Qianqin (Di Fu's), Houqin (Qiang Yao's), Xiqin (Xianbei Qifu's), Qianyan (Xianbei Murong's), Houyan (Xianbei Murong's), Nanyan (Xianbei Murong's), Beiyan (Han Feng's) Sixteen countries, including Qianliang (Zhang's of the Han nationality), Houliang (Lu's of the Di nationality), Xiliang (Li's of the Han nationality), Nanliang (Tufa's of the Xianbei nationality), and Beiliang (Juqu's of the Hun nationality). However, the Wei of Ranmin, the Han nationality, the Xiyan of Murong, the Xianbei nationality, and the Dai State, the predecessor of the Northern Wei Dynasty, are not included. This is the era known as the "Five Hu Sixteen States" in history.

Fu Qin (also known as the pre-Qin Dynasty) - The reason why it is called "Fu Qin" is because the founder's surname is Fu Qin, which is a surname. At that time, Fu Hong (f ú), a Di people, created the "Pre Qin", or "Fu Qin". It was passed on to his grandson "Fu Jian". He insisted that the Empress and Emperor saw that his country was strong and strong, so he wanted to send troops to destroy Jin. At that time, both inside and outside the court said no, and Fu Jian refused. So he asked the eminent monk of Buddhism at that time, Master Dao'an. Duke An also advised him not to attack Jin, but insisted on attacking Jin. (Zhuge Changqing: While Fu Jian was preparing to attack Jin, Fu Jian heard that "Master Kumarashi" was in the country of Kucha. In order to obtain this rare and strange Buddhist genius, Fu Jian sent Lv Guang to attack Kucha to welcome Kumarashi to China). Fu Jian attacked the Jin army, and Xie An, the prime minister of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, fought against it. He sent Xie Shi and Xie Xuan to lead the army and won the battle in Feishui. After that, the Qin army was defeated and fled, leaving behind the idiom stories of "jittery" and "desperate". In the distance, Lv Guang successfully conquered the Kucha State, got Master Kumarashi, returned home, and got the news of Fu Jian's defeat in Feishui on the way. Lv Guang declared his independence and established his country in the western part of Gansu Province today, under the name of Xiliang (one of the sixteen states of the five Hu, also known as Houliang).

Yao Qin (also known as the Later Qin Dynasty) - The reason why it is called "Yao Qin" is because the founder's surname is Yao Qin, which is taken as his surname. How did Yao Qin get here? It was born in the pre-Qin Dynasty. So who is the man who founded the country? Let's start with Fu Jian of the former Qin Dynasty. When Fu Jian of Fu Qin set out to attack Jin, he appointed Yao Chang as General Xiang Long. After the defeat of the former Qin Dynasty in the north, Murong Hong (Xianbei nationality) of the Western Yan State saw that the Qin State was weak and had an opportunity to take advantage of it, so he rose up and betrayed Fu Jian. Jian sent his son Fu Rui to fight against Murong Hong for the general, and sent General Yao Chang of Longxiang to serve as Sima (equivalent to the secretary of the political commissar, also participating in the military plan). Fu Rui was brave and decisive, but despised the enemy very much, and did not cherish the soldiers, which led to the confusion of military morale. He was defeated by Murong Hong, and Fu Rui also died in the battle. When Fu Jian heard that his son died in the battle, Long Yan was furious. After hearing that the emperor was furious, Yao Chang was afraid of being killed, so he didn't dare to lead the defeated soldiers back to the imperial court to report, so he also betrayed the imperial court and became king himself. Yao Chang is the emperor, and his country name is "Daqin". History calls the "post Qin" or "Yao Qin", while the Qin State ruled by Fu Jian is also called "pre Qin" or "Fu Qin". The origin of this "Yao Qin".

In the seventh year of Yao Qin's founding (393), Yao Chang died, and his son "Yao Xing" succeeded. Yao Xing believed in Buddhism, and sent soldiers to attack Xiliang to welcome Master Kumarashi to Chang'an. This is the history of Yao Qin.

Master Kumarashi translated a lot of Buddhist scriptures after he was older than Yao Qin. This Vajra Sutra was translated in Chang'an, the capital of Yao Qin. In order to record this history, the scripture was written at the beginning, "Translated by Kumarashi, the master of Yao and Qin Sanzang".

2、 Outline of the Vajra Sutra

There is no word "empty" in the full text of the Vajra Sutra, but the whole discussion is about the wisdom of empty.

It is generally believed that the first half is empty, and the second half is empty.

The scripture begins with the question from the Elder Subhuti, who is known as "the first of the ten disciples of the Buddha":

"If there is a good man and a good woman who aspire to achieve the perfect wisdom of the supreme right, how should they develop their minds? How can they subdue their delusions in the process of practice?"

The full text of the Vajra Sutra is that the Buddha Buddha Sakyamuni speaks according to the questions of the Elder Subhuti.

In the Vajra Sutra, "all appearances are illusory. All appearances are illusory. All appearances are not appearances, that is to say, the Tathagata", "should have no place to live and live in its heart", "all active laws are like dreams and bubbles, like dew and electricity, and should be viewed as such", "should be as pure as the heart, should not live in color, should not live in fragrance, should not live in its heart, should have no place to live and live in its heart" "When life is like the heart, I should destroy all living beings. Destroy all living beings, but there is no one who actually destroys all living beings.", "Don't take it from the face, as if you don't move." and other classic famous sentences spread around the world, becoming the nectar of enlightened wisdom.

Zhuge Changqing believes that believing in and accepting the Diamond Sutra can quickly achieve a leap in wisdom.

3、 Grand occasion of the dissemination of the Diamond Sutra

Vajra Sutra is a Buddhist sutra that is very popular in Chinese Buddhist circles. Such as Sanlun, Tiantai, Xianshou, and Yishi, all have commentaries. In particular, Zen Buddhism, which was in its heyday in the Tang and Song dynasties, has a deep affinity with this sutra.

Huineng, the sixth ancestor of the "Yellow Plum" ceremony, was enlightened by listening to the scripture "You should have no place to live and have your heart".

Zhuge Changqing notes: "Huangmei" originates from the legend of the founder of Zen. The fourth and fifth ancestors of Zen Buddhism, Daoxin and Hongren, practiced and passed down their traditions in Huangmei. Several ancestors have been active in Huangmei for a long time. Their stories have been widely circulated here, forming the "legend of the founder of Huangmei Zen"

The legend of the founder of Huangmei Zen is widely spread among the people, and most of these stories originated in the Sui and Tang dynasties.

Since the Tang Dynasty, Huangmei has been the holy land of Zen, with two major ancestral halls of Zen, namely the "Fourth Ancestor Zhengjue Temple" and the "Fifth Ancestor Temple". The two temples stand side by side and are the best in the world. There is a saying in the history that "Qi Huang Zen Forest is the best in the world, and Buddhist events ask Huang Mei".

The lofty position of the fourth and fifth ancestors of Zen in Buddhism and their legendary careers in their respective lives have produced a series of legends about their birth, growth, becoming a monk, practicing and preaching Dharma for thousands of years. These legends originated from Huangmei and spread far and wide all over the world. Both Japanese and Korean classical anthologies are selected, which are "legends" with world influence. Similar legends have been cited in authoritative historical books and literary masterpieces such as "The Record of Tang Wude's Passing Lights", "The Biography of Continuing Eminent Monks", "A Dream of Red Mansions", which shows that folk literature has a great influence on writers' literature; A large number of legends about the founder of Huangmei Zen Buddhism are included in the selected articles such as "Chinese Zen Temple" and "Chinese Buddhist Talk"; More than 100 legends, such as "The Immortals Test the Fourth Ancestor's Taoism", "Emperor Taizong Gives Purple Clothes", "The Fifth Ancestor Becomes a monk", "The Fifth Ancestor Ren Xian", "The Sixth Ancestor Huineng", have been handed down among the people by word of mouth.

In the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Buddhist Zen Buddhism was passed on to the fifth ancestor, Master Hongren, and the sixth ancestor, Master Huineng.

Before Master Huineng, the sixth ancestor, Zen Buddhism used "Lenga India".

What is "Lenga India"? Zhuge Changqing found that the founder of the Chinese Zen Buddhism Dharma came to the west and ordered the initiation of mind with the "Lenga". To the sixth ancestor, Master Huineng advocated the Vajra Sutra, which has been widely circulated since then). The full name of the Lenga Sutra is the Lenga Abadora Treasure Sutra, also known as "Entering the Lenga Sutra" and "Mahayana Entering the Lenga Sutra". The translated names are from the Qunabatara in the 20th year of Yuanjia (443) of the Southern Song Dynasty, Bodhi Liuzhi in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and Shicha Nanda, a monk in Khotan (now Hetian, Xinjiang) in the Tang Dynasty. They are translated into four volumes, ten volumes and seven volumes. As the earliest version of the Sutra is closer to the original meaning of the Sutra, the translation of the Sutra is widely spread and influential. We also use the four-volume version as our working base. Punctuation and segmentation are carried out according to the characteristics of the dialogue between Buddha and monk, the intersection of prose and poetry.

The importance of the Lengja Sutra is known to all as the supreme treasure of Buddha Dharma, the first ancestor of the Sinian Zen sect, who passed the light and initiated the mind. Therefore, it is one of the most important bases for Zen practitioners to practice the Tathagata Zen and have a clear mind. In addition, the Buddha detailed the five dharmas, the three self-natures, the eight senses, and the two kinds of non-self in this sutra, and these dharmas are also the main objects of study of the Dharma School and the Epistemology, especially the three self-natures (according to the nature of others, the persistence of all counts, and the realization of reality), as well as the body, appearance, and use of the eight senses (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, body, mind, mona, and alaya), which is the essence of Epistemology; Even the five dharmas (appearance, name, delusion, wisdom, and ruru) and the two kinds of non-self (man without self and law without self) are also the main contents of Xiangzong's research. This sutra was handed down to the second ancestor by Dharma master Huike after passing on the Dharma to the second ancestor. The first ancestor said, "I have four volumes of the Lenga Sutra, and I also use it to pay you, that is, it is the Buddha's heart,

When a monk lived in Maopeng, he wrote a very good pair of words: "The sky is full of smiles, and three white rooms are full of fists.".

Like Maitreya Bodhisattva, laughing is a grin that we like to make. The monk with a big belly has realized that everything is empty and likes everything. Three white rooms are three empty white rooms, where I am in the open air. Words like this describe a realm, but they are not enough to represent the realm of enlightenment. Our life has a state at any time. When we are suffering, we think of those suffering. When the pain has not yet come, the threat of suffering appears in our mind at any time. This is the state of distress. When you are happy, the more you think, the more satisfied you are. In particular, older people do not like to think about the future, because the road ahead is too far, and they have no strength to go. They specifically look back on things in their youth. Sometimes I sit there and think of it. I also shake my head and smile to savor that state. These belong to the realm, so the realm can be understood, not spoken.

In addition, a person's cultivation, or reading, has different levels step by step. Like a person who studies art, today he has a new inspiration, or draw a picture. He has a special experience, that is, his realm. A cement worker, today, suddenly went down with a brick and wiped it with cement, which was very flat. He felt very comfortable. It turned out that this is the best way to build it. This is his state when he was a cement worker. Therefore, the realm includes all the realms. If a monk has one point of achievement, the realm will be one point different. If he has two points of achievement, the realm will be two points different. In other words, when people reach a certain level, their life will be open to a certain level.

As for those of us who do not practice Taoism, what is our state? There is also a realm, which is all the distressed realm of all living beings. As the ancients said in the poem: 'Thirty six thousand days in a hundred years, if you are not worried, you will be ill'.

This is the realm of ordinary life. It is either worry or illness, or aging, dizziness, and gray hair. This is the realm of life distress. Therefore, the ancients said, 'Learning Buddhism is a matter of great husbands, not what emperors and generals can do.' Because his realm, style and mind are different. Where does this different realm come from? Prajna comes from reality, which is generated from the Tao and comes naturally. Therefore, there is no limit to the development of wisdom for people who really understand the Tao. The name of Buddhism is "wisdom without teachers", also known as "natural wisdom". The warehouse of your own wisdom has been opened. It is not the teacher who taught you. It is your own inherent wisdom that has erupted. Everything is known in the sky and the world. This is the state of Prajna.

3. The words are prajna. We know that words themselves have wisdom, and words are words; Because if we record our words, they become words. The Chinese people's speech thought signs are called Chinese, the English people's speech thought signs are English, and other French, German, and Russian are all signs representing their thoughts and speech. Words have their own realm. We all read books and recognize words, but few people become real writers; Because beautiful sentences cannot come out, there is no prajna in words. Some people come out of words, and when they say something, it is an article. Every sentence is beautiful and beautiful, because he has the realm of literature and the prajna of words.

Why is the Diamond Sutra so popular in China? It is caused by the Prajna in Kumarashi's words. He translated many classics, including the Vajra Sutra and the French Chinese Sutra, which greatly influenced Chinese culture. In particular, its style of writing has formed a special, beautiful and touching Buddhist literature in the history of Chinese literature. In addition, there are also the characters of the Vima Sutra, which are also very special, which is a new style of artistic conception.

So the same way of reading and learning characters is not necessarily to become a writer. In the same way, some people can only become practitioners, but not Buddhas. This is absolutely related to prajna. Zhao Yi, a historian of the Qing Dynasty, is also a great poet and writer. In his later years, he wrote three famous poems, one of which said:

When I was young, learning language was full of hardships, but my kung fu was not complete.

When you come to Laos, you know that you can't take it by force.

He said that when he was young, he learned to speak and did not speak completely. He thought that he had not learned kungfu. Only when I am old can I know that it is useless to learn to death, because only three points of effort, seven points of genius. However, this means that for ordinary people, as far as I know and see, there are several great monks who have not read books, have not attended school for a day, and do not know a word. It is unimaginable that they are good at poetry, literature and everything after they understand the Tao.

Eighty years ago, my teacher met a monk who was originally a shaver and took a burden to walk around the country. In the Manchu Dynasty, children who shaved their heads were not allowed to take exams, and the restrictions were extremely strict. But the shaved Zen master realized that he knew everything. He also has a temple, which was given to him by the Dharma Protector when the abbot passed away. Some people call him Yang Monk, others call him Yang Shatou. The average scholar goes to test him: I have forgotten a sentence from Monk Yang. Do you think it is in that book? He said: This is the book on which page! When my teacher was young, he was very naughty. He deliberately asked him a sentence from the Dream of Red Mansions, and he could answer it well. That was very strange. There was a very rich man who smoked opium and could not give up if he wanted to. Later, he had to beg the monk Yang. Master Yang, come and shave my head. When he shaved his head, he was addicted to opium and had a running nose and tears. It was very painful. The Yang shaved his head and patted him on the back and said, 'Take off!' Even if he is relieved, his head will be shaved. Since then, this man has never smoked opium.

These are words of Prajna, which naturally occur after enlightenment, not by our wisdom. Wisdom is thought out, but it is useless to think out. The person who has learned the Tao also has a very high memory. Not only can he remember things when he is young, but he also knows what he has read in his previous life. After hearing this, you may feel very strange. It is true.

So Su Dongpo said in a poem, 'It's too late to read books in this life'. Read early if you want to read. The book of this life is for the next life. At the time of enlightenment, all the books read by thousands of people in the past will be moved out, just because Prajna wisdom has come out. People with good knowledge have a strong memory and can read at a glance; People who can't read, one word at a time. When someone reads a book, he or she looks at it, and the page is gone. He or she can read ten lines at a glance and keep a diary of thousands of words. Of course, it needs to be calm and wise. This is Prajna.

4. Convenient Prajna. A man of learning and morality, if he wants to enlighten others, naturally he has his own way without a teacher; Being a man and doing things, naturally has his high level of art. For example, when reading Buddhist scriptures, he can use a special method to understand the difficult things immediately. The hardest things to express are expressed in a way that others can understand as soon as they listen to it. This is convenient prajna.

We have all seen a thousand hands and a thousand eyes of Avalokitesvara, a thousand hands, each with one eye and three eyes on its head. What does this bodhisattva represent? A man has a thousand hands and a thousand eyes. Do you think there are many ways for him? Of course there are many. So to truly be merciful, we need to have as many convenient methods as a thousand hands and thousands of eyes. Like a person who knows magic, he can change a magic trick by grasping a thing. This is convenient prajna.

5. The family is Prajna. The family prajna comes from the wisdom of enlightenment. The Buddhist name is to perform vows. In our current view, it belongs to behavior. That is to say, if nature initiates moral behavior, a person will naturally become the best person.

Generally, the so-called family members are relatives, friends, family members and other relatives.

So what is Prajna's family?

We all know that the six dimensions of Buddhism are "giving, keeping precepts, enduring humiliation, improving, meditating, and prajna". A man of practice, how to give, how to keep precepts, how to endure humiliation, how to achieve the practice of meditation, and then he can fully understand and become a Buddha. So in front of Prajna, there are five related relatives, namely, five vows, which are called relatives Prajna. In this regard, I will not make a detailed report for the time being, because the content of the Diamond Sutra itself refers to these five things.

Now we already know that Prajna contains so much content that there is no proper word to translate, so we can only translate sound. The content of Prajna contains the wish to realize the Tao. In other words, the wish to practice the Tao itself has so much content.

（2） The basic meaning of the Diamond Sutra is invincible. Zhuge Changqing believes that the basic meaning of the Vajra Sutra can be seen as: use the heart of Vajra to destroy karma, destroy greed, hatred, ignorance, suspicion, murder, theft, lust, wine, wealth, fame, food and sleep, and let yourself improve and leap directly into the realm of supreme justice and other positive consciousness.

Now we have the Vajra Prajnaparami Sutra in our hands. Why did we add the word Vajra to the Prajna? Vajra, the strongest of all metals, can break all laws like diamond. It can also be said that it can build all Dharma and is impregnable, so it is called Varja Prajnaparami. There are five or six different translations of the Diamond Sutra, and we are accustomed to the translation of Kumarashi. In some translations, the word "can break" is added to it, which means that it can break all the pains and troubles in the world and become a saint and a Buddha. Therefore, it is called 'breaking off the Vajra Prajnaparami'. Perhaps Kumarashi believes that the spirit of judgment is already included in the scripture, so the scripture name does not need to be added.

The so-called "Bolomi" is generally translated to the other side. Some end up with a multi-word and become Prajna Paramita 'Duo' (Zhuge Changqing notes: for example, the Heart Sutra, whose full name is Prajna Paramita Heart Sutra). The word "Duo" is the ending sound. Now the sound is Maha Prajnaparamita, and the ancient Sanskrit sound is Maha Prajnaparamita‘ "Duo" is the sound of "Da". The 260 word Maha Prajnaparami Heart Sutra, which we are all accustomed to read, is often called 'Multi Heart Sutra' because in Journey to the West, these two words are cut off from the above and become Multi Heart Sutra.

Now we are talking about this sutra. If we explain the name of the sutra according to its meaning, it is the sutra that can break all the laws, break all the troubles, achieve the great wisdom of Prajna of Buddhism, and get rid of the bitter sea and climb to the other shore to achieve. If we follow the method of lecturing in the old-style temple, the topic of this sutra can be talked about for two hours a day, and it can't be finished for a month. In fact, which method of lecturing scriptures is very good, and the explanation is very detailed. It starts with literal education. What is scripture? This scripture can be spoken for a week. What is King Kong? We can talk about it for another week, so after a month or so, where is the edge of the Diamond Sutra? It is called boundless.

（3） Kumarashi and Wu Zetian, the translators of the Diamond Sutra

Now speaking of the translator, Yao Qin Sanzang mage Kumarashi. His father was a prime minister in India and became a monk. His mother was a princess. He forced the prime minister to return to the secular world and marry her. Later, he gave birth to this son. Later, the princess wanted to become a monk herself, but the prime minister's husband didn't agree. I would like to become a monk. You forced me to marry as a monk, but now you want to become a monk. So this story can really be written into a novel.

When Kumarash was eleven or two years old, he could already say that he understood the Tao. He arrived in Chinese Mainland in his thirties. At that time, it was the Southern and Northern Dynasties. In order to invite this scholar to come, three countries were wiped out. This was a shocking event in the history of ancient and modern times, both at home and abroad. It is interesting to study the history at that time. Kumarashi is such a great mage and such a learned man. All countries are fighting for him, and all economic and political issues will be left behind. Because of the competition for Kumarashi, one country destroyed another country, and the third country destroyed the second country. This story is a long story, which can be told for a week or two. Now briefly, I will report to you so far.

We don't want to introduce the vows in front of the Vajra Sutra. Because there are many female Taoists sitting here, we need to introduce the Sutra Sutra to female Taoists in particular.

The most profound and subtle method, millions of disasters

I have seen, heard, and accepted today. I wish to understand the true meaning of the Tathagata

This was written by Empress Wu Zetian.

Wu Zetian herself also studied the Vajra Sutra. Some people said that she also wrote the Yunhe Sanskrit:

How can the cloud live long

What is the reason for this

How can the cloud reach the other shore

May the Buddha open slightly and widely to all living beings

In Buddhist literature, this is a great work. Writing such a big article can't be frivolous or humorous. It needs to be rigorous.

"How can the cloud live a long life? Vajra does not harm the body." How can we get a clean, long life and immortality? Everyone wants to live long. How can we really live long? To what extent? Here is a question. In other words, the classic itself tells us how to get the eternal essence of life.

"What is the reason for this? We will get the great firmness." The great firmness is also what we hope to get; But what method and cause should we use to gain solid strength? Everything in the world is unstable and unstable. Life expectancy is also not solid. At most, it will be 100 years or 200 years before we leave. Families, parents, children, and couples are not solid and will eventually be scattered. There is often a saying in the Buddhist scriptures: A party must dissipate. When the cause of gathering is over, everything should be scattered. When you get rich, the money comes. There will be a day when you don't get rich and the money will dissipate. If you get the right, you will lose it one day. There will always be a day when houses are built. Is there anything in the world that is firm and unbreakable? Is there such a strong force? You have to find it.

"How can the cloud reach the other shore?" After we study the Diamond Sutra, how can we understand the method, how can we get out of the sea of suffering in the three realms and reach the blissful world of Changle and Wujing; I hope that Buddha can open the most subtle secret of these problems and tell us all.

（4） Who divided the Vajra Sutra into 32 chapters?

Now we see the Vajra Sutra, which is only divided into 32 chapters. When the Vajra Sutra was originally translated, there were no chapters and articles at all.

The original Buddhist sutra is a continuous article without paragraphs. It is written in chapters and sections by later generations.

The Vajra Sutra is divided into 32 chapters, which were edited by Emperor Wu of the Liang Dynasty. Who is the editor? It is the Prince Zhaoming of Emperor Liang Wu.

Zhuge Changqing believes that we should thank Prince Zhaoming and other great virtues for their selfless dedication to Buddhist culture. With their selfless dedication, there is today's convenient method.

When we study Chinese literature, there is a book that must be read, that is, 'Selected Works of Zhaoming', which is also a required book for the Department of Chinese Literature, which is a variety of famous articles edited by Prince Liang Zhaoming.

The classification, classification and title of the thirty-two items of the Vajra Sutra are the masterpieces of Prince Zhaoming. It is really well marked, and the key points in each section are explained by the title.

For example, the first chapter, "The Cause of Dharma Meeting", is about why Buddha talks about Vajra Sutra. For example, today we are talking about this sutra. There is also a reason, because Mr. Xiao and Mr. Cui, five or six of them, initiated it. I am entrusted to tell it. This is also the reason for our Dharma meeting this time.

The Vajra Sutra is very powerful. Let me tell you a secret. I'm reading

金刚经：超越宗教的大智慧
阿弥陀佛。《金刚经》是佛家智慧经典，包含了无量智慧。

---- 诸葛长青

   阿弥陀佛。

   福生无量天尊。

   大成至圣先师孔子。

   我们感恩诸佛菩萨、诸位善神、诸位圣贤给人间留下无量智慧财富。

   譬如佛教的《金刚经》、《心经》、《地藏经》、《楞严经》、《了凡四训》等，譬如道家的《道德经》、《清静经》、《太上感应篇》、《玉历宝钞》、《俞净意公遇灶神记》、《黄帝内经》、《周易》等，譬如儒家的《弟子规》、《论语》、《大学》《中庸》、《孟子》、《易经》、《菜根谭》、《朱子家训》等等都是难得一见的大智慧经典。

   今天，我们说说《金刚经》。

   《金刚经》，全名《金刚般若波罗蜜经》，是世尊释迦牟尼佛讲述的大智慧。

   诸葛长青认为，人的一生中，不论如何，都要读一遍金刚经。如有机缘当奉持金刚经。

   《金刚经》是世尊释迦牟尼佛应“须菩提”长老提问而讲解的佛法。

   《金刚经》中的“凡所有相，皆是虚妄。凡见诸相非相、即见如来”、“应无所住而生其心”、“一切有为法，如梦幻泡影，如露亦如电，应作如是观”、“应如是生清净心，不应住色生心，不应住声香味触法生心，应无所住而生其心”、“当生如是心，我应灭度一切众生。灭度一切众生已，而无有一众生实灭度者”、“不取于相，如如不动。”等经典名句流传世界，成为开悟智慧的甘露。

  《金刚经》是大乘佛教的重要经典。

   一、《金刚经》译者鸠摩罗什的故事
   金刚经是姚秦时代“鸠摩罗什”翻译的。

   鸠摩罗什智慧超群，精通各国语言，累劫曾为“七佛译经师”。

   (一)鸠摩罗什大师简介。

   鸠摩罗什，译为“童寿”。父亲是印度人，后来移居龟兹国，母亲是龟兹国公主。母亲生他不久便出家，罗什也就出家。幼年到北印度迦湿弥罗修学声闻三藏。回龟兹时经过莎车国，遇到大乘学者须利耶苏摩，转而归向大乘，鸠摩罗什回龟兹时已经是英俊饱学的法师。

   为了得到这位奇特的佛学天才，还发生了一场战争。

   苻秦王苻坚派吕光攻打龟兹，迎接鸠摩罗什来华。

   吕光攻破龟玆后护送鸠摩罗什回国，在半路上得到苻坚淝水战败的消息，吕光即宣告独立，国号西凉，在今甘肃西部。

   等到姚秦兴起，国王姚兴信奉佛法，特派大兵攻西凉，迎罗什到长安。

   当时的佛教优秀学者都集中到长安，从鸠摩罗什禀受大乘佛法。

   鸠摩罗什便一面翻译一面讲学。鸠摩罗什所翻译的大乘经论很多，如般若、法华、净名、弥陀等经，智度、中、百、十二门等论，信实而能达意，文笔又优美雅驯，在翻译界被认为是第一流最成功的译品。所以，鸠摩罗什的译典，千百年来受到国人的推崇，得到普遍的弘扬。诸葛长青研究发现，鸠摩罗什精通中国文化，所以翻译《金刚经》的时候，运用了中华文化智慧，由于翻译出来的金刚经符合中国人的文化口味，所以中国人很是欢喜读诵。

   （二）鸠摩罗什大师所在的姚秦时代，是什么历史阶段？

   现在流传的《金刚经》由南北朝时代姚秦“鸠摩罗什”翻译。
   那么，这个“姚秦”年代是什么历史阶段呢？

   姚秦，属于“三国两晋南北朝”南北朝时代的“五胡十六国”之一。

   那么这个“三国两晋南北朝”是什么意思？

   “五胡十六国”是指哪些？

   “姚秦”是什么意思？诸葛长青把这段历史资料解释一下。

    我们按照历史沿革来讲，就会方便清楚。

   三国----就是《三国演义》说的“魏、蜀、吴”三国。三国后来被曹操家族的“魏国”统一。魏国后来被司马懿孙子司马炎建立了“晋国”取代。

   两晋----是指晋朝的两个阶段（西晋、东晋）。265年，魏国曹氏家族，被司马懿孙子司马炎消灭，司马炎取代曹魏政权而建立，国号晋，定都洛阳，区别于五代时的后晋，史称“西晋”，又称为司马晋。西晋一大特色是大量游牧部落内迁。自东汉光武帝刘秀允许边民内迁以来，大量游牧民族因各种方式被迁入，到西晋时关中和凉州一带的外族已占当地人口一半。这些外族本身都是被世家大族收作奴婢。由于迁入人口数目相当多，与关中一带晋人相差不远，形成割据势力，为西晋亡国和五胡十六国埋下伏笔。八王之乱后西晋元气大伤，内迁的诸民族乘机举兵，造成五胡并举的局面，大量百姓与世族开始南渡。316年，西晋被匈奴人刘渊建立的“前赵”所灭，北方从此进入”五胡十六国“时期。317年，司马睿在建康即晋帝位，改元建武，中原的西晋王朝宣告结束，东晋就此开始。历史上，把晋朝的西晋、东晋称为“两晋”。

   南北朝----“南北朝”则指晋朝正式灭亡后，南北对峙形成的几个朝代，南方包括宋、齐、梁、陈四朝，北方则有五胡十六国、北魏、东魏、西魏、北齐、北周，直到隋朝建立，统一中国南北方后，自东汉灭亡后，长达近四百年的“魏晋南北朝”才算正式结束。
   五胡十六国----匈奴人刘渊建立汉政权（后改国号曰赵，史称前赵），公元316年，刘渊族子刘曜攻占长安，俘晋愍帝，西晋亡国，共历四帝（52年），北方从此进入所谓的“五胡十六国”时代。五胡十六国，自公元304年刘渊称王起，北方各民族纷纷建立起各霸一方的王国，直到公元386年被鲜卑拓跋氏所建立的北魏统一北方为止，共历135年。在此期间，共有六个民族各自建立王国，包括匈奴、鲜卑、氐、羌、羯；这些王国的统治区域分布在北方和四川一带，共计有成汉（巴氐人李氏）、夏（匈奴赫连氏）、前赵（匈奴刘氏）、后赵（羯族石氏）、前秦（氐族苻氏）、后秦（羌族姚氏）、西秦（鲜卑族乞伏氏）、前燕（鲜卑族慕容氏）、后燕（鲜卑族慕容氏）、南燕（鲜卑族慕容氏）、北燕（汉族冯氏）、前凉（汉族张氏）、后凉（氐族吕氏）、西凉（汉族李氏）、南凉（鲜卑族秃发氏）、北凉（匈奴族沮渠氏）等十六国。但另外还有汉人冉闵的魏、鲜卑族慕容氏的西燕、及北魏前身的代国等不被计算在内，此即史称的“五胡十六国”时代。
   苻秦（也称为前秦）----之所以叫“苻秦”，是因为创立者姓苻秦，属于以姓氏代称。那个时代，有氐（di）族人苻洪（fú）创建“前秦”，或称“苻秦”。经过三传至其孙“苻坚”。坚称帝后，见本国兵强马壮，于是欲出兵灭晋。时朝廷内外，皆言不可，苻坚不纳。遂请教当时佛教之高僧——道安大师，安公亦劝谏其不可攻晋，坚仍不从，执意攻晋。（诸葛长青：在苻坚准备攻打晋的同时，苻坚听说了“鸠摩罗什大师”在龟兹国。为了得到这位罕见奇特的佛学天才，苻坚派吕光攻打龟兹，迎接鸠摩罗什来华）。苻坚攻打晋军，东晋宰相谢安力主抗击，派谢石谢玄率军，在淝水之战大获全胜。使后秦军锐气大败，败逃途中，留下了“风声鹤唳”、“草木皆兵”的成语故事。而远方的吕光成功攻破龟玆国，得到了鸠摩罗什大师，班师回国，在半路上得到苻坚淝水战败的消息，吕光即宣告独立，在今甘肃西部建国，国号西凉（五胡十六国之一，也叫后凉）。

   姚秦（也称为后秦）----  之所以叫“姚秦”，是因为创立者姓姚秦，属于以姓氏代称。这个姚秦如何来的呢？诞生于前秦。那么这个建国的人是谁呢？要从前秦的苻坚说起。在苻秦的符坚出兵攻晋之时，曾任命姚苌（chang）为龙骧（xiang）将军。前秦兵败北后，西燕国慕容泓（鲜卑族）见秦国兵残国弱，有机可乘，于是起兵背叛符坚。坚遣其儿子苻睿为大将军讨伐慕容泓，并派龙骧将军姚苌为司马（相当于政委书记，亦参预军事计划）。苻睿勇敢果断但很轻敌，且不爱惜士兵，导致军心混乱，被慕容泓战败，苻睿亦战死沙场。苻坚听说儿子战死沙场后，龙颜大怒。而姚苌耳闻皇帝大怒后，担心被杀，遂不敢率残兵败将回朝廷复命，于是亦背叛朝廷，自立称王。姚苌即帝位，国号“大秦”。史称“后秦”或“姚秦”，而将符坚所统治之秦国称为“前秦”或“符秦”也。此“姚秦”之由来也。
    到了姚秦建初七年（393年），姚苌去世，他的儿子“姚兴”继位，姚兴信奉佛法，特派大兵攻西凉，迎鸠摩罗什大师到长安。这就是姚秦的历史。

    鸠摩罗什大师大了姚秦之后，翻译很多佛经，这部金刚经，就是在姚秦首都长安翻译的。为了记录这个历史，经书一开始就写上了“姚秦三藏法师鸠摩罗什译”。

    二、《金刚经》纲要
   《金刚经》全文没有出现一个“空”字，但是通篇讨论的是空的智慧。

   一般认为前半部说众生空，后半部说法空。

   经文开始由号称佛陀十大弟子中“解空第一”的须菩提长老发问：

   “若有善男子、善女子立志求取无上正等正觉的圆满智慧，应该如何发心？在修行实践过程中如何降伏妄心妄念？”

   《金刚经》全文，就是世尊释迦牟尼佛根据须菩提长老的提问而讲法。

    《金刚经》中的“凡所有相，皆是虚妄。凡见诸相非相、即见如来”、“应无所住而生其心”、“一切有为法，如梦幻泡影，如露亦如电，应作如是观”、“应如是生清净心，不应住色生心，不应住声香味触法生心，应无所住而生其心”、“当生如是心，我应灭度一切众生。灭度一切众生已，而无有一众生实灭度者”、“不取于相，如如不动。”等经典名句流传世界，成为开悟智慧的甘露。

   诸葛长青认为，信奉受持《金刚经》，可以迅速实现智慧飞跃。
   三、《金刚经》传播盛况
   金刚经，在中国佛教界流行极为广泛的一本佛经。如三论、天台、贤首、唯识各宗，都有注疏。尤以唐宋来盛极一时的禅宗，与本经结有深厚的因缘。

   参礼“黄梅”的六祖慧能，就是听了本经“应无所住而生其心”而开悟。

   诸葛长青备注：“黄梅”，起源于禅宗祖师传说。禅宗四祖道信、五祖弘忍在黄梅修行并传承衣钵，几位祖师曾长期活跃在黄梅地区，有关他们的故事在这里广为流传，形成“黄梅禅宗祖师传说”
   黄梅禅宗祖师传说在民间流传极广，这些故事大多产生于隋唐。

   自唐代以来，黄梅就是禅宗圣地，有“四祖正觉禅寺”和“五祖禅寺”两大禅宗祖庭。二寺并立，天下翘楚，史有“蕲黄禅林甲天下，佛教大事问黄梅”之说。

   禅宗四祖、五祖在佛教的崇高地位，和他们各自人生的传奇生涯，千百年来，产生了关于他们的出生、成长、出家、修持、传法等一系列传说。这些传说，产生于黄梅，流传远播世界各地。日本、韩国的古典文选中均有选载，是具有世界影响的“传说”。在《唐·武德传灯录》、《续高僧传》、《红楼梦》等权威史籍和文学名著中都引用了有关类似的传说，可见民间文学对作家文学有着巨大影响；《中国禅寺》、《中国佛话》等文选中均收录有大量的黄梅禅宗祖师传说故事；《神仙试四祖道信》、《唐太宗赐紫衣》、《五祖出家》、《五祖任贤》、《六祖慧能》等百余个传说故事，以口耳相传的方式，在民间流传至今。

   在南北朝的时候，佛教禅宗传到了第五祖弘忍大师，弘忍大师传给了六祖慧能大师。

   六祖慧能大师以前，禅宗以“楞伽印心”。

   何为“楞伽印心”？诸葛长青研究发现，中国禅宗达摩祖师西来，吩咐以《楞伽》印心。至六祖，慧能大师提倡《金刚经》，从此《金刚经》广泛流传）。《楞伽经》全称《楞伽阿跋多罗宝经》，亦称《入楞伽经》、《大乘入楞伽经》。其译名分别出自南朝宋元嘉二十年(443年)的求那跋陀罗、北魏的菩提流支、唐代于阗（今新疆和田）僧人实叉难陀。各译为四卷本、十卷本、七卷本。由于求那跋陀罗的译本最早，更接近本经的原始义，因此流传广、影响大。我们也以四卷本为工作底本。针对佛僧对话，散文与诗句相互交叉的特点来进行标点和分段。
   《楞伽经》的重要性，大家都知道是震旦禅宗初祖达摩祖师传灯印心的无上宝典，因此是历来禅者修习如来禅、明心见性最主要的依据之一。除此之外，佛于本经中详示五法、三自性、八识、二种无我，而这些法门，也都是法相宗、唯识学主要研习的对象，尤其是三自性（依他起性、遍计所执性、圆成实性）、以及八识（眼、耳、鼻、舌、身、意、末那、阿赖耶）的体、相、用，更是唯识学的本色当行；甚至五法（相、名、妄想、正智、如如），以及二种无我（人无我及法无我）亦是相宗参究的主要内容之一。本经是达摩祖师在传法给二祖慧可大师后，亲传予二祖大师的，初祖说：“吾有《楞伽经》四卷，亦用付汝，即是如来心地要门，令诸众生开示悟入。”（见《景德传灯录》）又道：“吾观汉地惟有此经，仁者依行，自得度世。”（见道宣律师《续高僧传》因为四卷楞伽是达摩祖师所传，用以印心的，所以后世虽见有二种译本，但大都只是当作参考用，而且一般谈到《楞伽经》时，也多是指最初宋译的《四卷楞伽》而言。从达摩祖师以后，正法眼藏的传承，即以《楞伽经》为印心之据；后来，正如达摩祖师所预言者，一百多年后，到了四祖道信大师以后，楞伽之学渐渐转为只是名相之学，因此五祖弘忍大师才开始以《金刚经》为禅宗印心之经典。如六祖闻客诵《金刚经》而有所悟时，问客从哪里来，客答说：“我从蕲州黄梅县东禅寺来，其寺是五祖忍大师在彼主化……大师常劝僧俗，但持《金刚经》，即自见性，直了成佛。”因此《金刚经》开始盛行于世，而《楞伽经》即从隋末、初唐开始，便渐渐失传了（请参见宋·蒋之奇楞伽经序）。一直到了北宋仁宗时，有一朝庭大臣，官位太子太保，名张安道（乐全）先生，于仁宗庆历，为滁州牧时，才偶然之间，又发掘出《楞伽经》，自读之后，如见故物，大有所悟，如苏东坡的序中说：张公“至一僧舍，偶见此经，入手恍然，如获旧物，开卷未终，夙障冰解，细视笔墨，手迹宛然，悲喜太息，从是悟入，常以经首四偈，发明心要。”（见：苏东坡序）后来张公以此《楞伽经》亲自教授苏东坡，并且出钱三十万，请苏东坡刻印此经，令流传于世。苏东坡的好友佛印和尚却向他建议说：“与其刻印，不如由苏东坡自己来书写，然后再刻印，更能流传得久（因为东坡居士的书法是有名的，世人为珍惜其墨宝，定会妥为保存其手写之经），苏东坡于是将此经写一遍，然后刻印传世。现今所传者，即是张公所传、东坡居士所手书的。然而自隋末至北宋末期，此经失传了将近四百五十年！我们有幸现在还能亲睹这部无上甚深宝典，全拜张、苏二大居士之赐。以其功德不可没。 

  《金刚经》为了盛行中国呢？因为金刚经符合中国佛教的特点：一重实行，如台、贤、禅、净各宗，都注重行持，尤重於从定发慧的体悟。二好简易，国人的习性好简，卷帙浩繁的经论，极难普遍流通。本经既重般若的悟证，卷帙又不多，恰合中国人的口味，所以能特别的盛行起来。宋代出家人的考试，设有金刚经一科，可见其弘通之盛。
   四、南怀瑾先生赞叹《金刚经》超越宗教的大智慧

   南怀瑾先生，当代大德，他赞叹金刚经，是超越宗教的大智慧。

   诸葛长青把南怀瑾先生对金刚经的感悟分享有缘者：

   今天要讲的金刚经，在中国文化中，金刚经是影响非常大的一部佛经。千余年来，不晓得有多少人研究金刚经，念诵金刚经，因金刚经而得到感应，因金刚经而悟道成道。金刚经是佛经典中很特殊的一部，他最伟大之处，是超越了一切宗教性，但也包含了一切宗教性。我们研究金刚经时，不能将它局限于佛教的范围，佛在金刚经里说：‘一切贤圣，皆以无为法而有差别’，这就是说，佛认为古往今来一切圣贤，一切宗教成就的教主，都是得道成道的；只因个人程度深浅不同，因时、地的不同，所传化的方式有所不同而已。

   金刚经的这一个重点，彻底破除了一切宗教的界限，它与佛教一部大经──华严经的宗旨一样，承认一个真理、一个至道，并不认为一切宗教的教化仅限于劝人为善而已。在座的诸位先生女士们，大概也各有不同宗教的信仰，我们今日研究金刚经，先把自己观念意识里宗教的界限和形式放在一旁，然后再来研究金刚经的要点与精神，这样才会得益。

   在所有的佛经，以及后世菩萨高僧大德们的著作中，金刚经在学术的分类上，归入般若部，所以叫做金刚般若波罗密经。

   （一）什么叫般若呢？大致上说，大智慧就叫做般若。

   因为过去翻译佛经的原则是观念不完全相同的字不翻，宁可译音再加以注解。就像现在中西文化交流，遇到翻译气字（气功的气，修道的气）就不能翻，因为不能译成瓦斯，也不能译成空气，或其他的气。由于外文每一个气都有一个专有的字，而中国字却不同，气字上面多加一个字意思就不同了。空气、煤气、电气，就是人发脾气，都是气字上面加字不同而有异，所以单独一个气字只好翻音，然后再加注解。当时般若不译成大智慧，也是这个原因。

   所谓般若智慧不是普通的智慧，是指能够了解道、悟道、修证、了脱生死、超凡入圣的这个智慧。这不是普通的聪明，这是属于道体上根本的智慧。所谓根本的智慧，也是一个名称，拿现在观念来讲，就是超越一般聪明与普通的智慧，而了解到形而上生命的本源、本性。这不是用思想得到的，而是身心两方面整个投入求证到的智慧。这个智慧才是般若。所以‘智慧’两个字，不能代表般若的整个含义。

   般若这个智慧包含五种，就是所谓的五般若，第一种是实相般若，第二种是境界般若，第三种是文字般若，第四种是方便般若，第五种是眷属般若。五种的内涵就是金刚般若。

   1、实相般若。实相般若就是形而上的道体，是宇宙万有的本源，也就是悟道、明心见性所悟的那个道体。在佛学的文字上，悟道就是见到那个道体的空性，叫做实相般若，属于智慧的部分。我们聪明只是意识部分，局限于现有的知识范围，以及现有的经验与感觉想像的范围。真正的道体是不可思议的，是不可以用我们普通的知识意识去思想、讨论、研究的。大家要注意！他并没有说不能思议啊！

   ‘不可’是遮法，遮住，挡住，不准看，不可以用普通的知识、意识去推测、去思想道是什么。假如实相道体能够用思想得到的话，那还是属于妄想意识的范围。所以说不可思议，并不是说不能思议；因为这是修持求证的境界，不是思议的境界。

   到了后世禅宗，讲一个道字，无所在，无所不在，很难表达。如果讲一个佛字，又带了一个佛的观念。虽然有时侯佛法里头，佛字就代表了这个道体，但是一般人一听到佛，脑子里马上想到大殿上那个塑得发亮发光的佛像，不免又著相了。所以，唐宋以后，禅宗干脆不用道，也不用佛，就是这个，这个就是那个，那个就是这个，反正都是代名辞而已。华严经上说：叫它道也可以，天地也可以，上帝也可以，神也可以，主也可以，佛也可以，真如也可以，涅槃也可以，说了一大堆，一百多个名辞，反正这些都是代号，代表实相般若道体。世界上很多人都追求这个东西，找到了这个东西才认识了自己生命的本源，所以，实相般若是属于般若中最根本的。

   2、境界般若（观照般若）。诸葛长青认为，这个境界般若，也可以看做是观照般若。这些年来，有许多外国同学研究如何翻译境界两个字，我说假使翻成外文的话，勉勉强强可翻译成现象，但是那仍属于自然界的观念。境界就是境界，只能加注解，很难翻译。譬如修道见道的境界，药山禅师就讲：‘云在青天水在瓶’，这是很自然的，天上的云在飘，水在瓶子里，摆在桌上，一个那么高远，一个那么浅近，这就是个境界。又譬如唐人诗说：‘千江有水千江月，万里无云万里天’。

   我们常在讲悟道，或者般若的部分时，就会引用到这两句话。天上的月亮只有一个，照到地上的千万条江河，每条河里都有一个月亮的影子，就是千江有水千江月。万里的晴空，如果没有一点云的话，整个的天空，处处都是无际的晴天，所以万里无云万里天。这是一很好的境界，很多禅师们因这些境界而悟道。

   有一个和尚住茅蓬的时侯，就写了一副很好的对子：‘万里青天开笑口，三间白屋竖拳头’。

   像弥勒菩萨一样，哈哈大笑，就是我们喜欢塑的一个咧嘴笑，大肚子的和尚，悟了道，什么都空掉，什么都喜欢。三间白屋就是三间空空洞洞的白屋，自己在那里海阔天空。像这一类的文字，就描写一种境界，但也并不足以代表悟道那个境界。我们的人生随时有境界，痛苦的时侯想到那些痛苦，痛苦还没有来的时侯，脑海中又随时出现痛苦的威胁，这是苦恼的境界。高兴的时侯，又越想越得意。尤其年纪大的人，不大喜欢想未来，因为前面的路程太远了，没有力气走了，专门回头想少年时代的事。有时侯自己坐在那里想起来，还摇个头笑一下，回味那个境界。这些都属于境界，所以境界可以意会，不可以言传。

   此外，一个人修道，或者读书，一步有一步的不同境界。像一个学艺术的人，今天有了一个新的灵感，或者画一张画，特别有一种心得，就是有它的境界。一个做水泥工的，今天突然一砖头下去，用水泥一抹，特别平，心里头很舒服，原来这样砌才好，这是他做水泥工时侯的境界。所以，境界包含一切境界，修道人有一分的成就，境界就有一分的不同，有两分的成就，就有两分的不同。换句话说，人修到了某一种境界，人生的境界就开朗到某一种程度。

   至于我们没有修道的人，有什么境界呢？也有境界，就是一切众生所有的苦恼境界。如古人诗中所讲的：‘百年三万六千日，不在愁中即病中’。

   这是普通人生的境界，不是烦恼，就是病痛，或者是衰老了，眼花了，头发白了，这就是人生苦恼境界。所以古人说：‘学佛乃大丈夫事，非帝王将相所能为。’因为他的境界、气派、胸襟与众不同。这种不同的境界从那里来呢？从实相般若而来，是道体上所产生的，自然而来的。因此，真悟道的人，智慧开发是无穷尽的，佛学的名辞叫做无师智，也叫做自然智。自己本有的智慧仓库打开了，不是老师传授给你的，是你自己固有的智慧爆发了，天上天下，无所不知。这就是境界般若。

   3、文字般若。我们晓得，文字本身就具备了智慧，文字也就是言语；因为把我们言语记录下来，就变成了文字。中国人的言语思想符号就叫做中文，英语系统人的言语思想符号就是英文，其他法文、德文、俄文，都是代表他们的思想、言语的记号。文字有它的境界，我们大家都读过书，都认得字，可是很少有人变成真正的文学家；因为优美的句子出不来，没有文字的般若。有的人出语成章，话一讲出来就是文章，每一句话都很优美，很漂亮，因为他有文学的境界，有文字般若。

   金刚经在中国，为什么那么吃得开呢？是鸠摩罗什的文字般若所造成。他翻译了很多经典，其中金刚经以及法华经，影响中国文化极大。尤其它文字的格调，形成了中国文学史上一种特殊优美、感人的佛教文学。此外还有维摩经的文字，也都很特别，是另创一格的文字意境。

   所以同样的读书学文字，并不一定能够成为一个文学家。同样的修道，有些只能够成为修行人，而不能够成佛，这与文字般若是绝对相关的。清朝有位历史学家赵翼，也是大诗人，大文豪，他晚年写了三首有名的诗，其中有一首说：

   少时学语苦难圆，只道功夫半未全。

   到老方知非力取，三分人事七分天。

   他说，年轻的时侯学讲话，讲不圆满，自己以为学问功夫还没有到家。到年纪老了才知道，学死了也没有用，因为努力只有三分，天才就要七分。不过这是指普通人而言，据我所知所见，有几位大和尚，并没有读过书，也没有上过一天学，一个字也不认识，悟道以后，诗好、文好、样样都好，那真是不可想像。

   八十年前我的老师见过一个和尚，本来是一个剃头师傅，挑个担子在乡下到处走，在满清的时侯，剃头的孩子不准参加考试，限制极严。可是这位剃头的大禅师悟了道，什么都懂，无所不知。他也有一个庙子，是方丈圆寂时侯，护法给他的。有人叫他杨和尚，有人叫他杨剃头。一般读书人去考他：杨和尚我有句话忘掉了，你看是出在那本书里？他说：这在第几页那一本书嘛！我老师年轻的时侯很调皮，故意去问他红楼梦上一句话，他都能回答得不错，那怪极了。有一个很有钱的人抽鸦片，想戒也戒不掉，后来只有去求这个杨和尚，杨师父啊，你来帮我剃个头。剃头的时侯鸦片烟瘾发了，鼻涕、眼泪直流，很痛苦，这位杨剃头在他背上拍了一下说：‘脱了！’就是解脱，头也帮他剃好了。从此以后，这个人也再不抽鸦片了。

   这些是讲文字般若，在悟道以后自然发生，不是凭我们的聪明来的。聪明是想出来的，想出来的没有用。悟了道的人，他的记忆力也特别高，不光是年轻的事想得起来，前一辈子读的书都知道。这个话，你们诸位听了，大概觉得很稀奇，的确有这么一回事。

   所以苏东坡有一首诗说：‘书到今生读已迟’。要读书要早读，这一辈子的书是为来生读的。悟道的时侯，过去千万生读的书都会搬出来，就是因为般若智慧都出来了。学问好的人记忆力强，一目十行；不会读书的人，一个字一个字抠。有人看书，眼睛一瞄，这一页就过去了，一目十行，日记千言，到老而不衰，甚至老了记忆力更强。当然，这必须要定力，要般若的智慧才行，这就是文字般若。

   4、方便般若。一个有学问有道德的人，要教化别人，自然有他无师自通的方法；做人做事，也自然有他高度的艺术。譬如说看佛经，他能够用特殊的一种方法，把难懂的立刻就懂进去，最难表达的东西，他用一种方式表达出来，别人一听就懂了，这就属于方便般若。

   我们都看到过千手千眼观世音菩萨，一千只手，每一只手中有一只眼睛，头上有三只眼睛。这位菩萨代表什么呢？一个人有一千只手，一千只眼睛，你说这个人办法多不多？当然很多。所以要真正做到大慈大悲，要具备有千手千眼那么多的方便方法才行。像一个会魔术的人，随手抓一个东西，都可以变一个魔术，这就是方便般若。

   5、眷属般若。 眷属般若是跟着悟道的智慧而来的，佛学名辞叫行愿，用我们现在的观念来说，是属于行为方面的。也就是说，自然发起道德行为，一个人自然就成为至善的人。

   一般所谓眷属就是亲戚、朋友、家人等亲眷。

   那么，般若的眷属又是什么呢？

   我们都晓得佛学讲的六度，就是“布施、持戒、忍辱、精进、禅定、般若”。一个修持的人，如何布施，如何守戒，如何忍辱，如何做到禅定的修证功夫，然后才能大彻大悟而成佛。所以在般若的前面，就有这五个相关的眷属，也就是五个行愿，称为眷属般若。关于这方面，我暂时不作详细的报告，因为金刚经的本身内容，就提到了这五样事。

   现在我们已经晓得般若所包涵的内容这样多，没有适当的字可以翻译，所以只能译音了。般若的内容，包含了悟道之愿，换句话说，这个修道的道愿，本身就具备了这么多的内容。

   （二）《金刚经》基本含义是无坚不摧。诸葛长青认为，《金刚经》的基本含义可以看做是，用金刚之心，摧毁业障、摧毁贪嗔痴慢疑、杀盗妄淫酒、财色名食睡，让自己精进飞跃，直接进入无上正等正觉的境界。

     现在我们手里的这本金刚般若波罗密经，为什么在般若上面加了金刚两个字呢？金刚，在金属之中最坚固，就像金刚钻一样，能破一切法。也可以说，能建一切法，而且无坚不摧，所以叫金刚般若波罗密。金刚经有五六种不同的翻译，我们惯用的是鸠摩罗什翻译的这一种。有的翻译，上面加‘能断’两个字，意思是能断世间一切苦痛、一切烦恼，而成圣成佛。所以称为‘能断金刚般若波罗密’。可能鸠摩罗什认为，这种能断的精神，已经包含在经文里了，所以经名不需要特别再加上去。

   所谓‘波罗密’，一般的翻译就是到彼岸。有些最后加一个多字，成为般若波罗密‘多’（诸葛长青备注：譬如心经，全名是般若波罗蜜多心经）。这个‘多’字是尾音，现在的音来念，就是摩诃般若波罗密多，拿古代的梵音念，就是摩诃般若波罗密‘达’。‘多’就是‘达’的音。我们大家惯念的二百六十个字的摩诃般若波罗密多心经，常常有人把它称为‘多心经’，因为西游记上，把这两个字与上面切断了，变成多心经。

   现在我们讲的这一本经，如果照含意来说明经名，就是：能断一切法，能破一切烦恼，能成就佛道的般若大智慧，脱离苦海而登彼岸成就的经典。如果我们照旧式庙子里的讲经方法，这个经的题目，一天讲两个钟头，连续讲一个月也讲不完。事实上，那一种讲经的方法非常好，解释得非常详尽，由文字教育开始，什么叫经？这个经字就可以讲一个礼拜。什么叫金刚？又可以讲上一个礼拜，因此一个题目讲完了，个把月过了，金刚经的边在那里啊？那叫做无量无边。

   （三）《金刚经》译经师鸠摩罗什和武则天
   现在说到翻译的人，姚秦三藏法师鸠摩罗什。他的父亲是印度一位宰相，出家当和尚了，他的妈妈是一位公主，逼着这位宰相还俗，跟她结婚，后来生了这个儿子。以后这位公主自己却要出家，宰相丈夫不答应，我好好的出家当和尚，你逼着我还俗结婚，现在你却要出家。所以这个故事真可以编写成一部小说。

   鸠摩罗什十一、二岁的时侯，已经可以说悟道了，三十多岁就到了中国大陆。当时是南北朝时代，为了请这位学者来，消灭了三个国家，这在古今中外历史上，都是桩震撼的事件。研究当时的历史很有意思，鸠摩罗什这样一位大法师，这么有学问的一个人，各国都在争取他，什么经济、政治，一概都摆在后头不管，因为争请鸠摩罗什，一国消灭了另一国，第三个国家又消灭了第二个国家，这个故事讲起来话长，可以讲上一两个礼拜，现在简单说明，向诸位报告到这里为止。

   金刚经前面的发愿文等，我们都不加介绍了，由于在坐的女性道友很多，特别要向女性道友介绍一下开经偈。

   无上甚深微妙法，百千万劫难遭遇

   我今见闻得受持，愿解如来真实义

   这是武则天这位女皇帝所作。

   武则天自己也是研究金刚经的，有人说，云何梵偈子也是她作的：

   云何得长寿，金刚不坏身

   复以何因缘，得大坚固力

   云何以此经，究竟到彼岸

   愿佛开微密，广为众生说

   关于这个偈子，在佛教文学方面，称得上是一个大手笔。写这种大文章不能够写得轻佻，也不能够写得幽默，要很严谨才行。

   “云何得长寿，金刚不坏身。”如何可以得到清净、长寿，永生不死呢？大家都希望活得长，究竟怎么样才能真正活得长？长到什么程度呢？这里是提问题，换句话说，这个经典本身就是告诉我们，怎么样得到生命永恒不灭的那个本来。

   “复以何因缘，得大坚固力。”大坚固力也是我们人类所希望得到的；但是我们要用什么办法，哪一种因缘，才可以得到坚固的力量？人世间的一切都不牢靠、不坚固。寿命也是不坚固的，顶多活到一百年两百年就要走了。家庭、父母、子女、夫妇相聚都不坚固，终归要分散的。佛经上经常有一句话：聚会必有消散。聚拢的因缘完了，统统要分散。发了财，钞票来了，终归有不发财的一天，钱也有消散的一天。权利拿到手，总会有失掉的一天。房子建筑起来也总会有毁坏的一天。世界上有没有一个东西是坚固不破的？这个大坚固力，到底有没有？你们要去找。

   “云何以此经，究竟到彼岸。”我们研究金刚经以后，如何了解其中的方法，如何能够脱离三界苦海，而到达常乐我净的极乐世界；这些等等的问题，希望佛能打开最微妙秘密的法门，统统告诉我们。

   （四）谁把《金刚经》分为三十二章？

   现在我们看的金刚经，只分为三十二章，金刚经原始翻译的时侯，根本没有分章分品。

   原始的佛经是一篇连下来的文章，没有段落，分章分段是后世所作。

   金刚经分成三十二章，是梁武帝时代编辑而成的。这个编辑人是谁呢？就是梁武帝的昭明太子。

     诸葛长青认为，我们要感谢昭明太子等大德对佛教文化的无私奉献。有了他们的无私奉献，才有今日的方便之法。

   我们研究中国文学，有一部非读不可的书，就是‘昭明文选’，这也是国文系必读之书，就是梁昭明太子所编辑的各种名文。

   金刚经三十二品的分法，品目的分类，以及标题，都是昭明太子的杰作。标得的确很好，每一节里的重点，都用标题说明。

   譬如第一章“法会因由”，就是说为什么有佛讲金刚经这件事。譬如今天我们讲这本经，也有一个因由，因为萧先生、崔先生他们这五、六位发起的，我是受托不能不来讲了，这也就是我们这一次的法会因由。

   金刚经的感应力量非常大，我给大家讲一个我的秘密，我在读中学阶段，每天早晨四点钟就起，练拳运动以后，首先念金刚经。

   为什么念呢？我一点都不懂；反正人家告诉我念金刚经很好，我就念金刚经。因为在学校里，也不敢敲木鱼，怕被人家说神经病，偷偷的弄一本金刚经，到会客室去念。前怕狼，后怕虎，一下子就念完了。

   有一次我念到，无我相，无人相，无众生相，无寿者相，忽然觉得我没有了，我到那里去了？不知道啊！以后我就不念了，后来才明了其中的道理。此经对我的经验，有这样奇妙。在历史记载中，更有非常多的感应。抗战八年，出门在外，跟家里父母分离，生死不可知，那时我只有一个愿力，每天晚上睡觉以前，一定要给我父母念金刚经、心经。这是我的秘密，我心中自己的愿力，外面不知道，可是我的经验上知道，感应力量非常大，非常大，我只能向诸位报告到这里。至于说，你们要做科学的研究，感应是个什么道理，我可以跟你讲科学的理由一大堆，但是今天是讲佛学的课，不是讲科学的课，暂时就不讨论了。（本文参考资料：金刚经网络资料、南怀瑾先生讲解金刚经）

 诸葛长青祝福天下行善积德、孝敬父母、持续放生施食的有缘者

富贵吉祥、心想事成、万事如意、早成果报！！

南无本师释迦牟尼佛。南无阿弥陀佛。

南无东方琉璃药师佛。南无弥勒佛。
南无观世音菩萨。南无地藏王菩萨。南无虚空藏菩萨。
南无除盖障菩萨。南无灵吉菩萨。南无韦驮菩萨。

福生无量天尊。元始天尊。灵宝天尊。道德天尊。
太乙救苦天尊。大成至圣先师孔子。耶稣基督。穆罕默德。
十方三世诸佛菩萨。
三界十方一切神仙。
古今中外一切圣贤。
青除灾金刚。辟毒金刚。黄随求金刚。白净水金刚。
赤声火金刚。定持灾金刚。紫贤金刚。大神金刚。
东方持国天王。南方增长天王。
西方广目天王。北方多闻天王。
诸恶莫作，众善奉行。持之以恒、有求必应。  　

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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1The wisdom of traditional Chinese culture changes the destiny: filial piety to parents+five in one+self-improvement

1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

2诸葛长青改命运三把金钥匙诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

3Zhuge Changqing's Greeting Ritual (15 Steps Concise Version)

3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

9Shocking photo of feeding: Buddha, Bodhisattva and Dharma Protector come to the scene

9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

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