Confucian master Wang Yangming: unity of knowledge and action to become a sage

儒学大师王阳明：知行合一成圣贤

The way of university is to be clear and virtuous, to be close to the people, and to be the best

-----Zhuge Changqing

The Chinese culture is broad and profound.

Zhuge Changqing believes that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are the three important pillars of Chinese culture.

Confucianism is the Chinese culture closest to life.

Confucianism has an incredible power.

Confucianist thought, small can cultivate one's moral integrity, big can rule the country and even the world.

Zhuge Changqing believes that Confucianism is closely related to everyone by reading Chinese history, feeling the way of heaven and earth, and experiencing Confucianism. From the family education of "fatherly kindness and filial piety" to the study of "monarchy, courtesy and loyalty"; From the path of "self-cultivation and family unity" to the path of "governing the country and leveling the world" Everywhere is permeated with the unique magic charm of Chinese culture. Confucianism has penetrated into every space of human life.

Zhuge Changqing believes that Confucianism conforms to the law of heaven, and directly points out that no matter whether it is a country, a group or an individual, people will always admire him if they love and contribute to the people from their heart. Wang Yangming, the great thinker of the Ming Dynasty, is such a person.

Wang Yangming is determined to be a sage, and is determined to spread that Confucianism is practice, erudite Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, proficient in Confucianism, and insight into the sublimation and promotion of Confucianism. He is a generation of sages!

The Confucian classic "University" begins by saying that the way to university is to be clear and virtuous, to be close to the people, and to be the best. There is certainty after knowing, and then there is stillness, and then there is peace, and then there is anxiety, and then there is anxiety. Things have an end, things have an end, and knowing the order of things is a shortcut.

In ancient times, those who want to show their virtue in the world should first rule their country, and those who want to rule their country should first rule their family; Those who want to unify their families should first cultivate their bodies; If you want to cultivate your body, first correct your mind; If you want to correct your heart, you should first be honest with your mind; If you want to be sincere, you should first know what you want to know. The quality of things leads to the perfection of knowledge, the sincerity of the mind, the integrity of the mind, the integrity of the mind, the integrity of the body, the integrity of the family, the integrity of the family, the governance of the country, and the peace of the country. From the Son of Heaven to the common people, all of them are based on self-cultivation. It is wrong to rule out the chaos. The thick one is thin, and the thin one is thick. It is the fundamental truth. In other words, the person who is able to behave in such way has entered the highest realm of knowledge..

Wang Yangming, a generation of Confucian master, began with "seeking knowledge from different things" and earnestly practiced the Confucian sage thought, thus achieving a generation of sage style.

Someone praised Wang Yangming with couplets and said:

"Meritorious deeds, moral deeds, and words are truly immortal. We know clearly that Mingjiao is the teacher of all people."

Zhuge Changqing believed that people should have their own ambitions, and only with ambition can they go to the road of success. As Mr. Wang Yangming said, "Therefore, those who make up their minds are the heart of learning, and those who make up their minds are the scholars."

Wang Yangming, formerly known as Wang Shouren (October 31, 1472 to January 9, 1529), is a Han nationality, with a young name of Yun, the word Bo'an, and the nickname Yangming.

A native of Yuyao County, Shaoxing Prefecture, Zhejiang Province (now Yuyao County, Ningbo), who once built a house in the Yangming Cave in Kuaiji Mountain, named himself Yangmingzi. Scholars call him Mr. Yangming, also known as Wang Yangming.

A famous thinker, writer, philosopher and strategist in the Ming Dynasty, a master of Lu Wang's mind, and a master of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. In his later years, he went to the Ministry of Military Affairs of Nanjing to be the secretary of the Ministry of Military Affairs, and the Zuo Duyu to be the imperial governor. He was awarded the title of Xinjian Bo for his military service in calming down the chaos of Chenhao, and was given a posthumous gift to the marquis of Xinjian in the year of Longqing.

Wang Shouren, Confucius, Mencius and Zhu Xi are known as Confucius, Mencius, Zhu and Wang. His academic thoughts spread to China, Japan, the Korean Peninsula and Southeast Asia, and had an important and far-reaching impact. With the combination of meritorious service, moral service and speech, the achievements of the Ming Dynasty are the best. He has a posthumous title of Wencheng, so later generations also call him Wang Wencheng.

Zhuge Changqing believed that Wang Yangming could be regarded as a master of Confucianism and a generation of sages since the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Gao Xiang and Chen Juhui, reporters of the People's Daily, wrote "Wang Yangming: The Three Immortals of Wisdom and Sage", which can be described as a masterpiece of Mr. Wang Yangming and shared with those who have a chance.

In the autumn of the seventeenth year of Meihongzhi, Wang Yangming, 33 years old, returned to Beijing to perform his duties. He should take the Shandong provincial examination according to the appointment of Lu Cheng, the supervisor of Shandong Province. Wang Yangming did not give up. He recorded all the test questions and Chen Wen in his hand. Aiming at the current situation of the Ming Dynasty, he comprehensively and systematically expounded the Confucian way of governing the country, which is an important landmark in the process of Wang Yangming's ideological exploration.

Wang Yangming: The three immortals of "knowing and becoming saints".

Wang Shouren, a famous philosopher, educator, military strategist and litterateur of the Ming Dynasty, has a young name of Yun, a word of Bo'an, a name of Yangming, and a scholar of "Mr. Yangming". As a master of Confucianism, he took enlightenment as his life mission, and built a mental system. With the goal of "conscience" and "sainthood", and the content of "Minglun" and "Chengde", he set up a pulpit everywhere to give lectures, regardless of whether he traveled to other countries, or fought in the north and south. He made outstanding contributions, and became the "three immortals" figure of the Ming Dynasty who "made virtue, meritorious service, and speech at the top".

1、 The fairy sent the child to the wise young man

Zhuge Changqing: Wang Yangming was born in a scholarly family. It belongs to the gifted son of heaven, has the appearance of intelligence, and belongs to the person born with knowledge. His father was the No. 1 Scholar, which gave him a good atmosphere of studying hard.

On September 17, the autumn equinox was approaching, and the north was really cool after several autumn rains, while Yuyao, a famous historical and cultural city in the south of the Yangtze River, was still beautiful and green. The Siming Mountain, Longquan Mountain and Shenggui Mountain stand opposite each other. The Yao River, Zhiliang River and Houqing River pass through the city. The ancient city of Yuyao, which echoes the landscape, has beautiful scenery.

The taxi driver was told that the destination was Wang Yangming's former residence, and the talkative driver, Master Chen, opened the conversation box. He told reporters that there were many celebrities in Yuyao's history, and Wang Yangming seemed to be the most famous. Most tourists to Yuyao would go to see Wang Yangming's former residence.

The former residence of Wang Yangming is located in the center of Yuyao North City and the north foot of Longquan Mountain. On the memorial archway at the gate of the former residence, the three characters "Xinjian Bo" in the book were awarded by Wang Yangming for pacifying the rebellion of King Ning. Go through the archway and enter the "Yangming Square". In the center of the square stands a bronze statue of Wang Yangming.

Behind the statue is the former residence of Wang Yangming, which covers an area of more than 4600 square meters. The former residence with grand momentum, rigorous structure and simple decoration not only gives people a deep sense of the courtyard, but also has a dignified and elegant bearing. The plaque of "Three Immortals" in the hall "Shoushan Hall" is the supreme evaluation of Wang Yangming's legendary life.

Hua Jianxin, president and chief researcher of the East China Sea Urban Culture Research Institute of Yuyao City, told reporters that Wang Yangming was born in a very famous scholarly family in Yuyao at that time.

Wang Lun, the grandfather of Wang Yangming, is a scholar who likes reading and playing piano because he loves bamboo and is surrounded by bamboos.

Wang Hua, the father of Wang Yangming, is full of poems and books, and is the number one scholar.

However, the scholar family is not prosperous. In the eighth year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (AD 1472), Wang Yangming's mother, Zheng Shi, had been pregnant for 14 months but still had not delivered, which made the Wangs anxious. Hua Jianxin said that Wang Yangming's grandmother, Cen, was not thinking about tea and rice and was eager for the birth of her grandson.

"One night, Cen dreamed of a richly dressed fairy, dressed in rosy clouds and stepping on Xiangyun, and stuffed a baby into her arms. She reached out to pick it up, but unexpectedly the baby cried and woke her up from the dream. The cry came from the daughter-in-law's house next door. In order to thank the fairy for stepping on Xiangyun to send the baby, Wang Lun named the boy Wang Yun, and the house where he was born was also known as' Ruiyun Building ', which means' Ruiyun to send the baby'."

The current Ruiyun Building is well preserved, with two floors up and down, and is very spacious.

The couplet on the left and right reads: "Meritorious deeds, moral deeds, and words are truly immortal; the wise know that Mingjiao is the teacher of thousands of people."

As a child, Wang Yangming was intelligent, but he could not speak until he was five years old.

One day, he and other children were playing outside the door when an eminent monk passed by. When the monk saw Wang Yun, he touched his head with his hand and sighed, "What a good child! It's a pity that it was broken!" This sentence was just heard by Wang Lun, and he was shocked. The so-called "secret of heaven cannot be revealed". According to Cen's dream, this child was sent to the world by the fairy who stepped on the auspicious cloud, and was named "cloud". Isn't it "broken"? Therefore, Wang Lun immediately renamed Wang Yangming "Shouren", and borrowed the sentence "benevolence cannot be kept, although it is gained, it will be lost" from the Analects of Confucius, hoping that he can keep his talent and wisdom with "benevolence" in the future. After the name change, Wang Yangming was able to speak immediately.

Professor Dong Ping, director of the Institute of Chinese Ideology and Culture of Zhejiang University and doctoral supervisor, once gave a lecture on "The Legend of Wang Yangming" at CCTV's "Hundred Lectures". He said that the truth of the story could not be verified, but the wisdom of young Wang Yangming was certain.

One day, Wang Lun was reading with his little grandson in the study as usual. To his surprise, the young grandson could recite the book he had read before. He asked him, "When did you read it.

2、 Pledge to make progress as sages and sages

Zhuge Changqing: Wang Yangming aspired to be a sage and achieved his life dream. It is very important for a person to have a goal in life. To be a sage? Be an entrepreneur? To be an educator? Be a calligrapher You should have your own goals.

In the seventeenth year of Chenghua in the Ming Dynasty (1481 AD), Wang Yangming's father, Wang Hua, was the No. 1 Scholar of the High School and worked in Beijing.

At the age of 11, Wang Yangming followed his father to bid farewell to the small bridge and water in his hometown Yuyao and came to the capital.

The next year, his father hired a teacher for him to formally accept the systematic training of Confucian classics.

Once in the library, Wang Yangming seriously asked the teacher, "What is the most important thing in life?"

The teacher answered earnestly, "The first priority in life is to study well, and in the future, like your father, become the first prize."

Wang Yangming thought for a moment, and said suspiciously, "It's not a priority in life to be the first prize."

The teacher asked, "What do you think is the top priority?"

Wang Yangming was thoughtful and seriously replied:

"Only by reading and being a sage can it be a top priority."

Dong Ping commented that 12-year-old Wang Yangming may not really know what "sages" should look like, but "reading to be sages" is the beginning of his lofty ambition. With the goal of "being a sage", Wang Yangming began his journey of practicing "the way of sages".

In Wang Yangming's mind, the sages can at least protect the people in peace, right?

So, in the fall of the year when he was 15, Wang Yangming took two child servants and ran away from home, went straight to the northern border of the Ming Dynasty, and personally inspected the "Juyong Pass". After more than a month of frantic searching by the Wangs, Wang Yangming came back with a sword on his waist and a chivalrous look.

Zhuge Changqing: At the age of 15, Wang Yangming went out to investigate the world's major events, reflecting the importance of his ideal goal in life. Sages and sages' ambition pushed Wang Yangming forward courageously

Wang Yangming spent more than a month practicing in person. He learned about the situation of the border from the Hu people living outside the pass in detail, including race, history and living habits, the geography and landform of Juyongguan area, and the defense situation of the garrison soldiers. He made actual contact with minority teenagers, and rode horses and archery together to practice riding and archery.

The following year, the capital was rocked by refugee riots in the border areas of Huguang, Henan and Shaanxi provinces due to successive years of famine. Wang Yangming felt that it was time to show his skills. He locked himself in the house, drew up a "memorial" for the emperor based on his experience in the border inspection and the strategy of how to defeat the enemy, and handed the "memorial" to his father for presentation. His father scolded him severely.

Realizing that he could not become a sage in this way, Wang Yangming began to learn the method of Zhu Xi in the Song Dynasty - "seeking knowledge from things". At that time, Zhu Xi was regarded as the greatest sage after Confucius and Mencius. Zhu Xi believed that in order to truly understand a thing, we need to "face to face" with him, exhausted the reason why it is like this. Through continuous accumulation, we can finally reach the omniscient state.

Wang Yangming decided to start with "lattice" bamboo and observe it every day to see what reason it has. One day passed without any reason, and two days passed without reason. Finally, on the seventh day, he became ill. The failure of "Ge Zhuzi" also did not eliminate Wang Yangming's ambition to be a sage, but made him have some doubts about the prevailing Zhu Xi doctrine at that time. It was so difficult to get rid of everything. How much strength would it take to get rid of everything in the world? "The failure of 'Ge Zhuzi' laid the groundwork for him to put forward a systematic view of mind and establish 'Yangming School' in the future," Hua Jianxin said.

3、 Return to Confucianism with one heart and make a statement in Shandong

Zhuge Changqing: Wang Yangming learned Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism according to his own ambition and thought, and practiced them one by one, constantly groping forward, and experimenting with his own methods one by one. Later, with the help of hosting the Shandong provincial examination, he suddenly realized many philosophies of life. In order to spread Confucianism, we began to set up a school to teach apprentices

After the imperial examination at the age of 22, Wang Yangming went through three imperial examinations successively, until he entered the official career at the age of 28. For nearly ten years before and after the Central Election, he continued to explore how to become a sage in his own way, and tried almost every way he tried before the age of 22.

In the 12th year of Hongzhi's reign (1499 AD), Wang Yangming entered the official career. First, he was the Ministry of Political Affairs, and then he was sent to Junxian County, Henan Province to supervise the construction of the tomb of King Yue of Weiningbo. After returning to Beijing, he became the head of the Ministry of Punishment.

During this period, he conducted quite in-depth research on Taoism and Buddhism. In the 15th year of Hongzhi, Wang Yangming practiced the Taoist method of breathing and health preservation in the "Yangming Cave" in the Kuaiji Mountain of Shaoxing, which is said to have reached the state of predicting the future in advance.

When he was recuperating in Hangzhou, he was very interested in Buddhism and studied hard. Finally, he felt that the study of Buddhism and Taoism was not a good way to become a saint. He even released a monk who had been shut up for three years and had not heard anything. Combining his own practice and understanding of Buddhism and Taoism, Wang Yangming also has his own understanding of Confucianism.

According to the Annals of Wang Yangming, in the autumn of the seventeenth year of the reign of Emperor Hongzhi of the Ming Dynasty (1504 AD), the 33-year-old Wang Yangming returned to Beijing to perform his duties after recovering from his illness in Vietnam. Wang Yangming did not let it go. He recorded all the test questions and Chen Wen. After the Shandong Provincial Examination Record was compiled, Wang Yangming wrote two preface for it.

Wang Yangming attached great importance to the opportunity to take the Shandong provincial examination. He said in the "Preface to the Shandong Provincial Examination Record", "I am a giant fan of the world in Shandong, facing Taidai in the south, the ancestor of the five mountains, and converging with the sea in the east, and the stream of rivers; my husband, as a moral teacher, is smart and graceful, born thousands of years ago, is all poor, ancient and modern, transcendent and prosperous." To express his yearning for the holy land of Confucius and Mencius in Shandong.

Wang Yangming's examination questions, Chen Wen and two prefaces, aiming at the current situation of the Ming Dynasty, comprehensively and systematically expounded the Confucian way of governing the country, which is an important landmark in the exploration process of Yangming's thought. The experience of taking the Shandong provincial examination led Wang Yangming to make a systematic and concentrated interpretation of his ideal of governing the country after becoming an official, the analysis of various social problems and the view of "mind and body" dominating the role.

Hua Jianxin said: "The opportunity of the Shandong provincial examination made Wang Yangming summarize and sort out his thoughts, and made full preparation for him to develop his own theory. Therefore, the Shandong provincial examination is a very important node for the development of Wang Yangming's thoughts."

After taking the exam in Shandong, Wang Yangming immediately began to revive Confucianism.

From then on, Wang Yangming learned the way of Confucius, made friends in the capital to advocate learning, and received apprenticeship and education.

4、 Stand up to the "Fighting Tiger" Wudao Dragon Field

Zhuge Changqing: It's also a chance for Wang Yangming to realize Tao in the Dragon Farm. In the tough living environment and confused thinking, Wang Yangming suddenly realized life and the way of sages and sages in the cave. When you are calm and have no distractions, you can understand the philosophy. Wang Yangming suddenly realized that "the way of sages lies in the heart", and then laid the foundation for "Wang Yangming's mind". He combined his own reality and realized the wisdom of "unity of knowledge and action", believing that a person who has knowledge and does not act is useless. And began to preach the Dharma

In the 18th year of Hongzhi (1505 AD), Zhu Houzhao, the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty, succeeded to the throne. At the age of 34, Wang Yangming met his first great test in his life.

The dictatorship of Zhu Houzhao was one of the darkest political periods in the history of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Houzhao has no ambition and likes to play. At the beginning of his accession to the throne, Liu Jin and other eunuchs were highly valued and indulged in fun and banquets. Liu Jin and other eunuchs formed "eight tigers" to expel the upright ministers. The whole court was in a mess.

In the first year of Zhengde, Liu Jian and Xie Qian, the elders of the former dynasty and the ministers of the first aid, jointly wrote to punish Liu Jin and others. Liu Jin bewitched Zhu Houzhao and drove Liu Jian and Xie Qian out of the court. Later, Dai Mi and Bo Yanhui, the Nanjing science and technology officials who insisted on writing the letter, were also arrested and imprisoned, and many officials remained silent. Wang Yangming, who is only the lowest ranking official of the Ministry of Military Affairs, wrote to rescue Dai Mi and others. Liu Jin faked the imperial edict, and Wang Yangming was punished with "Tingzhang 40". Wang Yangming was beaten unconscious and thrown into the Royal Guards prison. Fortunately, he saved his life, and was later demoted to Guizhou Longchang.

The average altitude of Longchang is about 1300 meters, with abundant rainfall and heavy humidity. At that time, it was known as the place of "poisonous insects and malaria". Because it is located in a mountainous area and inhabited by ethnic minorities, the development degree is limited, and the transportation is inconvenient, the living environment is very bad.

Dong Ping said that when he first arrived at Longchang, he had no place to live. Wang Yangming built a thatched shed not as high as his shoulder. It could only accommodate him and could not shelter him from the wind and rain at all. Later, Wang Yangming found a cave called "East Cave" in the "Longgang Mountain" in the northeast of Longchang, so he simply moved to the cave to shelter from the wind and rain at least. Wang Yangming renamed the "East Cave" as "Yangming Small Cave" and lived a "cave life". Because of acclimatization, several attendants with Wang Yangming fell ill one after another, and Wang Yangming took care of them personally by chopping firewood, fetching water and cooking.

In the dark and humid cave, Wang Yangming is always faced with the "problem of death" because of the fact that he is surrounded by poisonous insects and malaria and the lack of living materials.

He made a "stone coffin" for himself, and lay down in the stone coffin to experience death. At the same time, he kept asking himself, "What is the way for saints to live here?" He sat quietly and meditated all day and night, entered a state of selflessness, and finally "understood". It turns out that the truth of all things is in our hearts. "The heart is the truth". We don't need to look for the truth outside. As long as we correct our mental state, we can properly understand the truth of things.

Zhuge Changqing: Wang Yangming put himself in the coffin and regarded himself as a dead man. What an admirable sage master.

Since then, Wang Yangming further put forward the idea of "unity of knowledge and action". Dong Ping said that at that time, it was generally believed that "knowing" was first and "doing" was second. Zhu Xi's point of view is also that "knowledge comes first and then comes first". He believes that we must first go through the "grid" and "get knowledge" (obtain knowledge) before we can use "knowledge" (reason). However, Wang Yangming believes that "knowing and doing is one". If you spend your whole life "knowing" instead of "doing", then "knowing" may become meaningless.

One day, Xi Shu, the deputy envoy of Guizhou University, went to Wang Yangming to discuss the question about "similarities and differences between Zhu and Lu", but Wang Yangming did not answer the question, and talked about his understanding of "unity of knowledge and action". At first, Xi Shu could not accept it. After all, it was too different from the prevailing idea of "knowledge first and then". However, after many exchanges, Xi Shu was very happy and sighed that "the true way of sages can reappear today". He invited Wang Yangming to the Guiyang Academy of Civilization to lecture on "unity of knowledge and practice". "Guizhou scholars began to learn", which was the first external dissemination of Wang Yangming's original ideas. Since then, when Wang Yangming worked in various places, he never forgot to give lectures in academies and receive disciples to publicize his ideas.

Dong Ping believes that the actual result of the "Longchang Enlightenment" determines Zhu Xi's view that "there is natural reason in things". Wang Yangming's view is the opposite. He believes that the "reason" of all things exists in his own heart, so it is the most important to correct his own mental state. If his heart is not right, then his words and deeds will not be correct.

5、 Local "parents" combine knowledge and practice

Zhuge Changqing: Wang Yangming, the master of Confucianism, personally practiced the "unity of knowledge and practice", and became an example of theory and practice. On his official career, Wang Yangming took the initiative to spread virtue and filial piety, spread Confucianism, set up a study institute, change the social customs, and become a person like Confucius.

After three years of relegation from Longchang, Wang Yangming was promoted to the governor of Luling County (Ji'an County, Jiangxi Province). On his first day in office, the county government suddenly flooded thousands of people, all of them local people, who said that there was a huge grievance and wanted to redress it.

After stabilizing the people who came to the lawsuit, Wang Yangming invited some of the most violent people to come in and ask, and found that the lawsuit was all about trivial matters. Then he learned that although the people in Luling area were simple, their customs were also very strong, and the etiquette and humility were not very strong. When there was a conflict between the neighbors, they would go to the government to fight a lawsuit, and the government was also tired of dealing with it.

therefore, Wang Yangming issued a notice to inform the people: "From now on, the government will no longer open the door to accept cases. Don't come to file a complaint, because it is spring farming, and the farming season is important. All the complaints will affect the farming, and the loss of the farming season will be hopeless throughout the year. If you really have grievances, I can naturally hear them, and naturally investigate them to help you redress them. Neighbors should be friendly and friendly, and mutual humility. If there is a family famous for its goodness in the countryside, I will personally visit and pay tribute."

Strange to say, after the notice was posted, people continued to withdraw the lawsuit, which changed the customs of Luling.

Zhuge Changqing: If you care about the people and spread filial piety, you will win the admiration of the people.

In this way of respecting the people, Wang Yangming inspired the people's inherent kindness, and strengthened governance with morality to achieve twice the result with half the effort. In less than seven months in Luling, Wang Yangming dealt with a series of serious emergencies, including drought, plague, fire, thieves and so on.

"The first time that Wang Yangming served as a magistrate of Luling County is the first time that Wang Yangming served as a local official, which is also the practice and application of his idea of" unity of knowledge and practice "in local governance activities. Wang Yangming went to investigate in person every time he took office, and spent a lot of time to understand the geography of mountains and rivers, road traffic, and people's living conditions. At the same time, he is very 'democratic' style, and is good at widely soliciting the opinions of the masses and officials, and asking questions for officials to study for a month before writing The report is not decided by slapping his head. He is a model of "unity of knowledge and action". " Dong Ping said.

Wang Yangming spent his whole life traveling to other countries, fighting in the north and south, and traveling throughout most of China. Wang Yangming, who had the status of the court's official, was also very competent. Everywhere he went, he set up academies to educate the people, inspire the people's inherent "goodness", and govern in a way that respected the people. Everywhere he went, he would work hard for the local political future and the long-term stability of the people's life.

Zhuge Changqing believes that it is very good to hold an academy, which can directly cultivate talents and cultivate the seeds of Confucianism.

In the five or six years after leaving Luling County, Wang Yangming's position has been in frequent change, and finally achieved the fourth grade of official residence of Honglu Temple in Nanjing.

Most of these positions are idle official positions, so these five or six years are actually a period of relatively concentrated lecturing activities in Wang Yangming's life. With the footprints of his official travel, his lecturing footprints are also all over Beijing, Nanjing, Chuzhou, Shaoxing and other places. Being able to preach is Wang Yangming's happiest time.

Zhuge Changqing: The greatest happiness in the world is to help others and to do good. Wang Yangming has always carried forward the culture of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the changing career, which is amazing.

The Longquan Mountain, which is only one way away from the former residence of Yuyao Wang Yangming, is less than 200 meters above sea level, but it is very famous in the local area because it has Mr. Wang Yangming's lecture place. There are not many stone steps in Longquan Mountain, but the winding path leads to seclusion, and you can see the white walls and black tiles hidden in the green trees and green plants halfway up the mountain. The Zhongtian Pavilion is built according to the situation. The classroom is not large. There are more than ten desks and chairs. The article "The Zhongtian Pavilion in the Book of Encouraging All Lives" written by Wang Yangming is hung on the front wall. On the east side of the Zhongtian Pavilion is a clean and tidy platform. In the middle, a osmanthus tree is quite tall and prosperous, and its flowers are blooming, which makes people can't help thinking of the beautiful scene of Mr. Yang Ming and all living flowers preaching.

6、 Scholars mounted to suppress bandits and performed meritorious deeds

Zhuge Changqing: For people who are sages and sages, it is easy to quell the rebellion. Why? Because sages and sages are proficient in the philosophy of heaven, earth and man, and understand the mystery. It seems that an adult can see the little ants fighting at a glance.

Wang Yangming's father, Wang Huaguan, went to the Ministry of Military Affairs in Nanjing as a secretary. He moved from Yuyao to Shaoxing in his early years because of his love for the beauty of Jianhu and its mountains and rivers. Wang Yangming lived in Shaoxing for a long time in his life. Shaoxing is also his second hometown and the place to sleep behind him.

Shaoxing is only more than 50 kilometers away from Yuyao. It has the same temperament of Jiangnan water town. "Holding an oil-paper umbrella, I wander alone in the long, long and lonely rain lane..." Jiangnan Water Town should have been such a gentle breeze and drizzle, but when the reporter visited Wang Yangming's former residence in Shaoxing, the gentle ancient city had a rare rainstorm.

The reporter finally found a low residential house with a small wooden sign of "Wang Yangming's Former Residence" under the guidance of an old resident in Wang Yanong.

According to local people, Wang Yangming's former residence in Shaoxing was originally built in a magnificent manner, but after the Taiping army captured Shaoxing City, a fire almost burned clean, leaving only a stone archway and several dilapidated houses. A few years ago, the old house was suddenly damaged by fire. Now the former residence is still inhabited. Because of the absence of the owner, the decayed wooden door is opened. Looking through the crack, you can also see the traces of the fire. The tiles on the house are half new and half old. The small courtyard is messy and full of decay.

Wang Yangming's Bo Mansion was built by the imperial court, so its scale and quality should be excellent, which is the best in Shaoxing. There is a saying in Shaoxing that "the thirteen halls of Lv Mansion are better than one hall of Bo Mansion". "The 13th Hall of Lv Mansion" is the former residence of Lv Ben, an old Yuyao man in the Jiajing period. It is said that it was built by 13 students who have become senior officials of Lv Ben to thank their teachers, covering an area of 48 mu. The Lv Mansion, which is "less than one hall of Bo Mansion", still has such a scale and specification. After the Bo Mansion, which only has a partial door frame, was destroyed by fire, its luxurious style can only be imagined by later generations.

In September of the eleventh year of Zhengde (1516 A.D.), when Wang Yangming was intoxicated with his lectures, the imperial court gave him a new task: "take orders in the face of danger" to go to Ganzhou to "suppress bandits" and pacify the "bandits" at the border of Jiangxi, Huguang, Fujian and Guangdong.

This is the second turning point of Wang Yangming's life path. From then on, he began his military career in the second half of his life. This year, he was 45 years old.

Zhuge Changqing believed that this was a test for Wang Yangming by heaven, which made him a model and example of Confucianism with both civil and military skills.

Although he was a scholar, because of Wang Yangming's love and research on the art of war when he was young, and by virtue of the management practice of "building tombs" to militarize migrant workers, as well as the practical investigation experience of serving as local officials for many years, Wang Yangming was soon involved in local military affairs after arriving in Ganzhou.

At the beginning of his term of office, he sent official documents to the governments under his jurisdiction, requesting that the actual situation of the investigation be reported. It is required to make a practical assessment of the firmness of military facilities such as castles and passes, the number of soldiers, military training, and combat capabilities within their respective jurisdictions. Detailed investigation records of the scope and quantity of the thieves. We should have a clear understanding of the traffic and civil conditions, such as who is familiar with the terrain and can be used as a guide, which rich families can pay for support, and which idle fields can be used for military garrison. And personally go deep into the people to understand the situation of the people and make all kinds of military preparations before the war.

In the war, Wang Yangming analyzed the enemy's situation, skillfully used tactics to confuse the enemy, clearly defined rewards and punishments, and strictly enforced military discipline. He soon won the comprehensive victory of "Zhangnan Campaign" and "Hengshui and Tonggang Campaign". Most of the thieves at the border of the four provinces were eliminated, and successfully completed the mission entrusted to him by the imperial court.

Wang Yangming also attached great importance to the construction after the pacification of the people. In his view, the purpose of pacification is to make people live and work in peace and contentment. Dong Ping said, "After each war, Wang Yangming would make plans for local long-term peace and stability. The banditry appeared because the state administration was not in place. Wang Yangming added Pinghe County in Fujian, Chongyi County in Jiangxi, and Heping County in Guangdong. Every place he went, he set up academies to strengthen moral education, pay attention to people's livelihood, and pay attention to the education of rites and music."

Zhuge Changqing: Wang Yangming regarded the social chaos as the inaction of the imperial court, and then strengthened the Confucian ideological education. What a sage's vision.

In the 13th year of Zhengde, the peaceful war ended successfully. Wang Yangming worked hard to engage in lectures while handling military affairs in Ganzhou. During this period, a group of aspiring young people in Jiangxi, such as Zou Shouyi, Ouyang De, Huang Honggang, and so on, joined Wang Yangming's sect and became his direct disciples in Jiangxi, and later became the backbone of the "Jiangyou Wangmen School". Zhuge Changqing: Talents come first. The spread of Wang Yangming's mind learning benefited from the spread of his disciples. The participation of aspiring young people has laid the foundation for the further spread of Chinese Confucianism.

7、 Be modest, calm and attentive

Zhuge Changqing: In the face of great success and victory, Wang Yangming never takes pride in his achievements, but is modest and prudent, dedicated to the people, and devoted to Confucian education. His epiphany thinking put forward the theory of "to conscience", and thus formed the thought of "Yangming mind". Has made great contributions to the development of Chinese culture.

In the 14th year of Zhengde (1519 A.D.), Wang Yangming was ordered to deal with the mutiny of the Fujian army. When he arrived at the "loess brain" of Fengcheng County, a county outside Nanchang, he heard the news that Zhu Chenhao, the fifth grandson of Zhu Yuanzhang and the fourth king of Ning, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, rebelled in Nanchang.

Wang Yangming, who has experienced many battles, quickly stabilized his position and made an accurate judgment of the situation. While reporting the matter to the Imperial Court, he used the "counter plot" and "empty city plot" to fight "information war" with Zhu Chenhao, releasing the false news that "the Imperial Court was prepared, and 480000 'wolf soldiers' would immediately attack", which made Zhu Chenhao dare not act rashly, and was dragged to Nanchang, but did not send troops.

Dong Ping said that Wang Yangming was a "transit officer" and had no soldiers in his hands. When Empress Zhu Chenhao attacked Anqing, Wang Yangming issued "death orders" to the prefectures and counties in Jiangxi Province, and reluctantly summoned only 20000 or 30000 people to fight against 100000 rebel elite soldiers. Finally, he fought with Zhu Chenhao in Poyang Lake. Wang Yangming adopted the method of "fire attack" to capture Zhu Chenhao alive. By the end of the counterinsurgency war on the 28th, the total was less than ten days.

Wang Yangming wrote the story of the rebellion and reported it to the court, and began to pacify the people in Nanchang. At this time, in the face of the war that has ended, the emperor Zhu Houzhao absurdly wanted to play a farce of "the imperial expedition", and wanted to experience the fun of leading troops to fight. Finally, the royal expedition to release Zhu Chenhao was forced to end.

At the end of the farce, Wang Yangming, the hero who saved the Ming Dynasty, was excluded due to the slander of treacherous ministers, and did not get enough recognition. In order to cope with public opinion, the court reluctantly granted Wang Yangming a nominal title of "Xinjian Bo", and then left it aside. Wang Yangming, however, once again achieved a great leap in thought in the process of dealing with Emperor Zhu Houzhao and a group of villains around him, and put forward the theory of "to the conscience", marking the completion of his unique philosophical thinking system, and the real establishment of "Yangming School".

Since then, from the first year of Jiajing to the fifth year of Jiajing, Wang Yangming, who had no official duties, mainly engaged in his favorite lecturing activities in Shaoxing, Yuyao and other places.

Wang Yangming believes that "conscience" knows good and evil, and that "conscience" can immediately know whether our behavior is good or bad. The problem is that ordinary people can't follow the guidance of "conscience", and all kinds of moral depravity occur only when they violate conscience. Therefore, everyone has a "conscience". As long as the "conscience" is restored and the "conscience" is achieved, everyone can become a saint. "It's like the sun is covered by dark clouds, and the 'best conscience' is to remove the dark clouds, and the sun will naturally appear," Hua Jianxin said.

Zhuge Changqing: The doctrine of conscience is a sublimation of Confucianism. Wang Yangming has made great contributions to Confucianism.

In May of the sixth year of Jiajing's reign, there was another disturbance among the mountain people in ethnic minority areas in Sien and Tianzhou, Guangxi. The court, which had been troubled by this, just remembered Wang Yangming who lived in Shaoxing. Wang Yangming, who was already very ill, had to accept the appointment of the imperial court again, put on his military uniform again, and went to Guangxi to pacify the riots. After practical investigation, Wang Yangming quickly solved the mountain people's unrest that had been difficult to root out for decades by using the method of appeasement and without a single soldier. Zhuge Changqing: Wang Yangming is already at the level of sages and sages, so he can decide the world in one word.

At this time, Wang Yangming's body was very weak, and the climate and environment in Guangxi were not suitable for recuperation. After completing his mission, he wrote several letters to request to return to his hometown for recuperation, but was stopped by the cabinet minister and the minister of the Ministry of Public Affairs, Gui calyx, and did not reach the hands of the emperor. The terminally ill Wang Yangming had no choice but to return home by boat after handling the aftermath.

In November of the seventh year of Jiajing (1529 A.D.), Wang Yangming finished his 57 years of rough and bright life and died in a boat in a place called Qinglongpu in Dayu, Nan'an, Jiangxi Province. At the end of his life, he left a feeling that "the heart is bright, but what can be said".

In November of the eighth year of Jiajing, Wang Yangming's coffin was buried on the green hill of Lanting Flower Street in the south of Shaoxing City, which was the cemetery he had chosen for himself. His funeral was very grand. In addition to his family, there were more than 1000 disciples from all over the country. After the death of Emperor Jiajing, Emperor Muzong of the Ming Dynasty ascended the throne and issued an imperial edict to give Wang Yangming the title of "Xinjian Hou" and the posthumous title of "Wencheng". In the 12th year of Wanli (1584 AD), Wang Yangming worshipped the Confucius Temple.

Today, the tomb of Wang Yangming, located at the southern foot of Xianshrimp Mountain in the Lanting Flower Street in Shaoxing, is quiet and solemn. Few people know about "old Shaoxing", and it took many setbacks to find it. The mossy stone tomb, accompanied by green pines and green grass, looks out at the beautiful mountains in the distance under the high light of the autumn sun, revealing the glory of Wang Yangming's life.

(Reference material for this article: Wang Yangming: The Three Immortals of Wisdom and Sage, written by Gao Xiang and Chen Juhui, reporters of Popular Daily)

大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善......

----- 诸葛长青

   中华文化博大精深。

   诸葛长青认为，儒释道是中华文化三大重要支柱。

   儒家思想，是中华文化最贴近生活的。

    儒家思想，具有不可思议的巨大力量。

   儒家思想，小可以修身齐家，大可以治国平天下。

   敬读中华历史，感悟天地之道，体会儒家思想，诸葛长青认为，儒家思想与每个人息息相关。从“父慈子孝”的家庭教育，到“君礼臣忠”的帝王之学；从“修身齐家”的修行之路，到“治国平天下”的圣贤之道......处处洋溢着中华文化的独特神奇魅力。儒家思想已经贯穿于人类生活的每个空间之中。

     诸葛长青认为，儒家思想顺应天道，直接指出，不论是国家还是团体还是个人，只有发自内心的去热爱人民、为人民奉献，人们就永远赞叹他。明代大思想家王阳明就是这样一个人。

    王阳明立志做圣贤，立志传播儒家是修行，博学儒释道，精通儒学，并顿悟升华推进儒学，功德无量，是为一代圣贤！

   儒家经典《大学》开篇说道：大学之道，在明明德，在亲民，在止于至善。知止而后有定，定而后能静，静而后能安，安而后能虑，虑而后能得。物有本末，事有终始，知所先后，则近道矣。
   古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国，欲治其国者，先齐其家;欲齐其家者，先修其身;欲修其身者，先正其心;欲正其心者，先诚其意;欲诚其意者，先致其知，致知在格物。物格而后知至，知至而后意诚，意诚而后心正，心正而后身修，身修而后家齐，家齐而后国治，国治而后天下平。自天子以至于庶人，壹是皆以修身为本。其本乱而末治者，否矣。其所厚者薄，而其所薄者厚，未之有也。此谓知本，此谓知之至也。

   一代儒学大师王阳明，从“格物致知”开始，认真实践儒家的圣贤思想，从而成就了一代圣贤风范。

   有人用楹联赞叹王阳明说:

  “立功立德立言真三不朽；明理明知明教乃万人师。”

   诸葛长青认为，人要有自己的志向，有了志向才会走向成功之路。正如王阳明先生所说“故立志者，为学之心也;为学者，立志之事也。”
    王阳明，原名王守仁（1472年10月31日—1529年1月9日），汉族，幼名云，字伯安，别号阳明。

   浙江绍兴府余姚县（今属宁波余姚）人，因曾筑室于会稽山阳明洞，自号阳明子，学者称之为阳明先生，亦称王阳明。

   明代著名的思想家、文学家、哲学家和军事家，陆王心学之集大成者，精通儒家、道家、佛家。晚年官至南京兵部尚书、都察院左都御史。因平定宸濠之乱军功而被封为新建伯，隆庆年间追赠新建侯。

   王守仁（心学集大成者）和孔子（儒学创始人）、孟子（儒学集大成者）、朱熹（理学集大成者）并称为孔、孟、朱、王。其学术思想传至中国、日本、朝鲜半岛以及东南亚，产生了重要而深远的影响。集立功、立德、立言于一身，成就冠绝有明一代。谥文成，故后人又称王文成公。

   诸葛长青认为，王阳明，堪称是明清以来的儒学大师、一代圣贤。

    《大众日报》记者高翔、陈巨慧撰写了《王阳明：致知成圣三不朽》，堪称介绍王阳明先生的佳作，分享给有缘者。

   明弘治十七年秋,33岁的王阳明返京履职,应巡按山东监察御史陆偁之聘,主考山东乡试。王阳明当仁不让,手录全部试题与陈文,针对明王朝的现状,全面系统地阐发了儒家的治国之道,是王阳明思想探索过程的重要路标。

   王阳明:“致知成圣”三不朽。
　　王守仁,幼名云,字伯安,号阳明,学者称“阳明先生”,是明代著名哲学家、教育家、军事家、文学家。身为儒学大师,他将教化作为自己的人生使命,构建了心学体系,以“致良知”、“成圣”为目标,以“明伦”、“成德”为内容,无论是宦游他乡,还是征战南北,他都随地设坛讲学,功勋卓著,成为明代“立德、立功、立言皆居绝顶”的“三不朽”人物。
    一、仙人送子　少年聪慧

    诸葛长青：王阳明，生于书香门第。属于上天赐子，具备聪慧之姿，属于生而知之者。其父亲为状元，更让他具备了读书奋进的好氛围。　　

    9月17日,秋分将至,北方淋过几场秋雨后真切地凉了起来,而江南历史文化名城余姚还是明媚旖旎,层层绿意。四明山、龙泉山、胜归山相峙而立,姚江、最良江、侯青江穿城而过,山水呼应的古城余姚,景色秀丽。
　　告知出租车司机目的地是王阳明故居,健谈的司机陈师傅打开了话匣子。他告诉记者,余姚历史上出了很多名人,似乎王阳明的知名度最高,到余姚的绝大多数游客都要去王阳明故居看一看。
　　王阳明故居位于余姚北城的中心地带、龙泉山的北麓。故居门口的牌坊上,书“新建伯”三个大字,是王阳明因平定宁王之乱而受到的册封。穿过牌坊走入“阳明广场”,广场中央矗立着一座王阳明的全身铜像。

   铜像身后就是占地面积4600多平方米的王阳明故居。气势恢宏、结构严谨、饰件素雅的故居,既给人庭院深深之感,又不失端庄、典雅的气度,大厅“寿山堂”中“真三不朽”的牌匾,是对王阳明传奇一生的绝顶评价。
　　余姚市东海城市文化研究院院长、首席研究员华建新告诉记者,王阳明出生在余姚当时非常有名的书香门第。

   王阳明的祖父王伦,字天叙,因酷爱竹子,家的四周遍植篁竹,故自号“竹轩翁”,是位喜欢读书弹琴的雅士。

   王阳明的父亲王华,满腹诗书,贵为状元。
　　然而,书香世家人丁却并不兴旺。明成化八年(公元1472年),王阳明的母亲郑氏身孕已有14个月却仍未分娩,令王家上下焦虑不安。华建新说,王阳明的祖母岑氏茶饭不思,一心盼孙子出生。

   “一天夜里,岑氏梦到一位衣冠华丽的仙人,身披彩霞,脚踏祥云,将一个婴儿塞到她怀中。她伸手去接,却不料婴儿一声啼哭,把她从梦中惊醒,这声啼哭正是从隔壁媳妇屋里传来的。为答谢仙人踏祥云送子,王伦为男孩取名王云,他出生的房子也被称为‘瑞云楼’,意为‘瑞云送子’。”

   现在的瑞云楼保存非常完好,上下两层,很是宽敞。

   左右楹联为:“立功立德立言真三不朽；明理明知明教乃万人师。”
　　儿时的王阳明聪明伶俐,但一直长到五岁都不会说话。

   一天,他与其他孩子在门外玩耍,恰逢一位高僧路过。僧人见到王云,用手抚摸着他的头叹息道:“多好的一个孩子啊,可惜点破了呀!”这句话刚好被王伦听到,心中一惊,所谓“天机不可泄露”,按照岑氏的美梦,这孩子是仙人踏瑞云遣下凡间的,取名“云”字,可不就是“点破”了吗?于是,王伦随即给王阳明改名,叫“守仁”,借《论语》“仁不能守之,虽得之,必失之”之句,希望他以后能以“仁”去保守住他的天赋智慧。改名后,王阳明马上就能开口说话了。
　　浙江大学中国思想文化研究所所长、博士生导师董平教授曾在央视《百家讲坛》开讲《传奇王阳明》,他表示,故事的真假无法考证,但小王阳明的聪慧是确定无疑的。

   一天,王伦像往常一样在书房同小孙子一起读书,令王伦感到惊喜的是,年龄尚幼的孙子竟能将他先前读过的书背诵出来,就问他:“你什么时候读的?”王阳明说:“以前祖父读书的时候,我就暗记在心里了,只不过那时不会说话罢了。”王伦对自己这个聪慧乖巧的孙子更是关爱有加。
   二、誓做圣贤　“格物”奋进

   诸葛长青：王阳明立志做圣贤，成就了人生梦想。一个人有人生目标十分重要。做圣贤？做企业家？做教育家？做书法家......你要有自己的目标啊。　　

   明成化十七年(公元1481年),王阳明的父亲王华高中状元,在京任职。

   11岁的王阳明跟随父亲一起,告别家乡余姚的小桥流水来到京城。

   第二年,父亲为他聘请老师,让他正式接受儒家经典的系统训练。
　　有一次在书馆里,王阳明很认真地问塾师:“什么是人生的头等大事?”

   老师很认真地回答:“人生的头等大事就是好好读书,将来像你父亲那样,登第做状元。”

    王阳明想了想,怀疑地说:“登第做状元恐怕不是人生头等大事。”

   老师问:“那你觉得什么是头等大事?”

    王阳明若有所思,认真地回答说:

   “只有读书做圣贤,也许才能算得上是头等大事。”
　　董平评价,12岁的王阳明也许并不真正了解“圣贤”究竟应该是什么样子,但“读书做圣贤”却是他确立崇高志向的开端。有了“做圣贤”的目标指引,王阳明开始了自己实践“圣贤之道”的旅程。
　　在王阳明的心目中,圣贤首先至少可以安境保民吧?

   于是,15岁那年秋天,王阳明带了两个童仆离家出走,直奔明朝北部边境,亲自实地考察“居庸三关”去了。王家人疯找了一个多月后,王阳明腰佩宝剑,一副侠客模样风尘仆仆地回来了。

   诸葛长青：王阳明15岁就外出考察天下大事，体现了人生理想目标的重要。圣贤志向推动王阳明奋勇前进......
　　王阳明用了一个多月时间亲身实践,向关外居住的胡人详细了解了边关情况,包括种族、历史和生活习惯,了解居庸关一带地理地貌及要塞兵备防御情况,和少数民族少年实际接触,一起骑马射箭,练习骑射之术。
　　次年,由于湖广、河南、陕西三省交界地区连年饥荒发生了流民暴动,震动京师。王阳明觉得大展身手的机会到了,将自己关在房子里,把在边关考察的见闻及如何克敌制胜的策略拟了一份“奏章”要给皇上,并将“奏章”交给父亲代呈,结果被父亲狠狠地训斥一通。
　　认识到这样不能成为圣贤后,王阳明便开始学习宋代朱熹的方法——“格物致知”。朱熹在当时被人们看作是继孔子、孟子之后最伟大的圣贤,朱熹认为,要真正了解一个事物,需要与他“面对面”,穷尽它为什么会这般的道理,通过不断积累,最终可以达到无所不知的境界。
　　王阳明决定从“格”竹子开始,每天对着竹子观察,看它存有什么样的道理。一天过去没“格”出什么天理,两天过去还是没有,终于在第七天积劳成疾病倒了。“格竹子”失败同样没有消除王阳明做圣贤的心志,反而使他对当时普遍流行的朱熹学说产生某种怀疑,格一物都如此困难,要格天下事事物物得需要多大的力量啊?“‘格竹子’的失败,为他日后提出系统的心学观点,创立‘阳明学’埋下了伏笔。”华建新说。
    三、一心归儒　山东立言

   诸葛长青：王阳明按照自己志向思路，学习儒释道，并逐一实践，不断摸索前进，逐一实验自己的方法，后来借助主持山东乡试，顿悟了许多人生哲理。为了传播儒学，开始设馆授徒.....
　　从22岁中举之后,王阳明先后经历了三次科举,直到28岁中进士步入仕途。中举前后近十年的时间,他按照自己的方式继续探讨如何成为圣贤,几乎将他22岁以前尝试的各种途径又尝试了一遍。
　　弘治十二年(公元1499年),王阳明中进士踏入仕途,先是观政工部,继而钦差河南浚县督造威宁伯王越坟,返京后任刑部主事。

   期间对道教、佛教进行了颇为深入的研究。弘治十五年,王阳明在绍兴会稽山的“阳明洞天”修习道教吐纳养生之法,据说达到了能提前预知未来的境界。

    在杭州养病之时,他对佛教兴趣浓厚,下过功夫研读,最终觉得佛道之学不是成为圣人的好途径,甚至将跑虎寺一个闭关三年不闻不语的和尚开解还俗。结合自身实践,及对佛道学说的体悟,王阳明对儒学也有了自己的体悟。
　　据《王阳明年谱》记载,明弘治十七年(公元1504年)秋,33岁的王阳明结束在越养病后返京履职,应巡按山东监察御史陆偁之聘,主考山东乡试。王阳明当仁不让,手录全部试题与陈文,《山东乡试录》编成后,王阳明又先后为之作两篇序言。
　　王阳明十分看重主考山东乡试的机会,他在《山东乡试录后序》中说道:“夫山东天下之巨藩也,南峙泰岱,为五岳之宗,东汇沧海,会百川之流；吾夫子以道德之师,钟灵毓秀,挺生于数千载之上,是皆穷天地,亘古今,超然而独盛焉者也。”表达他对孔孟圣地山东的神往。
　　王阳明所出试题、陈文和两篇序言,针对明王朝的现状,全面系统地阐发了儒家的治国之道,是阳明思想探索过程的重要路标。这次主考山东乡试的经历使得王阳明将其出仕之后的治国理想,对各种社会问题的分析及“心体”主宰作用观点作了较为系统的集中阐释。
　　华建新认为:“山东乡试的机会使得王阳明总结整理了自己的思想,为之后他‘龙场悟道’开创自己的学说作了充分准备。因此,主考山东乡试对王阳明思想发展是非常重要的节点。”
　　主考山东后,王阳明随即投入复兴儒学的大业。

   从此开始，王阳明学习孔子之道，在京师结友倡学,收徒授业。
   四、挺身“斗虎”　悟道龙场
　　诸葛长青：王阳明在龙场悟道，也是一个机缘。艰苦的生存环境中，困惑的思虑，让王阳明隐居石洞之中顿悟人生、顿悟圣贤之道。心静了，没有杂念了，就能悟出其中哲理。王阳明顿悟了“圣贤之道本在于内心”，进而为“王阳明心学”奠定基础。他结合自己实际，悟出了“知行合一”智慧，认为一个人有知识不行动等于无用。并开始讲学弘法.....   

   弘治十八年(公元1505年),明武宗朱厚照继位,34岁的王阳明迎来了人生第一次大的考验。
　　朱厚照专政是明代历史上政治最为黑暗的时期之一。朱厚照本人胸无大志,爱好玩乐,是个十足的昏君。即位之初,重用宦官刘瑾等人,沉迷于嬉戏宴乐,刘瑾等宦官结成“八虎”,驱逐正直大臣,朝廷上下一片乌烟瘴气。
　　正德元年,前朝遗老、首辅大臣刘健、谢迁等大臣们联合上书要求惩治刘瑾等人,刘瑾蛊惑朱厚照使得刘健、谢迁被逐出朝廷。之后,坚持上书的南京科道官戴铣、薄彦徽等也被捕入狱,许多官员都保持缄默。仅为兵部最低等级的正六品官员的王阳明却上书解救戴铣等人。刘瑾假传圣旨,王阳明被处以“廷杖四十”的惩罚。王阳明被打得不省人事,扔进了锦衣卫大牢,侥幸保住了性命,随后被贬到了贵州龙场。
　　龙场平均海拔1300米左右,雨量充沛,湿气很重,在当时被称为“蛊毒瘴疠”之地。因地处山区,少数民族聚居,开发程度有限,外加交通不便,生存环境十分恶劣。
　　董平说,初到龙场,没有住的地方,王阳明就自己搭了一个还不如他肩膀高的茅草棚,仅容得下他一人,根本不能遮风挡雨。后来王阳明在龙场东北“龙岗山”上发现了一个山洞“东洞”,就干脆搬到了山洞里来住,最起码可以遮挡风雨,王阳明将“东洞”改名为“阳明小洞天”,过起了“穴居生活”。因为水土不服,跟王阳明一起来的几个随从相继病倒了,王阳明反过来亲自劈柴、打水、做饭照顾他们。
　　在阴暗潮湿的山洞里终日与毒虫瘴疠为伍,生活资料匮乏,王阳明时刻面临着“死亡问题”。

   他为自己做了一口“石椁”,自己躺到石头棺材里去体会死亡,同时不断问自己:“圣人处此,更有何道?”他不分日夜,静心端坐,不断沉思,进入一种忘我的境界,终于“悟通了”。原来,一切事物的道理原本就在我们心里,“心即理也”,不用到外面去寻找真理,只要我们端正自己的心灵状态,就可以恰当地领悟到事物的道理,“圣人之道,吾性自足”。
   诸葛长青：王阳明把自己放进棺材里，把自己看做死人，真是令人敬佩的圣贤大师啊。

　　此后,王阳明进一步提出了“知行合一”思想。董平介绍,当时通常认为,“知”是在先的,“行”是在后的。朱熹的观点也是“知先行后”,认为我们必先经过“格物”而“致知”(获得知识),然后才可以将“知”(理)运用出来。然而,王阳明则认为“知行本一”,如果花一辈子时间去“知”,而不去“行”,那么“知”就可能会变成没有意义的东西。
　　一天,贵州提学副使席书找王阳明探讨关于“朱陆异同”的问题,王阳明却不予回答,大讲自己所悟“知行合一”的道理。起初,席书不能接受,这毕竟与盛行的“知先行后”的思想差异太大,但多次交流后,席书大为喜悦,感叹“真正的圣人之道竟然能重现于今日”,便邀王阳明到贵阳文明书院主讲“知行合一”。“贵州士始知学”,这是王阳明具有独创性思想的最初对外传播。自此,王阳明在各地任职时,都不忘办书院讲学,接收弟子宣传自己的思想。
　　董平认为,“龙场悟道”的实际结果是否定了朱熹所认为的“事物之中有天理”的观点,王阳明的观点恰好相反,认为一切事物的“理”都存在于自己的心中,所以端正自己的心灵状态是最为重要的,如果自己的心不正,那么说话做事也不会端正。
   五、地方“父母”　知行合一
　　诸葛长青：儒学大师王阳明，亲自实践“知行合一”，成为理论加实践的榜样。在王阳明仕途路上，他每到一处，都主动传播善道孝道，传播儒家思想，开办读书学院，改变民风社情，成为像孔子一样的人。

   龙场三年贬谪期满,王阳明升任庐陵县(江西省吉安县)知县。在他上任办公的第一天,县衙突然涌进上千人,都是当地群众,称有天大的冤屈,要伸冤打官司。
　　稳住前来诉讼的百姓后,王阳明把几个叫得最凶的人请进来一问,发现都是因为些鸡毛蒜皮的小事来打官司。随即,他又了解到,庐陵地区的百姓虽然淳朴,但民风也十分强悍,礼仪谦让之风不是很浓厚,邻里间一有冲突便要到官府打官司,官府也疲于应对。
　　于是,王阳明发布文告知会百姓:“从现在开始,官府不再开门受理案件了,大家不要前来告状,因为现在正是春耕,农时要紧,都来告状,势必影响农耕,农时一失,全年无望。如果你真有冤情,我自然能够听到,自然调查清楚帮你伸冤。邻里间要和睦友善,相互谦让,如果有以良善著称于乡里的人家,我会亲自登门拜访致敬。”
　　说也奇怪,布告张贴出去后,不断有人来撤诉,庐陵的民风为之一变。

   诸葛长青：关心民众，传播孝道善道，就会赢得人民赞叹。

   王阳明用这种尊重百姓的方式,激发百姓本来就存有的善心,用道德来加强治理取得事半功倍的效果。在庐陵不到七个月的时间里,王阳明处理了一系列严重的突发性事件,其中包括旱灾、瘟疫、火灾、盗贼等等。
　　“履职庐陵县令是王阳明首次担任地方官职,这也是他对自己‘知行合一’思想在地方治理活动中的实践与应用。王阳明每到一地任职,都要亲自下去考察,花大量时间了解山川地理、道路交通及百姓生活情况等。同时,他很有‘民主’作风,很善于广泛征求群众、官员的意见,提出问题让官员考察一个月再写报告汇报,不是拍脑袋决定,他自身就是‘知行合一’的模范。”董平说。
　　王阳明一生宦游他乡、征战南北,行迹遍布大半个中国,具有朝廷命官身份的王阳明也非常称职,每到一处都办书院,教化百姓,激发百姓身上本来就有的“善”,用尊重百姓的方式进行治理,他每到一个地方,都会为当地的政治未来及民众生活长久安定而殚精竭虑。
　　诸葛长青认为，举办书院非常好，可以直接培养人才，培养儒学思想的种子。

   离开庐陵县之后的五六年,王阳明的职务一直处于频繁的变换中,最后做到南京鸿胪寺卿,官居正四品。

   这些职务大都为清闲的官职,所以这五六年,实际上是王阳明一生中讲学活动比较集中的时期,随着他宦游的足迹,他讲学的足迹也遍布北京、南京、滁州、绍兴等地,能够讲学布道是王阳明最快乐的时光。

   诸葛长青:人间最大的快乐就是助人为乐，就是行善之乐。王阳明在不断仕途变幻中，始终弘扬儒释道文化，令人赞叹不已。
　　与余姚王阳明故居仅一路之隔的龙泉山,海拔虽不足200米,但因留有王阳明先生讲学处,在当地颇负盛名。龙泉山石阶不多,却曲径通幽、步移换景,顷刻间便看到了隐在半山腰翠木绿植间的白墙黑瓦。中天阁依势而建,教室不大,安放有十多副桌椅,正墙上挂有王阳明手书的《书中天阁勉诸生》文。中天阁东侧出来便是一块干净整洁的平台,正中的一棵桂花树长得颇为高大繁盛,正逢其花开布香,让人不禁联想到阳明先生与诸生花下讲经论道的美好场景。
   六、文人上马　剿匪立功
　　诸葛长青：对于圣贤之道的人来说，平定叛乱易如反掌，为何？因为圣贤之道精通天地人的哲理，明白其中的玄机。好像一个大人看小蚂蚁打架，一目了然啊。

   王阳明的父亲王华官至南京兵部尚书,因爱恋鉴湖山川秀美,早年从余姚迁居绍兴。王阳明一生因此在绍兴居住时间较长,绍兴也是他的第二故乡和身后长眠之所。
　　绍兴同余姚相隔仅五十多公里,同样的江南水乡气质。“撑着油纸伞,独自彷徨在悠长,悠长又寂寥的雨巷……”江南水乡本应该就是这般柔风细雨,可就在记者寻访王阳明在绍兴的故居时,温顺的古城却下起了少有的暴雨。
　　顶着大雨,趟着积水,一路问过去,记者终于在王衙弄一户老居民的指引下,找到了挂着“王阳明故居”小木牌的一处低矮民居。
　　据当地人讲,王阳明在绍兴的故居本来建得十分气派恢弘,但后来太平军攻下绍兴城后,一把火几乎烧了个干净,只留下一座石牌坊和几间破房。数年前,这座旧宅又突遭火灾,受损严重。现在故居还有人居住,因主人不在,扒着腐朽的木门,从缝隙里看进去,还可以看到火烧过的痕迹,房上的瓦片半新半旧,小小的院子杂乱不堪,满目衰败之景。
　　王阳明当年的伯府第为朝廷赐建,故无论其规模抑或质量均应为上乘,堪称绍兴之最。绍兴民间有“吕府十三厅,不如伯府一个厅”之说。“吕府十三厅”为嘉靖年间阁老余姚人吕本的故宅,相传为吕本十三位已做高官的学生为答谢恩师而建,占地四十八亩。“不及伯府一个厅”的吕府尚有如此规模与规格,现仅存偏门门框一座的伯府第被大火焚毁后,其豪华气派只能由后人想象。
　　正德十一年(公元1516年)九月,在王阳明醉心于讲学之时,朝廷给了他一项新的任务,“临危受命”去赣州“剿匪”,平定江西、湖广、福建、广东四省交界的“匪患”。

   这是王阳明人生道路的第二次转折,从此他开始了后半生的军旅生涯,这一年他45岁。

   诸葛长青认为，这是上天考验王阳明的一次考试，让他成为文武双全的儒家表率和榜样。
　　虽然是文人上马,但由于王阳明青年时对兵法的热爱与研究,借“修陵墓”对民工军队化的管理实践,外加多年任职地方官员实际考察的经验,王阳明到达赣州后很快便投入到地方军务处理中。
　　上任之初,他向辖区各府发出公文,要求各地实际考察情况上报。要求对各自辖区内城堡关隘等军事设施坚固程度、士兵数量、军事训练情况、作战能力等切实评估。对盗贼的活动范围、数量等情况详细考察记录。对交通及民间情况掌握清楚,如当地哪些人熟悉地形可以做向导,哪些富户可以出钱支持,哪些闲田可以作为军屯之用都要调查清楚并上报。并亲自深入民间了解民情,做好战前的各项军事准备。
　　在战争中,王阳明分析敌情,巧用战术迷惑敌人,赏罚分明,严明军纪,很快取得了“漳南战役”和“横水、桶冈战役”的全面胜利,四省边界盗贼大部肃清,圆满完成朝廷赋予他的使命。
　　对于平乱后的建设及百姓的安抚工作,王阳明也十分看重。在他看来,平乱本身不是目的,平乱的目的是要使百姓能安居乐业。董平说:“在每次战争结束后,王阳明都会为地方长治久安作规划,匪患出现是因为国家管理不到位。王阳明在福建添设平和县,在江西设崇义县,在广东设和平县；每到一处都设立书院,加强道德教育,关注民生,注重礼乐教化。”
   诸葛长青：王阳明把社会混乱，看做是朝廷不作为，然后强化儒家思想教育，真是圣贤眼光啊。

　　正德十三年,平乱圆满结束,王阳明在赣州一边处理军务,一边努力从事讲学活动。这一时期,江西一批有志青年,如邹守益、欧阳德、黄弘纲等都投到王阳明门下,成为他在江西的嫡传弟子,后来成为“江右王门学派”的中坚力量。诸葛长青：人才第一啊。王阳明心学的传播，得益于嫡传弟子的传播。有志青年的加入，为中国儒学再次传播奠定了基础。
   七、谦虚平和 专心讲学
　　诸葛长青：面对取得的巨大成功胜利，王阳明从不居功自傲，而是谦虚谨慎，一心为民，致力于儒学教育。他顿悟思考提出了“致良知”学说,并由此形成了“阳明心学”思想。为中华民族文化发展做出了巨大贡献。

   正德十四年(公元1519年),王阳明奉命去处理福建军队哗变之事,到达南昌外围县城丰城县“黄土脑”时,传来了明太祖朱元璋第五世孙、第四代宁王朱宸濠在封地南昌起兵谋反的消息。
　　身经百战的王阳明迅速稳住阵脚,对形势迅速作出准确判断。在上书朝廷禀报此事请求出兵的同时,他运用“反间计”、“空城计”与朱宸濠打起了“信息战”,放出“朝廷早有准备,48万‘狼兵’马上出击突袭”的假消息,使朱宸濠不敢轻举妄动,被拖在南昌,迟迟没有发兵。
　　董平介绍,王阳明是“过境官员”,手中无一兵一卒,朱宸濠后进攻安庆之时,王阳明对江西境内各府县发“死命令”,勉强仅召集起两三万人来对抗十万叛军精兵。最终与朱宸濠大战于鄱阳湖,王阳明采用“火攻”之法,活捉朱宸濠。到二十八日平叛战争全面结束,总共不足十天。
　　王阳明将平叛经过写成《擒获宸濠捷音疏》报于朝廷,并展开安抚南昌百姓工作。此时,面对已经结束的战争,皇帝朱厚照却荒唐地要演一出“御驾亲征”的闹剧,想体验下带兵打仗的乐趣。最终,这场御驾亲征,以将朱宸濠重新放出,皇帝亲自出马擒获叛王的闹剧勉强收场。
　　闹剧结束,挽救了大明王朝的功臣王阳明却因奸臣的诽谤排挤,并没有得到足够的认可,为了应付舆论,朝廷勉强封了王阳明一个有名无实的“新建伯”封号,便将其弃在一边。王阳明却在与皇帝朱厚照及其周围的一班小人互相周旋与斗智斗勇的过程当中,再一次实现了思想上的伟大飞跃,提出了“致良知”学说,标志着他本人独特的哲学思想体系的完成,“阳明学”由此真正创立。
　　此后,从嘉靖元年到嘉靖五年,无官务在身的王阳明主要在绍兴、余姚等地从事他最为热爱的讲学活动。
　　王阳明认为,“良知”是知善知恶的,我们的行为是好是坏,“良知”立刻就能知道。问题是,常人不能听从“良知”的引导,违背良知才出现各种各样道德上的堕落。因此,每个人都有“良知”,只要恢复“良知”,做到“致良知”,人人都可能成为圣人。“就像是太阳被乌云遮住了,‘致良知’就是把乌云拨去,太阳自然就显出来了。”华建新说。

   诸葛长青：致良知学说，是对儒家思想的一次升华，王阳明对儒家思想做出了巨大贡献。
　　嘉靖六年五月,广西思恩、田州又一次发生了少数民族地区山民的动乱,已为此伤透脑筋的朝廷方才想起闲居在绍兴的王阳明。身体已经十分病弱的王阳明不得不又一次接受朝廷的任命,再次披上戎装,远赴广西平乱。经过实际考察,王阳明采用招抚的方式,不费一兵一卒,就很快解决了几十年难以根治的山民动乱。诸葛长青：王阳明已经是圣贤层次，所以可以一言定天下。
　　此时,王阳明的身体已经非常虚弱,加之广西的气候环境不适于养病,完成使命的他多次上书请求回乡养病,但都被当时内阁大臣、吏部尚书桂萼拦了下来,并未到达皇帝手中。病入膏肓的王阳明在处理好善后事宜后无奈乘舟归乡。
　　嘉靖七年(公元1529年)十一月,王阳明走完了57年既坎坷又无限光明的人生道路,逝世于江西南安大余一个叫青龙铺的地方卧船中。临终前,留下“此心光明,亦复何言”感慨。
　　嘉靖八年十一月,王阳明的灵柩被安葬于绍兴城南兰亭花街的青山上,那是他生前为自己所选定的墓地。他的葬礼异常隆重,除了家人,还有从全国各地赶来的门人弟子1000多人。嘉靖皇帝去世,明穆宗即位,下诏赠王阳明为“新建侯”,追谥“文成”。万历十二年(公元1584年),王阳明祀孔庙。
　　如今,位于今绍兴兰亭花街鲜虾山南麓的王阳明墓肃穆静谧,问及“老绍兴”都鲜有知晓,几经周折才得以寻到。青苔斑斑的石砌古墓与青松碧草为伴,在秋阳的高照下,眺望着远处秀美的山峦,昭示着王阳明毕生的光辉。

     （本文参考资料：《大众日报》记者高翔、陈巨慧撰写的《王阳明：致知成圣三不朽》）

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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