Kanyu Culture of Ancient Architecture: Design Conception of Metropolitan City of the Yuan Dynasty

古建筑堪舆文化：元大都城设计构想

Chinese culture, Taoism follows nature, nature and man are united, and wisdom is unlimited.

----Zhuge Changqing

The Chinese culture is broad and profound.

Chinese culture is permeated with the beautiful state of the unity of nature and man.

Looking through ancient and modern cultures, Zhuge Changqing felt more and more the cosmological thinking and the unity of nature and man in Chinese culture. Looking up at the sky, looking down at the geography, tears of gratitude wet my clothes. My beloved ancestors, your wisdom is so admirable!! Worship and gratitude for the wisdom and dedication of ancestors.

Through the history, let's take a look at the planning of Beijing's predecessor, Yuandu City:

The urban planning of the Metropolitan City of the Yuan Dynasty strictly abides by the Confucian tradition and the principle of facing the future and the left ancestor and the right society proposed in the Book of Rites of the Zhou Dynasty.

The form of the capital city of the Zhou Dynasty is stipulated in the chapter of "Zhou Li · Kao Gong Ji":

"The craftsmen run the country, nine miles square, and three gates on the side. The middle of the country is nine longitude and nine latitude, with nine tracks painted. The left Zu Youshe, facing the back city, has one city." That is to say, the craftsmen plan and build the capital. The size of the capital is a square of nine miles square, with three gates on each side. There are nine streets on the north and south and east and west roads in the city, each with a width of nine tracks (the width of the track is 8 feet). The ancestral temple of the emperor in the city is in the east on the left, the altar of state is in the west on the right, the imperial court is in the front (the south), the commercial market is in the rear (the north), and the imperial palace is in the center. (Source: Cheng Jianjun, Ancient Chinese Architecture and the Philosophy of the Book of Changes)

From the map, the city of Beijing is a neat convex shape, and the Forbidden City is its center. Except that the northwest corner of the city wall retreats slightly into a small corner, the layout of the whole city is basically symmetrical. From north to south, it has a central axis that runs through the city. It starts from the Bell and Drum Tower in the north, crosses the Jingshan Mountain, and goes through the Shenwu Gate to the three main halls in the center of the Forbidden City. Then go out at noon, Tian'anmen, Zhengyang Gate, and Yongding Gate. The total length is 8000 meters. This sense of integrity and stability in the layout of the whole city can be regarded as one of the wonders of the world.

In 1260 AD, Kublai Khan, the Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, moved the ruling center to Yanjing in the south, and built the capital of the Yuan Dynasty on the northeast side of the original Jinzhongdu city site.

The urban planning of the Metropolitan City of the Yuan Dynasty strictly abides by the Confucian tradition and the principle of facing the future and the left ancestor and the right society proposed in the Book of Rites of the Zhou Dynasty. The outline of the metropolis is rigorous and square, slightly longer from north to south, with a circumference of 28.6 kilometers. There are 11 gates in the metropolis, including 3 gates in the east, south and west, and 2 gates in the north. There are tall turrets in the four corners of the city. The ancient observatory in Beijing today is the location of the southeast turret of the capital of the Yuan Dynasty. There is a moat around the metropolis.

Metropolitan buildings include the Great City, the Imperial City and the Palace City. The big city is the outer city, which is a square rectangle from the north to the south, with a circumference of 28600 meters, a length of 7600 meters from the north to the south, and a width of 6700 meters from the east to the west. Its south wall is about the south of Chang'an Street in the east and west of Beijing today; The north city wall is in the line of Desheng Gate and Anding Gate, and remains of Tucheng are still preserved; The southern section of the eastern and western city walls generally coincides with the later city wall base sites. The city walls are all built with rammed earth.

The Imperial City is located in the south and west of the capital, centered on the Taiye Pool, with the Palace City and Royal Garden built on the east bank. There are Longfu Palace, Xingsheng Palace and Xiyuan Palace on the west bank. In the Taiye Pool, there are two other groups of buildings. One is the Guanghan Palace on the Longevity Hill as the main palace, and the other is the Yitian Palace built on the Yingzhou, which is the location of today's Tuancheng. In the imperial city, between the big and small palaces, there are also various warehouses, service agencies, government offices, etc. To the east of the imperial city is the palace city, which is rectangular in outline. There are turrets at four corners, with three floors up and down. The main buildings of the Palace City are the Daming Hall and the Yanchun Pavilion, which form a line with the Qingning Palace and are located on the central axis of the metropolis.

中华文化，道法自然，天人合一，智慧无限。

---- 诸葛长青

   中华文化博大精深。

   中华文化处处洋溢着天人合一的美好境界。

   翻阅古今文化，诸葛长青越发感觉到中华文化的宇宙思维和天人合一境界。仰观天文、俯察地理，感恩的泪水打湿衣襟，我敬爱的祖辈，你们智慧如此令人仰慕赞叹！！叩拜感恩祖先的智慧奉献。

   透过历史的云烟，我们来看看北京前身元大都城的规划：

   元大都城的城市规划恪守儒家传统和《周礼·考工记》提出的面朝后市、左祖右社的原则。

  《周礼·考工记》篇中如此规定周代都城的形制:

   “匠人营国，方九里，旁三门。国中九经、九纬，经涂九轨。左祖右社，面朝后市，市朝一夫。” 这就是说，匠人规划和营建都城，都城规模是九里见方的正方形，每面开有三个城门，城内南北和东西道路各有九条街道，每条街道的宽度为九轨（轨宽为8尺）。城内帝王的祖庙在左边居东，社稷坛在右边居西，朝廷在前（即南部），商市即市场居后（即北部），王朝宫室居正中心。（来源：程建军《中国古代建筑与周易哲学》）
   北京城从地图上看，是一个整齐的凸字形，紫禁城是它的中心。除了城墙的西北角略退进一个小角外，全城布局基本是左右对称的。它自北向南，存在着纵贯全城的中轴线。北起钟鼓楼，过景山，穿神武门直达紫禁城的中心三大殿。然后出午们，天安门，正阳门，直至永定门。全长八千米。这种全城布局上的整体感和稳定感，可誉为世界奇观之一。  
   公元1260年，元世祖忽必烈将统治中心南移到燕京，并在原金中都城址的东北侧兴建了元大都。

   元大都城的城市规划恪守儒家传统和《周礼·考工记》提出的面朝后市、左祖右社的原则。大都城的轮廓严谨方正，南北略长，周长28.6千米。大都城有11座城门，其中东、南、西三面各有3门，北面有2门。城四隅建有高大的角楼，今北京的古观象台是元大都城东南角楼所在地。大都城四周有一条护城河。
   大都城的建筑包括大城、皇城和宫城。大城就是外城，从北朝南，呈一个方整的矩形，周围长28600米，南北长7600米，东西宽6700米。它的南城墙约在今北京市东西长安街的南侧；北城墙在今德胜门和安定门外小关一线，仍有土城遗迹保存；东西城墙南段大体与后来的城墙基址相合。城墙全部用夯土筑成。

   皇城坐落在都城正南方偏西的位置上，以太液池为中心，东岸建有宫城和御苑。西岸建有隆福宫和兴圣宫，以及西苑等。太液池中，另有两组建筑群，一是万岁山上以广寒殿为主体宫殿，二是建在瀛洲上的仪天殿也就是今天团城的位置。皇城内，在大小宫殿之间，还建有各种储物的仓库、服务机构、办事的衙署等。皇城的东部是宫城，轮廓呈长方形，四角建有角楼，上下共三层。宫城的主要建筑是大明殿和延春阁，与清宁宫连成一线，坐落在大都城的中轴线上。

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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