Confucius, the supreme teacher of Dacheng: Confucius' educational thought

大成至圣先师孔子：孔子的教育思想

Confucius, the founder of Confucianism and the great master of Chinese culture.

----Zhuge Changqing

We are always deeply moved to open Chinese history and taste historical culture.

Entering Qufu and Confucianism, we marvel at the selfless dedication of Confucius and other ancestors.

Zhuge Changqing believed that as a Chinese, as an educator, we should understand Confucius, understand Confucianism and spread Confucianism. The Confucian ideological system is not only the basic classics such as university, the doctrine of the mean, the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, filial piety, disciple rules, the Spring and Autumn Annals, and the Book of Changes, but also the "seed of fire" feelings and "dedication" spirit of embracing the world, being both civil and military, benefiting the common people, and spreading the traditional Chinese culture.

Confucius, the supreme master of Dacheng, has left splendid cultural wealth to mankind with his life.

We should learn from Confucius' spirit of dedication, his spirit of spreading traditional Chinese culture for the Chinese nation, and his spirit of dedication to the cause of education, which is always worth our learning. Confucius' thought will always shine in the annals of history.

Confucius (September 28, 551 B.C. - April 11, 479 B.C.), a member of the Chinese people, has the surname of Confucius, the name of Qiu, and the name of Zhongni. He was born in the State of Song (today's Xiayi County, Shangqiu City, Henan Province) and Chouyi, the State of Lu (today's Nanxin Town, Qufu City, Shandong Province) at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Confucius was a famous thinker, politician and educator at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. As the founder of the Confucian school, he created the atmosphere of private lectures.

Confucius, known as the "Sage of Heaven" and the "Woodlot of Heaven", was one of the most knowledgeable people in the society at that time. He was honored by later rulers as the sage of Confucius, the most holy, the most holy teacher, the teacher of all ages, the Emperor of Wen Xuan, and the King of Wen Xuan, and was the first of the "Top Ten Cultural Celebrities in the World".

Confucius has 3000 disciples and 72 virtuous disciples. He once led some of his disciples around the world. Revise "Poetry", "Book", "Rites", "Music", preface "Book of Changes", and write "Spring and Autumn". After the death of Confucius, his disciples and their successors recorded the words, deeds, quotations and thoughts of Confucius and his disciples and compiled them into the famous Confucian classic The Analects of Confucius. His Confucianism has a profound impact on China and the world, and Confucius temples all over the world offer sacrifices to Confucius.

Mr. Li Xueqin, head of the leading scientist expert group of the National "Xia, Shang and Zhou Chronology Project" and "Chinese Civilization Exploration Project", pointed out that Confucius not only created Confucianism, but also created Yi learning.

Confucian classics include poetry, books, rituals, music, spring and autumn. The article "Yao" in the silk book of Mawangdui says that "the essence of the other five classics in the Six Classics is included in the profit and loss path of the Book of Changes. The Book of Changes is" the first of the group classics "and" the source of the main road ".

Confucius was the first person in the history of education in China who devoted his life to the cause of education. He had a profound impact on the educational activities of later generations. Confucius' thoughts, theories and deeds were recorded by his disciples and later compiled into a book called The Analects of Confucius, which is the most important material for studying Confucius' educational thoughts. Some people concluded that Confucius' educational thought can be summarized in four words: first, teach without discrimination, second, teach according to their aptitude, third, inspire and induce, fourth, be a model, and fifth, combine learning and thinking.

Confucius is the first great educator in Chinese history. He initiated private education and widely accepted disciples. He is known as 3000 disciples, up to 72. He has made outstanding contributions to the inheritance, development and dissemination of ancient culture. Looking through the history, Zhuge Changqing found that today's Chinese culture is largely spread by Confucius disciples. Thank Confucius. His educational ideas, educational purposes, educational methods and research methods are still shining with the brilliance of his thoughts today.

1、 Confucius' educational practice activities are mainly concentrated in three periods

1. Before and after Confucius's "thirty years old", it was about his thirtieth to thirty-fifth years.

2. In the 27th year of Zhao Gong's reign in Lu, Confucius came to Shilu after returning to Lu from Qi, that is, he was between 37 and 50 years old. During this period, Confucius' educational thought and cause had a great development. His disciples spread all over Qi, Lu, Chu, Jin, Qin, Chen and Wu, and at the same time attracted more and more attention from the whole society.

3. In his later years, Confucius ended his 14-year life of traveling abroad and returned to Shandong in self-defence. From the age of 68 to 73, Confucius carried out his last five years of educational activities. During this period, he deleted the Six Classics as a teaching material, further systematized the teaching experience, and finally formed a complete educational theory system.

Since Confucius paid great attention to education and made great achievements during his lifetime, Confucius has been consecrated and honored since the second year after his death. The title of Confucius has been gradually upgraded from Baocheng Xuanni in the reign of Emperor Hanping to the king of Wenxuan in the reign of Emperor Xuanzong in the Tang Dynasty, and Dacheng's most holy teacher of Wenxuan in the reign of Emperor Shunzhi in the Qing Dynasty, enjoying a high status in China and even in the world.

2、 Confucius' Educational Thought

As an educator who has been engaged in educational work all his life, Confucius has accumulated rich educational experience in his long-term educational work, and has put forward many educational propositions after in-depth consideration, which has always been valued by people. These ideas have penetrated into all aspects of the education process and formed a complete and independent education system.

Zhuge Changqing has studied the thoughts of many experts and scholars. Everyone agrees that Confucius' educational thoughts are beyond the times and practical. It includes five features:

（1） Education without discrimination

Zhuge Changqing believed that Confucius accepted the spirit of disciples, just like Buddha Sakyamuni and Taoism Laozi, as long as you are willing to learn, you can learn. This has trained many talents for mankind.

Confucius advocated that "there is no class without education", and that class should be classified into categories, clans and categories. The original meaning of Confucius's words is that the object of education is neither noble nor humble, nor vulgar, regardless of the type or race, "it is appropriate to teach with the same resources".

Confucius also practiced this idea in his lifelong education. Among the three thousand disciples of Confucius, there are not only aristocratic children with great power and wealth, but also ordinary people with poor families; There are merchants, laborers, and even thieves, so Xunzi also said that there are many kinds of Confucius.

"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals: Persuading Learning" said: "Therefore, the teacher's teaching is not about the importance, the inferiority, the poor and the rich, but about the Tao. In fact, it is all necessary to be honest with others." This is also the true meaning of "education without discrimination".

（2） Teach students according to their aptitude.

Zhuge Changqing: Confucius teaching adopts different methods according to the characteristics of students' different personalities and temperament.

For example, if you are impatient, Confucius said you should "think twice before acting";

If you are slow, Confucius said you should "act immediately".

Zhuge Changqing believed that Confucius' educational thought was in line with the law of heaven.

Great Confucius, an admirable good teacher!!

The teaching activity is different from the general production activity, and its education object is different people with independent consciousness, which determines that the same way and method cannot be used to educate all the educated at the same time in the teaching activity. Confucius noticed this very early and creatively implemented the teaching method of teaching students according to their aptitude.

Confucius said, "If you are above the middle class, you can speak; if you are below the middle class, you can't speak" (Yong Ye). This does not mean that Confucius should divide people into three, six, nine classes, but that Confucius can face up to the differences in students' qualifications and give different education selectively according to their own interests, wisdom and ability.

The Analects of Confucius. Advanced records:

Ran Qiu is good at work and has little courage. How to educate him?

Confucius taught him to be decisive in everything and to do it immediately when he thought of it;

Zhongyou is bold and thoughtless. How to educate?

Confucius was afraid that he would be reckless and cause trouble, so he taught him to take a step back in case of trouble. Confucius used this method to improve the moral cultivation of his disciples.

（3） Inspiration and induction.

Zhuge Changqing: Confucius taught in a natural way, not through forced cramming, but through metaphor, questioning and guidance, free speech, discussion and exchange, going out for spring outing, and so on. Today, it seems that people admire each other.

Confucius was the first educator in ancient China to adopt heuristic teaching methods.

The Analects of Confucius recorded that Confucius advocated: "Don't be angry, don't be sad, don't say a word, don't say a word, don't say a word, don't say a word, don't say a word", which means that students should not be taught simply by indoctrination, but should be student-oriented, enlighten students when they still don't get the point after thinking, and enlighten students when they want to express their thoughts and are hard to say it.

In addition, if students only stay on the understanding of knowledge and cannot be internalized into their own abilities, they should not be forced to teach.

This general spirit reflects Confucius' pragmatic and responsible teaching style for each student, which is of great practical significance.

（4） Be a teacher.

Zhuge Changqing: Confucius is modest and prudent. He advocates that there must be a teacher in the three people's line. He advocates that students can surpass teachers. This kind of state is amazing!! Confucius, great!

Confucius said: "The future generation is awesome, how can we know that the future is not as good as the present?" ("Zi Han") "Be benevolent, not let the teacher" ("Wei Ling Gong").

It can be said that the Analects of Confucius is actually a book that records the discussions and answers between Confucius teachers and students. The most important thing for teachers to learn from each other is that they should be brave to put down their airs, face their own shortcomings, admit their shortcomings, learn from people who are better than themselves, and apply the learned knowledge to future teaching.

"Never tire of learning and never tire of teaching" (Shuer). In fact, "never tire of teaching" is based on "never tire of learning". In addition, what is even more valuable is the concept of equality between teachers and students embodied in the teaching method of "teaching and learning are mutually beneficial", which still has direct guiding significance for today's education and teaching.

（5） Combination of learning and thinking

Zhuge Changqing: Confucius should be flexible in reading. He should not be rigid in reading. He should combine learning with thinking and practice.

Confucius said, "Learning without thinking is useless, and thinking without learning is dangerous."

"Learning" is to possess knowledge materials, and "thinking" is to analyze and think about the knowledge materials seen. Confucius believed that in order to make a person become a talent, it is necessary to train him to be both good at possessing data and diligent in independent thinking about data. Only in this way can he fundamentally teach students well.

As for Confucius' teaching method of combining learning with thinking, Wang Fuzhi once said in the early Qing Dynasty, "There are two ways to achieve knowledge: learning, thinking,... learning is not an obstacle to thinking, and the more extensive learning is, the farther it is, and thinking is helping learning."

infer other things from one fact. A learning method of deduction and analogy proposed by Confucius. The Analects of Confucius · Shuer: "Don't be angry, don't say anything, don't say anything about it, don't say anything about it." It is the same kind of analogy method as "Wen Yizhi Shi" ("Gongyechang"). This method is more clearly limited to the analogy from the known to the unknown. Confucius believed that only by mastering this kind of learning method can we effectively learn knowledge and be "a gentleman without weapons".

Be modest and honest. Confucius believed that "when three people walk together, there must be my teacher" ("Shuer"), "knowing is knowing, knowing is not knowing, knowing is also" ("Weizheng"). In learning, we should be good at learning from people who are worse than ourselves, and constantly improve ourselves. We should seek truth from facts when dealing with knowledge. We should not pretend to understand without knowing, and we should develop a modest and honest learning attitude.

3、 Confucius was the first person in China to take education as his career.

Before him, people who did not work in agriculture, nor did they work in business, nor did they serve as an official. People who only took lecturing as a profession and made a living by it are unknown to us. Although Confucius in his early years also "tasted as a commissioner" and "tasted as taking advantage of the field", since "after the doctor", he has enrolled students in the university, he has been purely taking lecturing as his career and the way to make a living. Confucius defined the social class of teachers for the first time in Chinese history. From the perspective of education, Confucius clearly advocated the full-time nature of teachers for the first time, which is an important milestone in the history of education.

4、 Confucius' educational purpose

Zhuge Changqing: Confucius cultivates people, based on "self-cultivation, family unity, governance, and world peace", and taking "cultivating sages, gentlemen, and future pillars of China" as the ultimate goal.

The basic purpose of Confucius' education is to cultivate people with lofty ideals and noble men.

In his life, he pursued the Tao in the spirit of "hearing the Tao in the morning and dying in the evening", and tried to find opportunities to promote the Tao. However, Confucius did not achieve the ambition in his life, so he placed the hope of ambition and promotion on his disciples.

He taught his students that "people can promote the Tao, but not the Tao", "people who are determined to the Tao, but are ashamed of those who are greedy for food and clothing, do not have enough to discuss", "people who are committed to learning, and keep the good way to death", "people with lofty ideals, do not seek survival to harm others, and kill themselves to become benevolent", and his students also have a lot of experience, such as Zeng Shen said: "people can not be ambitious, but have a long way to go. benevolence thinks its own responsibility is not too heavy? It is not too far to die after death!"

Zixia said: "A hundred workers live in order to accomplish their work, and a gentleman learns to achieve his way" ("Zi Zhang"). It can be seen that teaching and learning are the common goals of Confucius teachers and students, and Confucius' educational goals have been transformed into students' learning goals. Because of this unity of subjectivity and objectivity, Confucius can produce many talented students.

Zixia said, "A good scholar is an official", which theoretically summarizes another important aspect of Confucius' educational purpose. "Learning to be excellent is an official" means many aspects: learning is the way to become an official, training officials is the main political purpose of education, and good academic performance is an important condition for becoming an official. If you do not study or do not study well, you will not be qualified to become an official.

Confucius has a very clear attitude to the promotion of "learning to be excellent is an official". He said: "advanced in etiquette and music, savages are also; backward in etiquette and music, gentlemen are also. If we use it, we should be advanced". It is the common people who learn etiquette and music first and then become an official, and it is the noble children who learn etiquette and music first.

If we want to choose talents, Confucius advocates to choose people who learn etiquette and music first. Learning has a close relationship with being an official. He encourages students to say, "Don't worry about being an official." Don't worry about being an official. What you need to worry about is whether the knowledge required to be an official is well learned. The disciples were indoctrinated by this thought, and the idea of learning to be an official is common in their minds. Since they have learned to be a gentleman, it is unreasonable not to be an official. Zi Lu said "it is meaningless not to be an official" straightforwardly, which is very representative.

Confucius actively recommended talented students to the people in power to take up political affairs, but he also adhered to some principles when delivering talents: first, if you are not good at learning, you can't be an official; Secondly, only when the country is politically enlightened can it become an official, or it would rather retire. Most of the disciples trained by Confucius took part in political activities sooner or later. They "wandered around the marquises, the big ones were masters and ministers, the small ones were priests and doctors".

"Learning to be excellent is an official" is consistent with Confucius' advocacy of "cultivating talents", which determines the educational purpose of cultivating ruling talents, which is of great significance in the history of education. Linking academic excellence with official excellence and ensuring official excellence with academic excellence is conducive to the promotion of sage politics and the improvement of social politics. It reflects the social needs of the rise of the feudal system, opposes the hereditary system of being an official without learning, opens up the way for the civilian to enter politics, and becomes a huge driving force for the activists to actively learn at that time.

5、 Confucius' educational content

Zhuge Changqing: Confucius' teaching is based on "being both civil and military, knowledgeable and versatile".

"The Analects of Confucius. Shuer" said that "the four religions of Confucius, namely, literature, conduct, loyalty and faith", which is actually an inaccurate statement. Liu Huanan said, "The word and the action are two things. As for faithfulness, the two ears in the special action are not two things!" It is correct to point out that faithfulness is two and one. From the point of view of the purpose of Confucius' education, what he wants to cultivate is a gentleman with harmonious and unified internal quality and external performance. Therefore, the content of his education also attaches equal importance to both morality and talent, both strengthening moral education and paying attention to knowledge education.

（1） Moral cultivation. Zhuge Changqing believed that Confucius was responsible for the Chinese nation by putting moral cultivation first. It's really admirable that even a violent Wulin expert like Zilu is worshipped by Confucius. Moral culture is the root of the long-term development of the Chinese nation. Moral cultivation is the most basic educational content of Confucius, that is, the so-called moral education. The main content of Confucius' moral education is "benevolence". Confucius has many explanations for "benevolence", but it is nothing more than the general principle of "love". At the same time, he also put forward a series of specific concepts, such as filial piety, fraternity, loyalty, faithfulness, diligence, righteousness, courage, respect, sincerity, forgiveness, warmth, kindness, courtesy, thrift, tolerance, humility, harmony, leniency, sensitivity and benefit, which enriched and developed the content of moral education.

In the way of moral education, Confucius attached great importance to practice, emphasizing "listen to what they say and watch what they do". When studying Confucius' moral education, Mr. Kuang Yaming said: "Moral behavior is the touchstone to test whether moral awareness is clear, whether moral sentiment is noble, and whether moral concepts are firm. It is the most important link for moral cultivation to enter practice." (Chinese History is the First Great Educator)

（2） Literature knowledge. Zhuge Changqing believed that Confucius allowed his disciples to learn literature knowledge, not only for personal career, but also for the Chinese nation to leave some cultural kindling. Thank Confucius. In terms of literature knowledge, Confucius mainly taught students the "six arts" of "Poetry", "Book", "Rites", "Music", "Yi", "Spring and Autumn". As for the educational significance and value of the "six arts", the Book of Rites? Classic Interpretation quoted Confucius as saying: "He is also gentle and honest, and the" Poetry "teaches him; the" Book "teaches him; the" Music "teaches him; the" Music "teaches him; the" Yi "teaches him; the" Yi "teaches him; the" Li "teaches him; the" Spring and Autumn "teaches him."

The "Book of Songs", namely the "Book of Songs", has a total of 305 chapters, which are divided into three parts: wind, elegance and eulogy. At that time, it was mainly used for ceremonies, reception and poetry. Confucius believed that learning "Poetry" can exercise language expression ability. "Without learning poetry, there is no way to speak" ("Ji Shi"). He regarded poetry teaching as the main means to cultivate morality, cultivate temperament, and make contributions. He also pointed out that "Poetry" can be prosperous, can be seen, can be group, can be resentful, can be the father of the near, can be the king of the far, and know more about birds, animals and plants. "(" Yanghuo ")

Music is an important teaching material in Confucius education, including basic knowledge of music, music theory, music aesthetics, music function and other contents, and is an important content of Confucius aesthetic education.

"Book" is also called "Shangshu" or "Book of Books". The "Commentary on the Thirteen Classics" and the "Shangshu" now seen are a combination of "Jinwen Shangshu" and "Guwen Shangshu", a total of 29 articles. "Book" is a political textbook for cultivating political talents in Confucius' education system.

The Book of Rites is the existing Book of Rites after Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty fused the two schools of "ancient" and "modern", and was shaped into three types, namely, the Book of Rites of Zhou, the Book of Rites and the Book of Rites. "Zhou Li" talks about various official systems, "Yi Li" talks about various ceremonies and ceremonies; The Book of Rites talks about the nature, significance and function of rites.

The Book of Changes, also known as the Book of Changes, explains changes in things. The Book of Changes is based on the eight trigrams. The basic symbols "-" (Yin Yao) and "-" (Yang Yao) are combined by "-" and "-" to form eight categories, and then the eight categories are combined to form sixty-four doors. The traditional saying about Yi is that Fu Xi made the eight trigrams, King Wen made the trigrams, Duke Zhou made the trigrams, and Confucius made the wings, but not all of them are reliable. In his later years, Confucius studied the Book of Changes and taught his disciples the Book of Changes.

The Spring and Autumn Annals, the first chronicle of China, began in the first year of Duke Yin of Lu (722 BC) and ended in the 14th year of Duke Ai of Lu (481 BC), recording the history of the Spring and Autumn Period of 242 years. Later generations have interpreted it in the Biography of the Spring and Autumn Gongyang, the Biography of the Spring and Autumn Grain Liang and the Biography of the Spring and Autumn Zuo. In his later years, Confucius focused on editing the Spring and Autumn Annals. He once exclaimed: "Who knows me, is it only the Spring and Autumn Annals or the Spring and Autumn Annals?" The Spring and Autumn Annals contains Confucius' social and political theory, and is the textbook for Confucius to carry out political and historical education for students.

（3） Physical exercise. Zhuge Changqing believed that Confucius was both civil and military, and naturally did not want his disciples to be weak and incompetent. Only when you are both civil and military can you strategize, face chaos without fear, and fight for the future. In addition to teaching book knowledge, Confucius also taught some skills. Among the "six arts" of ritual, music, shooting, imperial, calligraphy and numerology, "shooting" and "imperial" belong to this category. "Shooting" is archery, "defending" is driving, which is one of the requirements of the upper class of the gentry at that time.

Appendix: Confucius on Learning

Knowing is knowing, knowing is knowing.

I don't know the author. If you hear much, choose the good ones and follow them; See more and know more.

I can't be a saint. I'm never tired of learning and never tired of teaching.

If you don't learn enough, you are afraid of losing.

Be quick and eager to learn.

Ask more than you can, and ask more than you can; If there is no, it is true if it is false.

Prosperous in poetry, standing in ceremony, and successful in music.

Aim at Tao, according to virtue, according to benevolence, and travel in art.

Don't be angry or open. If one corner is not countered by three corners, it will be gone.

Those who know are not as good as those who are good, and those who are good are not as good as those who are happy.

I try not to eat all day and not to sleep all night. It is useless to think. It is better to learn.

Learning without thinking is useless, thinking without learning is dangerous.

All evils must be observed; All good things must be observed.

Isn't it also true that we learn from time to time?

He who by reviewing the old can gain knowledge of the new and is fit to be a teacher.

It can be said that it is easy to learn if you know what you are going to die every day and never forget what you can do.

There is nothing to say without learning poetry.

Poetry can be created, viewed, grouped and resented. The matter of your father is far away from you; I know more about birds, animals and plants.

A man without constancy cannot be a witch doctor.

make no social distinctions in teaching.

I have never failed to teach myself.

(Reference materials for this article: Qufu Confucius Education Thought Network, Zhuge Changqing Confucian Thought Research)

孔子，儒家思想创始人，中华民族文化大成者。

---- 诸葛长青

   翻开中华历史，品味历史文化，我们总是深深感动。

   走进曲阜，走进儒家思想，我们感叹孔子等先辈的无私奉献。

   诸葛长青认为，作为中国人，作为教育者，应当了解孔子、了解儒家思想、传播儒家思想。儒家思想体系，不仅仅是大学、中庸、论语、孟子、孝经、弟子规、春秋、易经等这些基本的经典，更重要的的是胸怀天下、文武双全、造福苍生、传播国学的“火种”情怀、“奉献”精神。

   大成至圣先师孔子孔子，用一生给人类留下了光辉灿烂的文化财富。

   我们要学习孔子的奉献精神，他为中华民族传播国学的精神，为了教育事业奉献的精神，永远值得我们学习。孔子思想，永远彪炳史册。

   孔子（公元前551年9月28日——公元前479年4月11日），华夏族，孔氏，名丘，字仲尼。祖籍宋国（今河南省商丘市夏邑县），春秋末期鲁国陬邑（今山东省曲阜市南辛镇）人。孔子是春秋末期著名的思想家、政治家、教育家，为儒家学派的创始人，开创了私人讲学的风气。
   孔子被誉为“天纵之圣”、“天之木铎”，是当时社会上的最博学者之一，被后世统治者尊为孔圣人、至圣、至圣先师、万世师表、文宣皇帝、文宣王，是“世界十大文化名人”之首。
   孔子有弟子三千，贤弟子七十二人，曾带领部分弟子周游列国。修订《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》，序《周易》，撰写《春秋》。孔子去世后，其弟子及其再传弟子把孔子及其弟子的言行语录和思想记录下来，整理编成著名的儒家学派经典《论语》。其儒家思想对中国和世界都有深远的影响，世界各地都有孔庙祭祀孔子。
   国家“夏商周断代工程”、“中华文明探源工程”首席科学家专家组组长李学勤先生指出：孔子不仅开创了儒学，也开创了易学。

   儒学的经典包括诗、书、礼、乐、春秋。马王堆帛书易《要》篇说“得一《易》以群毕。”是说六经中，其他五经的精华都囊括在易经的损益之道里了，《易经》为“群经之首”，“大道之源”。
   孔子是我国教育史上第一个将毕生精力贡献给教育事业的人，他对后世的教育活动产生了深远的影响。孔子的思想学说和他的事迹，弟子们各有记录，后来汇编成一本书，名为《论语》，这是研究孔丘教育思想最重要的材料。有人总结说，孔子的教育思想可以总结四句话：一、有教无类,二、因材施教,三、启发诱导,四、为人师表，五、学思结合。 

   孔子是中国历史上第一个伟大的教育家，他首创私学，广收门徒，号称弟子三千，达者七十二，为继承、发展和传播古代文化做出了突出的贡献。翻阅历史，诸葛长青发现，今日中华文化，一大部分都是孔子弟子们传播下来的。感恩孔子。他的教育主张、教育目的、教育方法和治学方法，直到今天仍然闪耀着思想的光辉。 
   一、孔子的教育实践活动主要集中在三个时期

   1、在孔子“三十而立”前后，大约在他三十至三十五期间。

   2、在孔子于鲁昭公二十七年自齐返鲁之后到仕鲁之前，也就是他三十七至五十岁期间。这一时期中，孔子的教育思想、教育事业有了很大的发展，弟子遍及齐、鲁、楚、晋、秦、陈、吴各地，同时越来越引起全社会的广泛注意。

   3、孔子晚年，结束长达十四年的外出传播生活，自卫返鲁，从他六十八岁到七十三岁去世，孔子进行了他最后五年的教育活动。这期间他删定六经作为教材，使教学经验进一步系统化，最终形成了完整的教育理论体系。 
   由于孔子生前非常注重教育，并取得了极高的成就，因此，从孔子去世后第二年开始，孔子就不断受到祭奠和追封。孔子的封号从汉平帝时的褒成宣尼公逐渐提升到唐玄宗时的文宣王，以及清顺治时的大成至圣文宣先师，在中国乃至世界上享有崇高的地位。

   二、孔子的教育思想

   作为一生从事教育工作的教育家,孔子在长期的教育工作中,积累了丰富的教育经验,并经过深入的思考,提出了许多教育主张,一直为人们所重视。这些主张,渗透到教育过程的各个环节,形成一套完整、独立的教育体系。

   诸葛长青研究了很多专家学者的思想，大家一致认为，孔子的教育思想，超越时代、实际实用。具体包含五个特点：  
    （一）有教无类

   诸葛长青认为，孔子收弟子精神，和佛祖释迦牟尼佛、道教老子一样，只要你愿意来学习，都可以学习。这就为人类培养了许多人才。

   孔子主张“有教无类”，类应作种类、族类、类别解。孔子此语的本义是：教育的对象不分贵贱、庶鄙，不论种类、族类，“宜同资教”。

   孔子也在其一生的教育中实践着他的这一主张，孔门三千弟子中，既有拥有很大权力和财富的贵族子弟，又有家境贫寒的平民百姓；既有商贾之人，又有劳动者，甚至有人还曾经为盗，所以荀子也说孔门多杂。

   《吕氏春秋·劝学》说:“故师之教也,不争轻重、尊卑、贫富，而争于道，其人苟可，其实无不可”，这也是“有教无类” 的真正含义。  

    （二）因材施教。

   诸葛长青：孔子教学，根据弟子性格不同、脾气不同等特点，分别采用不同方法教学。

   譬如，性格急，孔子就说你要“三思而后行”；

   如果性格慢，孔子就说你要“立刻行动”。

   诸葛长青认为，孔子教育思想符合天道。

   伟哉孔子，一位令人佩服的好老师！！

    教学活动不同于一般的生产活动，它的教育对象是各个不同的有着独立意识的人，这就决定了教学活动中不能用同一种方式、方法同时教育好所有的受教育者。孔子很早就注意到这一点，并创造性地施行了因材施教的教学方法。 
   孔子说：“中人以上，可以语上也；中人以下，不可以语上也”(《雍也》)，这并不说孔子要把人分个三六九等，而是说孔子能够正视学生资质上存在的差异，根据学生自身的志趣、智慧和能力，有选择地施以不同的教育。

   《论语.先进》中记载:

   冉求做事好退宿，胆子小，如何教育？

     孔子就教他凡事要果断，想到了就应马上去做；

   仲由胆大，欠考虑，如何教育？

   孔子怕他冒失惹祸，就教他遇事要退一步想，孔子就是用这种扬长避短的方法来完善弟子们的德业修养的。 

   （三）启发诱导。

   诸葛长青：孔子用自然的方式教学，不是强行填鸭式教育，而是通过打比喻、提问引导、大家自由发言、座谈交流、外出踏春等等。今天看来，令人仰慕不一。

   孔子是中国古代第一个采用启发式教学方法的教育家。

   《论语.述而》记载，孔子主张：“不愤不启，不悱不发，举一隅，不以三隅反，则不复也”，意思说，教育学生不能简单地采取灌输的方式，而应该以学生为主，在学生思考后仍不得要领时再开导他，在学生想表达自己思想而苦于说不出来的时候再启发他说出来。

   另外，如果学生仅停留在对知识的了解，而不能内化为自身的能力，就不要勉强教下去了。

   这总的精神体现了孔子务实和对每个学生认真负责的教学风格，具有十分重要的现实意义。  
   （四）为人师表。

   诸葛长青：孔子谦虚谨慎，主张三人行必有我师，主张学生可以超过老师，这种境界令人赞叹！！孔子，伟哉！

   孔子言：“后生可畏，焉知来者之不如今也？”(《子罕》)“当仁，不让于师”(《卫灵公》)。

   可以说，一部《论语》实际上就是记载孔子师生之间互相讨论、回答情况的书。教学相长最重要的是老师要勇于放下架子，面对自己的不足，勇于承认不足，敢于向比自己强的人学习，并把学来的知识应用到以后的教学中去。

   “学而不厌，诲人不倦”(《述而》)，实际上，“诲人不倦”是要以“学而不厌”为基础。另外，更为难能可贵的是“教学相长”的教学方法中体现的师生平等观，对今天的教育教学仍有直接的指导意义。

    （五）学思结合

      诸葛长青：孔子读书要灵活机动，不能死读书，要学习、思考实践相结合。

    子曰：“学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。”

   “学”就是要占有知识材料，“思”就是对看到的知识材料进行分析思考。孔子认为，要使一个人成才，就必须通过培养，使他既善于占有资料又勤于对资料进行独立的思考，唯有如此，才能从根本上教好学生。 
   关于孔子学思结合的教学方法，清初王夫之曾说：“致知之道有二：曰学，曰思，……学非有碍于思，而学愈博则愈远，思正有助于学。”(《四书训义》卷六)  

   举一反三。孔子提出的一种演绎类推的学习方法。《论语·述而》：“不愤不启，不悱不发，举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也”与“闻一知十”（《公冶长》）属同一性质的类推方法，这一方法更明确地限于由已知到未知的同类相推。孔子认为，只有掌握了这种学习的方法，才能有效的对知识进行学习，才能“君子不器”。  
    谦虚诚实。孔子认为，“三人行，必有我师”（《述而》），“知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也”(《为政》)，学习中要善于向比自己差的人学习比自己好的方面，不断完善自己，对待知识要实事求是，不能不懂装懂，不会装会，要养成谦虚诚实的学习态度。
   三、孔子是中国第一个以教育为职业的人。

   在他之前不农不工不商不仕，而只以讲学为职业并以此谋生的人是不为我们所知的。孔子早年虽也“尝为委吏”，“尝为乘田”，但自从“大夫之后”，大收学生以来，即纯以讲学为职业，为谋生之道。孔子在中国历史上第一次明确了教师这个社会阶层，从教育的角度而言，孔子第一次明确主张了老师的专职性，在教育史上具有重要的里程碑意义。

   四、孔子的教育目的

   诸葛长青：孔子培养人，以“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”为立足点，以“培养圣贤、君子、中华未来栋梁”为终极目标。

   孔子教育的基本目的是培养志道和弘道的志士和君子。

   他一生以“朝闻道，夕死可矣”的精神追求道，并极力寻找弘道的机会，但孔子一生不得志，就把志道、弘道的希望完全寄托在弟子身上。

   他教育他的学生“人能弘道、非道弘人”，“士志于道，而耻恶衣恶食者，未足与议也”，“笃信好学，守死善道”，“志士仁人，无求生以害人，有杀身以成仁”，他的学生也颇有体会，如曾参说：“士不可以不弘毅，任重而道远。仁以为己任，不亦重乎？死而后已，不亦远乎！”

   子夏曰：“百工居肆以成其事，君子学以致其道”（《子张》），可见，教道和学道是孔门师生共同的目的，孔子的教育目的已转化为学生的学习目的，因为这种主观和客观的统一，所以孔子才能造就出许多有才干的学生来。 
   子夏说：“学而优则仕”，从理论上概括了孔子教育目的另一个重要方面。“学而优则仕”包容多方面的意思：学习是通向做官的途径，培养官员是教育最主要的政治目的，而学习成绩优良是做官的重要条件，如果不学习或虽学习而成绩不优良，也就没有做官的资格。

   孔子对提倡“学而优则仕”的态度非常明确，他说：“先进于礼乐，野人也；后进于礼乐，君子也。如用之，则吾从先进”，先学习礼乐而后做官的是平民，先有了官位而后学习礼乐的是贵族子弟。

   如果要选用人才，孔子主张选用先学习礼乐的人。学习与做官有了密切的联系，他鼓励学生们说：“不患无位，患所以立”，不必担心没有官做，要担心的是做官所需要的知识本领学好没有。弟子们受此思想灌输，头脑中普遍存在为做官而学习的念头，既然已学为君子，不做官是没有道理的，子路心直口快说出“不仕无义”，这是很有代表性的。

   孔子积极向当权者推荐有才能的学生去担任政治事务，但他在输送人才时也坚持一些原则：首先，学不优则不能出来做官；其次，国家政治开明才能出来做官，否则宁可隐退。孔子培养的一批弟子，大多或早或迟地参加政治活动，他们“散游诸侯，大者为师傅卿相，小者友教士大夫”。  
   “学而优则仕”和孔子倡导的“举贤才”是一致的，确定了培养统治人才这一教育目的，在教育史上具有重要的意义。把学优与仕优联系起来，以学优保证仕优，有利于推行贤人政治，改良社会政治，它反映封建制兴起时的社会需要，反对了不学而仕的世袭制，为平民开拓了从政的道路，成为当时积极分子积极学习的巨大推动力量。

   五、孔子的教育内容

   诸葛长青：孔子的教学，以“文武双全、博学多才”为内容。

   《论语.述而》说：“子以四教，文、行、忠、信”，这实际上是一个不够确切的说法。刘謼南说：“夫文与行，固为二物，至于忠信，特行中之两端耳，又何别为二教！”指出忠信二而实一，是正确的。从孔子教育的目的上看，他要培养的是内在素质和外在表现和谐统一的君子，所以，他教育的内容也是德才并重，既加强道德教育也注重知识教育。 
   （一）道德修养。诸葛长青认为，孔子把道德修养作为第一，是对中华民族负责。连子路这样的性格粗暴的武林高手都拜服在孔子门下，真是令人敬佩。道德文化，是中华民族长期发展的根源啊。道德修养是孔子最基本的教育内容，即所谓德育。孔子的德育最主要的内容是“仁”。孔子对“仁”有许多解释，但不外是“爱人”这个总原则。他同时还提出孝、悌、忠、信、勤、义、勇、敬、诚、恕、温、良、恭、俭、让、谦、和、宽、敏、惠等一系列具体概念，丰富发展了德育的内容。 
   孔子在德育的方式上，十分注重实践，强调“听其言而观其行”。在研究孔子德育主张时，匡亚明先生说：“道德行为是检验道德认识是否明确、道德情操是否高尚、道德观念是否坚定的试金石，是品德修养进入躬行实践的最主要的环节。”（《中国历史是第一个伟大的教育家》） 
   （二）文献知识。诸葛长青认为，孔子让弟子们学习文献知识，不仅为了个人事业，也是为中华民族留下一些文化的火种。感恩孔子。在文献知识方面，孔子主要以《诗》、《书》、《礼》、《乐》、《易》、《春秋》“六艺”教授学生。对于“六艺”的教育意义和教育价值，《礼记?经解》引孔子的话说：“其为人也，温柔敦厚，《诗》教也；疏通致远，《书》教也；广博易良，《乐》教也；洁静精微，《易》教也；恭俭庄敬，《礼》教也；属辞比事，《春秋》教也。” 
   《诗》即《诗经》，共305篇，分风、雅、颂三部分。在当时主要用于典礼、应接和赋诗言志等方面。孔子认为学《诗》可以锻炼语言表达能力，“不学诗，无以言”（《季氏》），把诗教当成修养道德，陶冶性情，建功立业的主要手段，并指出“《诗》可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨，迩之事父，远之事君，多识于鸟兽草木之名。”（《阳货》） 
   《乐》是孔子教育中一项重要教材，包括音乐基础知识、音乐理论、音乐审美、音乐功能等内容，是孔子美育教育的重要内容。 
   《书》又称《尚书》或《书经》。现在所见的《十三经注疏》本《尚书》，是由《今文尚书》和《古文尚书》拼合而成，共二十九篇。《书》是孔子的教育体系中培养从政人才的政治课本。 
   《礼》是现存礼书经东汉郑玄融合“古”“今”两派后，定型为三种，即《周礼》、《仪礼》、《礼记》。《周礼》讲各种官制，《仪礼》讲各种典礼节仪；《礼记》讲礼的性质、意义和作用。 
   《易》又称《周易》，讲解事物变化。《周易》以八卦为纲构成体系。基本符号“―― ”（阴爻）和“— ”（阳爻）两种，再由“―― ”和“— ”三三组合，而成八类，再将八类两相重而成六十四门。关于《易》的传统说法是：伏羲作八卦，文王作卦辞，周公作爻辞，孔子作翼，但未必全部可靠。孔子晚年专研过《周易》，并以《易》教授弟子。 
   《春秋》我国第一部编年史，起自鲁隐公元年（前722年），迄于鲁哀公十四年（前481年），记载了春秋时代二百四十二年的历史。后世有《春秋公羊传》、《春秋榖梁传》和《春秋左传》阐释它。孔子晚年专注于修编《春秋》，他曾感叹说：“知我者，其惟《春秋》乎？罪我者，其惟《春秋》乎？”《春秋》包含了孔子的社会政治理论，是孔子对学生进行政治和历史教育的教科书。 
   （三）体育锻炼。诸葛长青认为，孔子文武双全，自然不愿意弟子们软弱无能。文武双全，才能运筹帷幄，临乱不惊、决战未来。孔子除教授书本知识外，还以一些技艺为教育内容。礼、乐、射、御、书、数“六艺”中，“射”和“御”即属此类。“射”是射箭，“御”是驾车，都是当时上层社会对士阶层的要求之一。

   附录：孔子论学习

知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。 
盖有不知而作者，我无是也。多闻，择其善者而从之；多见而识之。 
圣则吾不能，我学不厌而教不倦也。 
学如不及，犹恐失之。 
敏而好学，不耻下问。 
以能问于不能，以多问于寡；有若无，实若虚，犯而不校。 
兴于诗，立于礼．成于乐。 
志于道，据于德，依于仁，游于艺。 
不愤不启，不悱不发。举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。 
知之者不如好之者，好之者不如乐之者。 
吾尝终日不食，终夜不寝，以思，无益，不如学也。 
学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。 
众恶之，必察焉；众好之，必察焉。 
学而时习之，不亦说乎？ 
温故而知新，可以为师矣。 
日知其所亡，月无忘其所能，可谓好学也矣。 
不学诗，无以言。 
诗，可以兴，可以观，可以群，可以怨。迩之事父，远之事君；多识于鸟兽草木之名。 
人而无恒，不可以作巫医。 
有教无类。 
自行束修以上，吾未尝无诲焉。

  （本文参考资料：曲阜孔子教育思想网络资料、诸葛长青儒家思想研究）

 (This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

2诸葛长青改命运三把金钥匙诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

3Zhuge Changqing's Greeting Ritual (15 Steps Concise Version)

3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

9Shocking photo of feeding: Buddha, Bodhisattva and Dharma Protector come to the scene

9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

10施食仪轨回向：回向修改为简洁回向