Research on "private school" culture 1: New exploration of traditional Chinese culture education

“私塾”文化研究1：国学传统文化教育新探索

It is everyone's responsibility to spread the traditional Chinese culture. Private school is an exploration

-----Zhuge Changqing

Traditional culture is the blood of a country's national development.

If traditional culture is lost, the country will perish.

Today, Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are beginning to flourish.

So, as Confucius and Confucianism, how can the sage education based on China spread and carry forward?

Zhuge Changqing was surprised to find that many predestined people have quietly engaged in the promotion of Confucian culture.

They carry forward and spread Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism by holding Chinese culture classes, Chinese culture summer camps, disciple training classes, enlightenment schools, Chinese culture training classes, and inviting Chinese culture teachers to give lectures.

Someone once asked, why would anyone spread traditional culture? Is traditional culture redundant? Does learning traditional culture conform to the times? Zhuge Changqing replied: This is China's causal induction. The revitalization of traditional culture in China is inevitable. There are three causes and effects. First, it is the mission of many people to come to the world. They come to the world to spread traditional culture. This also confirms the praise of Buddha Sakyamuni Buddha for China. He praised China as a place of cultural prosperity 2000 years ago. Second, this is the response of heaven and man to China's prosperous times. Many sages and sages born in China will leave a lot of opportunities, as if leaving many seeds for the world. As long as the environment is good, they will take root, sprout, blossom and bear fruit. China is now in a prosperous age, and the prosperous China and culture will be revitalized. In its heyday, it will vigorously promote traditional culture and comprehensively revitalize traditional culture. Third, traditional culture is the law of the universe. If it is the law, it will never be out of date, and it will always conform to the law of heaven and the people's heart. You like "Disciple's Guide", "Analects of Confucius", "University", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "Three Character Classic", "Tao Te Ching", "The Supreme Emperor's Inductive Chapter" and so on, are all about the law of heaven and earth.

With the spread of traditional Chinese culture, a good situation has emerged in China recently. This good situation is that many predestined people have quietly contributed and set up "private schools" in many parts of the country.

1、 Private schools are a kind of culture.

Private schools are a good way for people to spread traditional Chinese culture, educate their children and change the people's minds.

In the process of studying the private school culture, Zhuge Changqing saw the book "Private School Handbook" edited by the private school culture research expert Xiang Murin, which can be regarded as the complete version of the current private school research. It plays a very important role in the study of Chinese private school culture. Those who like it can have a look.

Recently, Zhuge Changqing and Tang Ning, a researcher of traditional culture in Xiamen and a promoter of discipleship rules, exchanged views on the culture of private schools. Tang Ning said that she found that private schools were a good way to spread traditional culture and change people's minds in the process of spreading disciple rules. She traveled all over the country and found that private schools were quietly rising, which had become a single spark to start a prairie fire. At present, private schools mostly use students to pay tuition fees to solve the funding problem. Some private school sponsors are very moving. They silently adhere to the culture of traditional Chinese culture, refuse to support, and selflessly spread traditional Chinese culture. Tang Ning also said that if he had a chance, he would also consider establishing a private school.

Zhuge Changqing believed that if entrepreneurs with strong financial resources provided funds, private schools would develop better and even expand into large-scale Chinese schools. I wish China's private schools a faster development.

Zhuge Changqing believes that private school culture is a useful exploration to promote the spread of traditional Chinese culture.

2、 What is a private school?

Private schools are private preschool education institutions set up in families, clans or villages. It is an old private school, centered on Confucianism, and is an important part of private school.

1. Classification of private schools:

There are many kinds of private schools: private schools run by teachers themselves, schools, village schools, private schools set up by landlords and businessmen, and private schools set up with the rent income of ancestral halls and temples or private donations.

The private school was born in the Spring and Autumn Period. As a kind of private school, it lasted for more than 2000 years in the long feudal society, except for the temporary suspension of the Qin Dynasty. As the cradle of talent training, it and the official school complement each other and keep abreast of each other. Together, it has made an indelible contribution to the transmission of traditional Chinese culture, the cultivation of talents, hard work and unremitting struggle. It is a place to cultivate their children into pillars. It is called private school for short.

Private school is a kind of ancient society in China, which is divided into three types according to the source of funds:

1. Recruiting teachers to teach children at home for rich families, which is called "sitting in a school" or "home school";

Second, local (village) and clans donated money and fields of study, hired teachers to set up schools to teach poor children, which are called village schools and clan schools (patriarchal schools);

3. Those who set up private schools for private teachers to teach students at a fee are called gate houses, teaching houses, learning houses, study houses or private schools. Most of the teachers are young scholars or old children, and the age of students is unlimited. From the age of five or six to about twenty, most of them are under the age of twelve or thirteen. There are as few as one or two students and as many as thirty or forty students.

Zhuge Changqing saw that the Chongqing Business Daily once interviewed and studied the private school model. They analyzed and believed that the modern "private school" was mainly divided into two categories:

The first type is family-style "private school", which is direct family education (can be called "home education").

The second is the school-type "private school" full-time education, which completely replaces school education (including preschool education, primary education and junior high school education) with the old "private school" education, and sets up courses based on traditional Chinese culture.

2. Private school learning mode:

Private schools are teaching places set up by families, religions or teachers in ancient China. It has played an important role in spreading the culture of the motherland, promoting the development of education, cultivating enlightening children, and making schoolchildren read and understand science in the course of more than 2000 years of history in China.

Most students in private schools are enlightened at the age of six. Students do not need to pass the entrance examination to enter the school. Generally, they only need to obtain the consent of their teachers, and stand in front of the tablet or the statue of Confucius, kowtow to Confucius and his teachers respectively, then they can obtain the admission qualification. The size of private schools is generally small, with more than 20 students and a few students. The private school has no uniform requirements and regulations for students' enrollment age, learning content and teaching level.

As far as the teaching materials of private schools are concerned, there are "three, hundred, thousand, and younger brothers", which are popular in ancient China, namely, "Three Character Classic", "Hundred Surnames", "Thousand Family Poems", "Thousand Character Essays", "Daughter's Classic", "Teach Children's Classic", "Children's Enlightenment Instructions", and so on. Students will further read the Four Books and Five Classics "," Ancient Chinese Observation ", and so on. Its teaching content is mainly about literacy and calligraphy, and it also attaches great importance to learning poetry.

In ancient times, young children first learned "block characters" (regular script characters written on a square paper with more than one inch), and then taught to read the Three-character Classic, the Hundred Surnames, and the Thousand Characters. There are also those who directly teach and read the "Four Books". Most of the teaching methods are to teach students to read and recite, and then to be explained sentence by sentence by the teacher when appropriate. In addition to reading and reciting, there is a calligraphy class, which starts from the teacher's handrail to moisten the characters, then draws red, then writes a copy, and then draws a copy. After a rough understanding of the meaning of the word, the schoolchildren are taught to make corrections and prepare for poetry. After reading the "Four Books", I will read the "Five Classics", and also read ancient articles, such as "Dong Lai Bo Yi", "Ancient Chinese Observation", and begin to learn composition. Because the imperial examination was deeply rooted in the people's minds, the school also attached importance to the writing of the eight-part essay to prepare for the imperial examination. The school rules are extremely strict, and there are strict penalties.

3. Learning time. The teaching hours of private schools can be divided into two categories: "short learning" and "long learning".

The short teaching time is called "short learning", which generally ranges from one to three months. Parents do not have high requirements for this private school. They only require students to be able to read some words, keep accounts and write couplets in the future. The "long school" opens in the first half of the first month of the lunar calendar every year and ends in the winter month. The "long school" means that the teacher in the private school is famous and has a long teaching experience. The second is that the students study for a long time and have a lot of content.

As for the teaching principles and methods of private schools, in the stage of primary education, great attention is paid to the education of primary school children, emphasizing the cultivation of good moral quality and living habits of primary school children. For example, there are strict and specific regulations on the behavior and etiquette of the masked children, such as clothing, forking hands, bowing, walking, audio-visual, etc., which is the tradition of education in China. In terms of teaching methods, Mr. A completely adopts injection. During the lecture, the teacher was sitting upright. The students put the books on the teacher's desk in turn, and then stood by, waiting for the teacher to hum in circles. After the lecture, the students were asked to retell. Then the students went back to their seats and read aloud. Students must recite all the books required by the teacher to read aloud. In addition, corporal punishment is prevalent in private schools. In case of careless or naughty students, the teacher often scratches the students' faces and ears, and slaps the palm.

Zhuge Changqing's research found that the current private schools in China are mainly professional learning, and most of them are held on Saturdays, Sundays and holidays for children. Zhuge Changqing thought that no matter what way, it is beneficial to explore. If private schools bloom all over the country, then Chinese children will be very lucky.

3、 Some cases of "private schools" in China

Today, Zhuge Changqing recommended the "private school case" reported by Chongqing Business Daily.

Zhuge Changqing thanks these pathfinders who have made contributions to Chinese culture. They have made selfless contributions to the dissemination of Chinese culture and the cultivation of excellent national talents. amitabha. Bless them with prosperity and good luck.

... No examination, no diploma, no teacher qualification... This kind of modern "private school" has emerged not only in Shenzhen, Shanghai, Beijing and other places, but also in Chongqing.

It is embarrassing that the modern "private school" is not officially recognized, but is favored by some parents. What problems are reflected behind the rise of modern "private schools"? This has attracted the attention and thinking of the industry.

"The sky moves fast, and the gentleman keeps improving. Don't use the hidden dragon, and the sun goes down..." On the morning of March 12, there was a sound of reading in an ordinary residential room near the Royal Wharf in Yuzhong District. Holding Doudou (pseudonym) of the Book of Changes in his hand, he led the reading in a loud voice. The four children sat in a circle and read in unison.

This is a scene in the modern "private school" - tomorrow's school. There are more than ten modern private schools in Chongqing, such as Tomorrow School.

The child is not happy with learning. Mother runs a "private school"

On March 12, under the guidance of a parent, the reporter came to a community near the Royal Wharf. There was no sign outside. The reporter knocked on the iron door of the "Tomorrow School" located on the second floor. In the room with three rooms and one hall, five children were rolling on the floor of the living room, talking and laughing.

"Hello, uncle!" Binbin (pseudonym), who was blowing balloons, handed a piece of sugarcane to the reporter politely.

Ms. Xie, the organizer, said that the Tomorrow School was founded in June last year, and now has five children, the youngest is 3 years old and the oldest is 11 years old.

Speaking of running a private school, Ms. Xie said with emotion that she and her husband had both worked in architectural design and had a considerable income. Because the son of the fifth grade is not happy in school, and there is still unfinished homework at 11:00 every night. He has to arrive at school at 7:30 in the morning. The child is not happy, tired and does not want to learn.

Ms. Xie communicated with the teacher many times: "Can my child do less homework, or he can do it if he wants!" But the teacher didn't understand her idea, so she was labeled as "weird" parent, and the doll was often looked down upon.

The doll's study has become a stone in Ms. Xie's heart.

At this time, Ms. Xie learned that a resident of the same hospital had sent her children to a private school in Nanshan, focusing on reading scriptures. Later, she took her children to the private school for more than 10 days and felt good. She was going to send her child to the private school, but later she changed her mind. "It is better to teach the children by yourself than to send them to others." Ms. Xie said, and her husband also supported her idea.

Last June, the child dropped out of school. Ms. Xie founded the Tomorrow School through study and investigation.

More than ten private schools have sprung up in mountain cities

"We started to run (private schools) in 2007, and the first was the Reading Club," said Li Chengpeng, the head of Hongyi Houqian Private School. Because many parents have this desire, the Reading Club has gradually developed into a veritable private school.

Hongyi Houqian Private School currently has 44 students, divided into three classes: large, middle and small, small at the age of 2-6, middle at the age of 7-11, and large at the age of 11-16. Zhuge Changqing believes that this way of division is better.

They are full-time schools. They have 2 days off every month, 3 days on traditional festivals, and winter and summer holidays. But the holidays are very short, with only 10 days.

"There are more than 200 private schools in Shenzhen, many in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and other places, and several in Chongqing." Ms. Wu, who opened a private school in a residential building in a university town three years ago, told reporters that her private school is not large, with only 8 children, the youngest being 5 years old and the oldest being 11 years old. At present, Nanshan Hongyi Houqian Private School, with more than 40 students, has done the most in Chongqing.

According to a QQ group of private schools provided by Ms. Wu, there are more than ten private schools in Chongqing, mainly distributed in residential buildings in Yuzhong, Jiangbei, Nan'an, Yubei, Shapingba and other places, with a small number of students.

Ms. Wu said that modern "private schools" are mainly divided into two categories: the first category is family-style "private schools", that is, direct family education (which can be called "home education"). The second is the school-type "private school" full-time education, which completely replaces school education (including preschool education, primary education and junior high school education) with the old "private school" education, and sets up courses based on traditional Chinese culture.

What is the secret teaching? Reading classics and English physical training every day

What are the differences between private schools and current primary and secondary education in terms of teaching methods, curriculum and teaching content?

Ms. Xie told the reporter that their courses included "Four Books and Five Classics", "The Book of Changes", "The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic", as well as English and physical education.

English is the original foreign English textbook, without Chinese. Physical education is mainly about playing small balls, rolling and running. Li Chengpeng told the reporter that they also offered classic foreign language courses such as Shakespeare's Sonnets and Socrates' Self-Defense.

The reporter experienced the day of the modern private school.

At 9 o'clock in the morning, the first thing for children to do when they arrive is to put slippers neatly in the shoe cabinet, and then clean them collectively. Next is reading sutras, about half an hour. During the break, children will listen to world famous songs. Next is the physical fitness class, which mainly involves playing small balls, rolling, and running when the weather is good.

At 12 noon, before eating, the children should chant in unison the thanksgiving words "one porridge and one meal should be thought of as hard-won, thank the parents for their kindness..."; When eating, you should "eat without saying" all the time, and you should eat the food on the plate clean.

After lunch, take an hour off, and the children will continue to read the classics for about 30 minutes.

These private schools also have a theme class every week, such as traffic safety, common sense of life, and history knowledge. The form of class is flexible. For example, when we talk about history, we will take children directly to the Three Gorges Museum to feel it; In the traffic safety class, besides explaining the basic safety knowledge, the car model will also be disassembled to let the children understand the structure, performance, principle, etc. of the car.

Who is teaching? The teacher has no qualification certificate and teaching experience

Who is teaching children in these private schools?

Li Chengpeng said that there are 9 teachers in their private school, including those with university culture and those with high school culture. The school does not value their diplomas, but their minds. He said that it has been 100 years since the fault of traditional Chinese culture appeared, and it is difficult to find the "gentleman" who has deep knowledge of traditional culture. The important standard for them to choose teachers is to have a calm mind, and they can calm down to learn while teaching. "Teaching and learning are mutually beneficial." Ms. Xie of Tomorrow School also said that their teachers are also learning while teaching.

It is understood that almost all teachers in private schools have no teacher qualification and education experience, but the tuition is not cheap. Li Chengpeng, head of Hongyi Houqian Private School, said that they charge 24000 per person per year, including food and accommodation. A parent said that tomorrow's school charges 2500 yuan per month. The private school in the university town charges a relatively high fee of 35000 yuan per year. Ms. Wu, the person in charge of the private school, said that it could rise to 50000 next school year.

Who is reading? Most of them are friends and relatives of the founder

It's expensive. Which children are reading?

Ms. Xie said that the children were sent by relatives and friends to take care of them. At first, he taught his two children. During the winter and summer holidays, some relatives and friends also sent the doll to read scriptures. After school started, my friend's three children also dropped out and transferred to her private school.

Mr. Hu, the parent, said that, according to his understanding, in addition to preschool children, there are also some students at the stage of compulsory education who transfer to private schools by dropping out or dropping out of school. Some of the students retain their school status in the system through other channels, while others do not have the problem of school status at all.

The reporter learned that many parents are friends of the private school founder, and most of the students in the private school are introduced.

The reason for the rise of private schools lies in the pursuit of diversified education

Why are many parents willing to give up free and compulsory education and let their children go to private schools without examinations, diplomas and certificates?

Ms. Cheng, 36, is the mother of two children. She said that her youngest daughter Xinxin, who is 8 years old, spent 50000 yuan to choose a key primary school, but since the first grade, her daughter will do her homework after 10 o'clock every day when she comes home. The most troubling thing for her was that the child worked very hard, but the final exam did not give a satisfactory result to the teacher, so the teacher criticized her daughter for dragging her feet in front of all the students.

"Not every child is a genius, which will have a serious impact on the child's psychology." Ms. Cheng said that the introverted joy was affected by this, and became even less talkative. Seeing her daughter unhappy every day made her very worried. Ms. Cheng said that it was only half a year since she sent the doll to her friend's private school, and her daughter has obviously become a lot more cheerful and serious about her study.

"Choosing private schools does not take examination and diploma into consideration." Ms. Liu, the parent, said, "Happiness is more important than exam scores." She believed that the current education still stays at the level of exam-oriented education, and the evaluation system for students is mainly focused on exam scores. Dolls can't repeat their old ways - they can only read and take exams, but can't be human.

Ms. Liu said that she had been doing very well from primary school to university, and her teachers, parents and people around her praised her. But people around her focus on her academic achievements, and few people have taught her how to behave. As a result, I have great defects in my ability to take care of myself and deal with interpersonal relationships. She believes that sending children to a friend's private school to read classics can enlighten people. As for whether dolls are out of touch with society in the future? Ms. Liu said: "I don't think so much for the time being."

Li Chengpeng believes that if the Chinese education is well done, there will be no market for private schools. Ms. Xie of Tomorrow School said that the current mainstream education in China is good on the whole, but it is all large class teaching, and it is difficult to implement differentiated education for personalized children, and modern private schools are just a good supplement.

References for this article:

1. Chongqing Business Daily reporter Li Shuangquan intern Zhang Yu Zhang Junhao

2. Xiang Muren's Handbook of Private School Culture.

3. Tang Ning private school culture research.

4. Study on Zhuge Changqing Private School Culture

5. Sinology pictures

传播国学传统文化，是每个人的责任。私塾是一种探索......

----- 诸葛长青

   传统文化，是一个国家民族发展的血脉。

   如果传统文化丢失，这个国家也就会灭亡。

   今天，儒家思想、道家思想、佛家思想开始慢慢兴盛。

   那么，作为孔子儒家思想，这个基于中华大地的圣贤教育，如何传播弘扬？

   诸葛长青惊喜地发现，很多有缘者已经悄悄投入到弘法儒学文化的行动中来。

   他们通过举办国学班、国学夏令营、弟子规培训班、启蒙学堂、国学培训班、请国学老师讲课等来弘扬传播儒释道。

    曾经有人问，为何有人会传播传统文化？传统文化是否是多余的？学习传统文化是否顺应时代？诸葛长青解答说：这是中国的因果感应。传统文化在中国振兴，这是必然的，这里有三个因果：一是这是很多人来到人世间的使命，他们来人间就是传播传统文化的，这也印证了佛祖释迦牟尼佛对中国的赞叹，他2000年前就赞叹中国是一个文化兴盛的地方。二是这是中国欣逢盛世的天人感应。很多圣贤诞生在中国，就会留下许多机缘，好像给人间留下许多种子，只要环境好，就会生根发芽，开花结果，中国现在是盛世，盛世中华、文化必然振兴。到了盛世就会大力弘扬传统文化，就会全面振兴传统文化。三是传统文化是宇宙的规律，是规律就永远不过时，就永远符合天道、符合人心。你像《弟子规》、《论语》、《大学》、《中庸》、《三字经》、《道德经》、《太上感应篇》等，都是讲的天道人心，都是讲的天地规律。

   伴随国学的传播，最近，我国出现一个好的局面，这个好的局面，就是很多有缘者默默奉献，在全国许多地方办起了“私塾”。 

   一、私塾，是一种文化。

   私塾，是民间传播国学、教育子女、改变社会人心的好方法。

   在研究私塾文化过程中，诸葛长青看到私塾文化研究专家向村仁先生研究编辑的《私塾手册》一书，这本手册，可以看做是目前私塾研究的完整版本。对于研究我国私塾文化具有很重要的作用。喜欢的有缘者，可以看看。

   最近，诸葛长青和厦门传统文化研究者、弟子规推广者唐宁老师一起交流研究私塾文化问题。唐宁说，她传播弟子规过程中，发现，私塾是传播传统文化、改变人心的好方法。她走遍全国很多地方，发现私塾正在悄然兴起，已经成了星星之火燎原之势。现在私塾多是采用学生交学费方式来解决经费问题。有的私塾主办者很令人感动，默默坚守国学文化，拒绝资助，无私奉献的传播国学。唐宁也说，如果有机缘，自己也会考虑建立一所私塾。   

    诸葛长青认为，如果资金实力雄厚的企业家提供资金，那么私塾发展会更好，甚至可以扩展为大规模的国学学校。祝愿中国私塾发展更快。
   诸葛长青认为，私塾文化，是推动国学传统文化传播的有益探索。

   二、什么是私塾？

   私塾，是开设于家庭、宗族或乡村内部的民间幼儿教育机构。它是旧时私人所办的学校，以儒家思想为中心，它是私学的重要组成部分。

   1、私塾分类：

   私塾有很多种：有塾师自己办的教馆、学馆、村校，有地主、商人设立的家塾，还有属于用祠堂、庙宇的地租收入或私人捐款兴办的义塾。

   私塾产生于春秋时期，作为私学的一种，在漫长的封建社会，除秦朝曾短暂停废外，2000余年延绵不衰，作为人才培养的摇篮，它与官学相辅相成，并驾齐驱，共同为传递中华传统文化，培养人才，勤苦耕耘，不懈奋斗，做出了不可磨灭的贡献。是为了把自己的孩子培养成栋梁之才的地方。简称私塾学。
   私塾是我国古代社会一种以经费来源区分，分为三种：

   一为富贵之家聘师在家教读子弟，称坐馆或家塾；

   二为地方(村)、宗族捐助钱财、学田，聘师设塾以教贫寒子弟，称村塾、族塾(宗塾)；

   三为塾师私人设馆收费教授生徒的，称门馆、教馆、学馆、书屋或私塾。塾师多为落第秀才或老童生，学生入学年龄不限。自五六岁至二十岁左右的都有，其中以十二三岁以下的居多。学生少则一二人，多则可达三四十人。

   诸葛长青看到《重庆商报》曾经采访研究过私塾模式，他们分析认为，现代“私塾”主要分为两类：

   第一类是家庭式的“私塾”，就是直接的家庭教育（可称之为“在家教育”）。

   第二类是学校式“私塾”全日制教育性质，以古老的“私塾”教育完全替代学校教育（包括学前教育、小学教育和初中教育），并以中国传统文化为基础设置课程。
   2、私塾学习方式：

   私塾乃我国古代家庭、宗教或者教师个人所设立的教学场所。它在我国两千多年的历史进程中，对于传播祖国文化，促进教育事业的发展，培养启蒙儿童，使学童在读书识理方面，起过重要的作用。
   私塾的学生多六岁启蒙。学生入学不必经过入学考试，一般只需征得先生同意，并在孔老夫子的牌位或圣像前恭立，向孔老夫子和先生各磕一个头或作一个揖后，即可取得入学的资格。私塾规模一般不大，收学生多者二十余人，少者数人。私塾对学生的入学年龄、学习内容及教学水平等，均无统一的要求和规定。
    就私塾的教材而言，有我国古代通行的蒙养教本“三、百、千、弟”，即《三字经》《百家姓》《千家诗》《千字文》，以及《女儿经》《教儿经》《童蒙须知》等等，学生进一步则读四书五经、《古文观止》等。其教学内容以识字习字为主，还十分重视学诗作对。   

   古时候，年幼儿童先识“方块字”(书写在一寸多见方纸上的楷书字)，识至千字左右后，教读《三字经》、《百家姓》、《千字文》。亦有直接教读“四书”的。教法大多为先教学生熟读背诵，然后在适当的时候由教师逐句讲解。除读书背诵外，有习字课，从教师扶手润字开始，再描红，再写映本，进而临帖。学童粗解字义后，则教以作对，为做诗做准备。“四书”读完后，即读“五经”，兼读古文，如《东莱博议》、《古文观止》等，并开始学习作文。由于科举取士深入人心，学塾也重视制科文字(八股文)的习作，为科举考试作准备。学规极严，订有严厉罚则。

   3、学习时间。私塾的教学时数，一般因人因时而灵活掌握，可分为两类：“短学”与“长学”。

   教学时间短的称为“短学”，一般是一至三个月不等，家长对这种私塾要求不高，只求学生日后能识些字、能记账、能写对联即可。而“长学”每年农历正月半开馆，到冬月才散馆，其“长”的含义，一是指私塾的先生有名望，其教龄也长，二是指学生学习的时间长，学习的内容也多。
   至于私塾的教学原则和方法，在蒙养教育阶段，十分注重蒙童的教养教育，强调蒙童养成良好的道德品质和生活习惯。如对蒙童的行为礼节，像着衣、叉手、作揖、行路、视听等都有严格的具体规定，为我国教育的传统。在教学方法上，先生完全采用注入式。讲课时，先生正襟危坐，学生依次把书放在先生的桌上，然后侍立一旁，恭听先生圈点口哼，讲毕，命学生复述。其后学生回到自己座位上去朗读。凡先生规定朗读之书，学生须一律背诵。另外，私塾中体罚盛行，遇上粗心或调皮的学生，先生经常揪学生的脸皮和耳朵、打手心等。

    诸葛长青研究发现，我国现在的私塾，少数是专业学习型，多是利用小孩周六周日、节假日时间举办。诸葛长青思考认为，不论何种方式，都是有益探索，如果私塾全国遍地开花，那么中华小孩子们就会很有福报了。
   三、中国“私塾”部分案例

　　今天，诸葛长青推荐《重庆商报》报道的“私塾案例”。

    诸葛长青感谢这些为中华文化做出奉献的探路者，他们无私奉献，为中华文化传播，为培养优秀的国家人才，做出了突出贡献。阿弥陀佛。祝福他们富贵吉祥、万事如意。

   ......不考试、不发文凭、“先生”也没教师资格……这种现代“私塾”不仅在深圳、上海、北京等地涌现，重庆也有十多所。
　　尴尬的是，现代“私塾”不被官方认可，却受到部分家长的青睐。现代“私塾”悄然兴起的背后反映了什么问题？这已引发业内关注和思考。
　　“天行健，君子以自强不息。潜龙勿用，阳在下也……”3月12日上午，渝中区皇家码头附近某小区一普通居民房里，传出琅琅书声。手捧《易经》的豆豆（化名），用洪亮的声音领读，四个孩子围坐成一圈，跟着齐声诵读。
　　这是现代“私塾”——明日学堂中的一幕。而像明日学堂这样的现代私塾，在重庆已有十多所。
　　孩子学得不开心　妈妈办“私塾”
　　3月12日，在一位家长指引下，记者来到皇家码头附近某小区，外面没有任何招牌，记者敲开位于2楼的“明日学堂”铁门，三室一厅的房间内，5个小孩正在客厅地板上玩翻滚，有说有笑。
　　“叔叔好！”正在吹气球的彬彬（化名）拿着一截甘蔗礼貌地递给记者。
　　主办者谢女士说，明日学堂去年6月创办，现有5个小孩，小的3岁，大的11岁。
　　说起办私塾，谢女士感慨地说，此前她和丈夫都是做建筑设计，收入可观。由于上五年级的儿子在校学得很不开心，每天晚上11点还有做不完的作业，早上7点半必须赶到学校，孩子不开心，学得累，不想学。
　　谢女士多次跟老师沟通：“我家孩子能不能少做点作业，或者他想做就做！”但老师并不理解她的想法，她因此被贴上“怪异”家长的标签，娃娃也常遭白眼。
　　娃娃的学习成了压在谢女士心头的一块石头。
　　这时，谢女士打听到同院一住户将孩子送到南山一家私塾学堂，以读经为主。随后，她带孩子去那家私塾呆了10多天，感觉不错。本来她准备将孩子送到那家私塾，但后来又改变了想法。“与其把孩子送去别人教，不如自己教。”谢女士说，丈夫也支持她的想法。
　　去年6月，孩子退学了。谢女士通过学习考察，创办了明日学堂。
　　“私塾”悄然兴起　　山城已有十多家
　　“我们2007年就开始办（私塾）了，最早是读书会。”弘毅厚谦私塾负责人李承鹏说，由于很多家长有这个意愿，后来读书会慢慢发展成了名副其实的私塾。

   弘毅厚谦私塾现有44个学生，分为大中小三个班，2-6岁上小班，7-11岁上中班，11-16岁上大班。诸葛长青认为，这个分班方式比较好。
　　他们是全日制学堂，每个月放2天假，传统大节放3天，有寒暑假，但假期都很短，均只有10余天。
　　“深圳现有私塾200多家，北京、上海、成都等地也不少，重庆有好几家。”3年前在大学城某小区居民楼办私塾的吴女士告诉记者，她的私塾规模不大，只有8个孩子，最小的5岁，最大的11岁。目前，在重庆做得最大的是南山弘毅厚谦私塾学堂，共有40多名学生。
　　吴女士提供的一个私塾QQ群显示，重庆私塾有十多家，主要分布在渝中、江北、南岸、渝北、沙坪坝等地一些小区居民楼，学生总数不多。
　　吴女士说，现代“私塾”主要分为两类：第一类是家庭式的“私塾”，就是直接的家庭教育（可称之为“在家教育”）。第二类是学校式“私塾”全日制教育性质，以古老的“私塾”教育完全替代学校教育（包括学前教育、小学教育和初中教育），并以中国传统文化为基础设置课程。
　 探秘教什么？每天读经典还有英语体能课
　　私塾与现行中小学教育在教学方式、课程设置、教学内容上究竟有哪些不同？
　　谢女士告诉记者，他们的课程有《四书五经》、《易经》、《黄帝内经》等，还有英语、体育等课程。

   英语是国外原版英语教材，没有中文，体育课主要是打小球、玩翻滚、跑步等。李承鹏告诉记者，他们还开了《莎士比亚十四行诗》、《苏格拉底的自辩》等外文经典课程。
　　记者亲历了现代私塾的一天。
　　早上9点，孩子到后第一件事是把拖鞋整齐地摆放在鞋柜里，然后集体打扫卫生。接下来是读经，大概半个小时。中途休息期间，孩子将聆听世界名曲。接下来是体能课，主要是打小球、玩翻滚，天气好时会出去跑跑步。
　　中午12点，吃饭前，孩子们要齐声念诵“一粥一饭当思来之不易，感谢父母养育之恩……”感恩词；吃饭时，全程“食不言”，而且要把盘中的饭菜吃得干干净净。
　　午饭后，休息一个小时，孩子们要继续诵读经典，大约30分钟左右。
　　这些私塾每周还设有一堂主题课，比如交通安全、生活常识、历史知识等。上课形式灵活，比如讲历史知识时，会把孩子直接带到三峡博物馆去感受；上交通安全课时，除了讲解基本的安全常识外，还会把汽车模型拆卸下来，让孩子们了解车辆结构、性能、原理等。
　　谁在教？老师没资格证及从教经历
　　这些私塾，谁在教孩子们？
　　李承鹏说，他们私塾有9个老师，有大学文化的，也有高中文化的，学堂不看重他们的文凭，重要的是看他们的心智。他说，中国传统文化出现断层已经100年了，对传统文化造诣颇深的“先生”不好找，他们选老师的重要标准是要有沉稳的心态，他们在教学的同时，也能静下心来学习。“教学相长。”明日学堂的谢女士也说，他们的老师也是边教边学。
　　据了解，私塾的老师几乎都没有教师资格及教育从业经历，但学费却不菲。弘毅厚谦私塾负责人李承鹏表示，他们每年收费2.4万/人，包吃住。一位家长介绍，明日学堂每月收费2500元。大学城这家私塾收费相对高些，每年收费3.5万。该私塾负责人吴女士表示，下学年可能涨到5万。
　　谁在读？多是创办者亲朋好友子女
　　费用不菲，究竟是哪些孩子在读？
　　谢女士表示，孩子都是亲戚朋友送来代管。起初就教自己的两个孩子，寒暑假时，一些亲戚朋友也将娃娃送来读经。开学后，朋友的三个孩子也退学转到了她的私塾。
　　家长胡先生说，据他了解，读私塾的学童除了学龄前儿童外，还有一些是义务教育阶段学生，他们通过退学或休学方式转到私塾的，其中一部分学生通过其他渠道在体制内学校保留有学籍，另外一些学生根本就没有管学籍的问题。
　　记者了解到，很多家长都是私塾开办者的朋友，私塾的学生绝大多数都是经人介绍来的。
　　原因私塾之兴在于追求多元教育
　　不考试、不发文凭、没有持证上岗老师，为何不少家长愿意放弃免费义务教育，让孩子上私塾？
　　今年36岁的程女士是两个孩子的母亲。她说，小女儿欣欣今年8岁，之前花5万元选择了某重点小学，但从上一年级起，女儿每天回家后作业都会做到10点以后。最让她纠结的是，孩子学习很努力，但期末考试没有考出令老师满意的成绩，老师便当着所有学生的面批评女儿拖了后腿。
　　“不是每个孩子都是天才，这样对孩子心理会造成很严重的影响。”程女士表示，性格内向的欣欣受此影响，变得更加不爱讲话，看着女儿每天都不开心，让她很担忧。程女士说，她把娃娃送到朋友的私塾才半年，女儿明显变得开朗了很多，学习也很认真。
　　“选择私塾，本身就没有考虑考试和文凭。”家长刘女士说，“快乐比考分重要。”她认为，现在的教育仍然停留在应试教育的层面，对学生的评价体系主要还是集中在考分上。娃娃不能再重复自己的老路——只会读书、考试，不会做人。
　　刘女士说，自己从小学到大学，成绩一直很好，老师、父母、身边的人都夸她。但身边人关注的都是她的学习成绩，几乎没有人教过她如何为人处事。导致如今自己生活自理能力、处理人际关系都有很大缺陷。她认为，把孩子送到朋友的私塾学堂读经典，可以教化人。至于以后娃娃是否与社会脱节？刘女士则表示：“暂时没想那么多。”
　　李承鹏认为，如果国学教育搞得好，私塾就没有市场。明日学堂的谢女士说，我国现行主流教育整体上是好的，但都是大班额教学，对个性化孩子难以实行差异化教育，而现代私塾恰恰是很好的补充。

    本文参考资料：

    1、《重庆商报》记者 李双全 实习生 张宇 张俊浩

     2、向村仁《私塾文化手册》。

     3、唐宁私塾文化研究。

     4、诸葛长青私塾文化研究

     5、国学图片

 (This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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