Professor Chen Fenglin: Thoughts on the Development of Eastern Countries

陈奉林教授：东方国家的发展思考

Professor Chen Fenglin: Thoughts on the Development of Eastern Countries

Professor Chen Fenglin: Thoughts on the Development of Eastern Countries

National development should give full play to the great potential of culture. Because the power of culture is immeasurable.

-----Zhuge Changqing

Culture is the basis of a country's survival.

National development cannot be separated from the internal power of culture.

Zhuge Changqing believed that a country must adhere to its own culture.

Only by sticking to culture and developing culture can we find a great impetus for development.

Only by sticking to culture and developing culture can we not fall into the danger of extinction.

As long as there is culture, the country will develop and prosper.

"Why Europe?" said that in 1500, most of the world's top ten cities were in Asia, and by 1800, Asian cities still occupied the overwhelming majority.

Angus Madison pointed out that before the 19th century, China was stronger than any other country in Europe or Asia, and its GDP in 1820 was nearly 30% higher than that of Western Europe and its derivatives combined. In the era of agricultural civilization, this is a symbol of wealth.

In the history of China, we used to be the center of the world.

Today, this great and benevolent country is on the way to recovery with the "Chinese Dream".

We wish the great China and realize the Chinese dream at an early date.

China's peaceful rise is the gospel of the people of the world.

Zhuge Changqing shared the article "The Individualized Development Principles of Eastern Countries" by Professor Chen Fenglin of the Foreign Affairs College to the predestined, hoping that this article will help the predestined to strengthen their national cultural confidence. This article was published in the Popular Daily.

Professor Chen Fenglin pointed out that the reason for China, Japan, South Korea, India, ASEAN and other eastern countries and regions to achieve modernization is the organic combination of market economy and modern civilization, and the relatively centralized state power as a huge lever to promote social and economic development, as well as the great historical tradition behind the rapid growth.

The overall rise of the Eastern countries after the war was the most influential major event in the world in the 20th century, providing the world with a new concept of development and development model. Their profound changes in politics, economy, military, science and technology, culture and ideology have not only affected the present but also the future, making the prospects of human society bright.

The re-emergence of eastern countries is not a simple historical cycle. Historic changes have taken place in regions that have long been regarded as "stagnant" and "autocratic", bringing the world into a new era in which all countries jointly create civilization, and completely breaking the analytical model of the Oriental historical cycle theory and the linear development theory that Westerners believe.

1、 Professor Chen Fenglin believes that in history, the influence between the East and the West has always been mutual, not unilateral

Zhuge Changqing: Ancient and modern history has verified a rule, that is, "national development must have culture as its connotation". Only with rich connotation can there be sustained momentum.

In the East, especially in East Asia, the continuity and stability of historical development has always been higher than in Europe and other parts of the world, and human civilization is easy to inherit and preserve. Before the formation of the modern world, almost all the centers of civilization carried out activities on a regional basis, forming different regional civilizations with different characteristics, such as Confucian civilization, Indian civilization, Islamic civilization, etc. Zhuge Changqing believes that you will find that the development of Chinese culture has made China a central and influential country in the world.

Among the various conditions of progress nurtured by the Eastern society, several are of great significance, which may be the special function of the Eastern society compared with other regions.

The first is that the eastern society has formed relatively stable countries and their relations. Zhuge Changqing believed that the longer the country existed, the higher the "stability" of the accumulation. For most of the time, countries are in a state of peace, and peace and harmony are the mainstream of national relations. Although there have been wars between China and Japan and between China and North Korea, the time of the war is relatively short. After the war, exchanges and exchanges between countries have been restored quickly. There is no war that lasted for a hundred years like Europe. This provides a strong guarantee for regional peace;

The second is that countries have a basic cultural identity, that is, Chinese character culture, Buddhism, science and technology, and laws and regulations. Zhuge Changqing: The power of culture is quite huge. You can eliminate high-rise buildings, but culture will cross the historical space and become a permanent spiritual power. We emphasize the generality of East Asia, and do not ignore the particularity and differences of countries. Mutual respect and inclusiveness have jointly created regional brilliance;

Third, regional exchanges have become a powerful link to connect countries. Zhuge Changqing: Mutual exchange and learning from each other are the foundation of national development. It is these conditions that have led to the overall development of East Asia and the formation of an important region of world civilization. Until the beginning of the 18th century, the oriental society represented by China continued to develop. Jack Goldstone said in "Why Europe?" that the vast majority of the world's top ten cities were in Asia in 1500, and by 1800 the Asian cities still occupied the overwhelming majority. Angus Madison pointed out that before the 19th century, China was stronger than any other country in Europe or Asia, and its GDP in 1820 was nearly 30% higher than that of Western Europe and its derivatives combined. In the era of agricultural civilization, this is a symbol of wealth.

Originally, the history of the East and the West developed according to different laws. It is impossible to operate at the same mode and speed. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's historiography circle once carried out the criticism and liquidation of the Eurocentrism. In recent years, this activity has further developed. It consciously took this discussion as an integral part of the accumulation and construction of the culture of the rise of the East, and it is also the specific development of the rise of the East theory on the cultural construction front, which condenses a strong spiritual force for the overall rise. For a long time, the international academic community has emphasized more on the influence of Western learning on the East, while there are few achievements in investigating the influence of Eastern learning on the West from a long-term perspective.

In recent years, people have noticed this problem. The study of Oriental history has been brought into the vision of the global view of history and correctly treated the history and culture of the East. For example, Rose Murphy wrote in the History of Asia: "The rise of Western power has taken advantage of the inventions of Asians: cannons and gunpowder, ocean-going ships and compasses, and even the paper recording their profits has been invented by China."

The influence is mutual, not unilateral. The eastern society is not the stagnation and closure that western scholars say, but is developing in another form and speed compared with the West, and is a complex system of gradual spiral progression. Most western scholars have not seen that the active commodity management in some cities in the East Japan, China and the Nanyang is no less than the level achieved in some Mediterranean cities during the Renaissance. Pamulan has pointed out that the great divergence of economic fate between the core regions of Europe and some other parts of the world (mainly East Asia, and perhaps other places) took place quite late in the 18th century. Because the western modern social development indicators are used as the reference frame to judge the East, there are too few field visits and too many negations of the East, and the sustainability of the East culture is not seen. At the same time, there is also a proud attitude formed by the long-term decline of Western learning in the East. Therefore, when looking at the East society, we fall into the misunderstanding of the stagnation and backwardness of the East society. In order to restore the true nature of the oriental society and clear up some of the mists in the study of world history, it really needs the long-term and arduous efforts of oriental scholars.

2、 The path and experience of the rise of Eastern countries are completely different from those of the West and other regions of the world

Zhuge Changqing: It is the inevitable path for the rise of the Chinese nation to learn from the western experience and follow its own characteristics. It is difficult to digest copying others' things. Only learn from others' strengths, make up for their weaknesses, and take their own unique path. If countries in the East want to develop, they must follow this path.

Since the sixties and seventies of the 20th century, the attention of the international academic community and public and private institutions to the East has not only been the influence of two camps and two systems, but also the development path, influence and many problems faced by the Eastern countries, and the study of the Eastern countries has been enriched. In the competitive development of major regions in the world, East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia have indisputably become important growth points of the world economy, creating a new oriental history in investment, trade and innovation.

The eastern countries have successively entered the industrial society and even the information society, proving that the development path of human society is not only one of the western ones, which has greatly enriched the development experience of human society. The eastern factors have also expanded and spread outward with the enhancement of national strength, which has an unprecedented impact on the international community.

Our judgment is not based on blind self-respect or neglect of the existing achievements of other countries, but on the overall grasp of the current development trend and economic operation rules of the Eastern countries. In any sense, the successive rise of the eastern countries has been remarkable and constitutes a major event in the world in the second half of the 20th century.

When studying the unprecedented changes in the society of China, Japan, South Korea, ASEAN and India, we can compare them as a whole with other regions of the world at the same time, because only by comparison can we identify the position of the eastern countries in the horizontal development.

China, ASEAN, India and other countries and regions have relatively well handled the relationship between tradition and modernity, domestic factors and foreign factors, and countries and markets. They have adapted to the new situation of the world scientific and technological revolution in the 1970s and 1980s, and have undergone major changes in history. The depth and breadth of the changes are unprecedented in history. The successful experience of the rise has attracted the attention of western countries. From the perspective of the overall process of social development in the East, it is of great milestone significance. Because of this, they stand out from the general competition in the world today and become the biggest bright spot of the world economy today. The path and experience of the rise of the Eastern countries are completely different from those of the West and from the modernization model of other regions of the world. The rapid changes in economy, ideology, culture and politics will affect the whole world in a unique way.

The great historical changes that have taken place in the eastern countries since the 1960s have shown that a new civilized region has been formed outside Europe and North America, and the world has entered an era of multi-center coexistence and competition. A new pattern of multi-center and multi-polarized competitive development has emerged, which has also given new impetus to the current process of globalization; No matter in the era of agricultural civilization or industrial civilization, it is impossible to have only one civilization center, nor is there only one development mode in the world, and there are many options for development. It is estimated that China's total economic output will reach 15% of the world economy in 2020, and the total economic output of India, ASEAN and other countries will continue to rise. Quantitative change is the basis of qualitative change, which will eventually lead to qualitative change. The great changes that have taken place in the eastern countries have a long-term and profound impact on the international economy and politics. What has brought is not only cultural self-esteem, but also the long-lost "self nature". What is more important is the overall improvement of the status of the eastern countries in international relations and the fundamental change of their role and status.

3、 Countries with profound historical and cultural heritage, after overcoming some inertia of tradition, will further release the energy behind the great tradition, and enter a new era of civilization

Zhuge Changqing: Whether the cultural heritage is deep or shallow determines the stamina of national development.

Since the war, the overall rise of eastern countries and regions represented by Japan, China, ASEAN and India has undoubtedly been the most influential major event in the world in the 20th century. They provide the world not only with goods and services, but also with profound changes in politics, economy, military, science and technology, culture and ideology, forming a huge advantage for the development of the region, proving that the diversity, complexity and particularity of the modernization path will certainly reshape the relations between major countries and define the basic trend of the world trend in the near future. So far, the international research on the rise of the Eastern countries has no longer stayed at the initial understanding stage of the Eastern model, but has begun to carry out specific research on the development strategy, influence and relationship with the Western countries of the Eastern countries.

It is of great significance to observe the overall changes of oriental society from the long-term perspective of world history. The ancient oriental civilization, represented by China and India, from ancient advanced to modern decline, from modern decline to today's re-emergence, reflects the long-term trend and law of the development of human history, and its impact is far more significant than the country itself that has changed.

When it comes to modernization, C. E. Black once pointed out: "We are going through a great and revolutionary transformation of mankind...... At present, the breadth and intensity of this social change have been experienced by mankind only twice. Only in the context of the whole world's historical process can we correctly determine its significance." "Modern social changes have the same importance as the existence of human life, primitive society and civilized society before history. In guiding human affairs, this great revolutionary change is the most dynamic." The reason why the social changes in eastern countries are called an unprecedented change is the organic combination of market economy and modern civilization, Taking the relatively centralized state power as a huge lever to promote social and economic development, as well as the great historical tradition behind the rapid growth. Once launched, this reform will deeply touch all aspects of society, and it is a non-stop and never-ending forward movement. In the process of the overall rise of the Eastern countries, the political structure, economic structure and national ideology of the countries have changed accordingly. Historic changes have taken place in the regions that have long been considered "stagnant" and "autocratic" by the West. Especially, China and India, two ancient and civilized countries in the world, have implemented market economy, joined the ranks of the world's major powers, and created world-recognized achievements, It has brought the world into a new historical period in which all countries have jointly created civilization, and has completely broken and deconstructed the analytical model of circular theory and linear development theory of eastern history.

We believe that the development of society is eternal, the change is absolute, and the essence is real. The development in different periods is only fast and slow, and nothing is always fixed. Western politicians, philosophers, sociologists and economists have major defects in their views on the eastern society, which are mainly manifested in the view of history from a mechanical and metaphysical point of view. The vision of history is extremely limited. In the final analysis, it is still European-centered to observe the world outside, and it is not clear what is beyond the light and shadow of European street lights, so it is impossible to draw a correct conclusion on the observation of the eastern society. Observing the world with Europe as the center is not only criticized in non-western countries, but also by western scholars. As Jack Goldstone criticized, "scholars in the 19th century tried to understand the history of Asia for thousands of years through limited records. By doing so, they could not understand the essential characteristics of Asia, but would produce the wrong view of 'Asia is always in a stagnant state'."

Human history is an eternal process of movement. From ancient times to modern times, there have always been multiple centers of civilization. It is impossible to have only one center of civilization. After entering the modern industrial civilization, the competition and rise and fall between countries and regions are much more intense than before. The mutual transformation of strength and weakness has become an unchangeable iron law. In the era of agricultural civilization, the rise of a country or a region generally took hundreds of years, but after entering the modern industrial civilization, the rise time has been greatly shortened, generally only a few decades.

The 20th century is the century with the fastest change and progress in the world, the century with the most problems and the most fierce competition. The overall rise of eastern countries and regions, represented by China, ASEAN and India, has provided a new development model and outlook for the world. Not only is the traditional "center edge" theory of the world system, represented by Emmanuel Wallerstein, questioned and challenged, but also the western classical modernization theory, economic theory and international relations theory cannot explain the reality and development trend of the overall rise of eastern countries. Countries such as China and India, which have profound historical and cultural heritage, are in an era of great change. After overcoming some inertia of the tradition, the energy behind the great tradition will be further released, and the market economic mechanism and human potential will also be further developed. All of these indicate that they will enter a new era of civilization, and join the rest of the world in the ranks of decision makers of the common destiny of mankind.

(Author: Professor of Foreign Affairs College)

国家发展，应当发挥文化的巨大潜力。因为文化的力量是不可估量的。

----- 诸葛长青

   文化，是一个国家生存的根本。

   国家发展，离不开文化的内在动力。

   诸葛长青认为，一个国家，必须坚守自己的文化。

   只有坚守文化、发展文化，才会找到发展的巨大动力。

   只有坚守文化、发展文化，才不至于掉进消失灭国的危险。

   只要有文化在，这个国家就是会发展起来的，就是会繁荣富强的。

   《为什么是欧洲?》中说,1500年时世界十大城市的绝大部分都在亚洲,到1800年时亚洲的大城市仍然占据着压倒性多数。

   安格斯·麦迪森则指出,19世纪以前中国比欧洲或亚洲任何一个国家都强大,1820年的GDP比西欧和其衍生国的总和还要高出将近30%。在农业文明时代,这是财富的象征。

   我们中国历史上曾是世界的中心富饶之国。

   今天，这个伟大的仁爱的国家，正用“中国梦”走向恢复之路。

   我们祝福伟大中华，早日实现中国梦。

   中国和平崛起，是世界人民的福音。

   诸葛长青将外交学院陈奉林教授的文章《东方国家的个性化发展道理》分享给有缘者，希望这篇文章对有缘者坚定民族文化自信有所帮助。此文发布在《大众日报》上。
   陈奉林教授指出：中国、日本、韩国、印度、东盟等东方国家和地区,实现现代化的原因都在于市场经济与现代文明诸条件的有机结合,以相对集中的国家权力作为推动社会经济发展的巨大杠杆,以及深藏在高速增长背后的伟大历史传统。
　　战后东方国家整体崛起,是20世纪世界最有影响的重大事件,为世界提供了一种新发展观与发展模式。它们在政治、经济、军事、科技、文化与思想方面发生的深刻变化,不仅影响现在,也影响未来,使人类社会的前景充满光明。

  东方国家重新崛起绝不是简单的历史轮回。长期被认为“停滞”与“专制”的地区发生有史以来历史性巨变,使世界进入了由各国共同创造文明的崭新时代,彻底打破了西方人认为的东方历史循环论与直线发展论的分析模式。
　　一、陈奉林教授认为，历史上,东方与西方之间的影响从来都是相互的,而不是单方给予的
　　诸葛长青：古今历史验证一个规律，那就是“国家发展，必须有文化作为内涵”。内涵丰富，才有持续动力。

   在东方,尤其东亚,历史发展的连续性与稳定性始终高于欧洲和世界其他地区,人类文明易于继承和保存下来。在近代世界形成以前,各文明中心几乎都是以区域为单位展开活动的,形成不同的各具特色的区域文明,如儒家文明、印度文明、伊斯兰文明等。诸葛长青相信大家会发现，中华文化的发展，让中国成为世界中心影响国。
　　在东方社会孕育出的各种进步条件当中有几项具有重要意义,这或许是东方社会较之其他地区所具有的特殊功能。

   其一是东方社会较早形成了比较稳定的国家及其国家关系。诸葛长青认为，国家存在时间越长，积淀的“稳定度”越高。在大部分时间里各国之间处于和平状态,和平与和睦是国家关系的主流。尽管中日之间、中朝之间发生过战争,但战争的时间相对较短,战后很快恢复了国家间交往与交流,没有像欧洲那样持续百年的战争。这一点为区域和平提供了有力保障；

   其二是各国有一个基本的文化认同,那就是汉字文化、佛教、科技与典章制度。诸葛长青：文化的力量相当巨大，你可以消灭高楼大厦，但是文化却会穿越历史时空，成为永久的精神动力。我们强调东亚的共性,也不忽视各国的特殊性与差异性,相互尊重与包容共同缔造了区域的辉煌；

   其三是区域交流成为联系各国的有力纽带。诸葛长青：互通有无、取长补短，是国家发展的基础。正是这些条件,带来东亚区域的整体发展,形成世界文明的重要区域。直到18世纪初,以中国为代表的东方社会仍在持续发展,杰克·戈德斯通在《为什么是欧洲?》中说,1500年时世界十大城市的绝大部分都在亚洲,到1800年时亚洲的大城市仍然占据着压倒性多数。安格斯·麦迪森则指出,19世纪以前中国比欧洲或亚洲任何一个国家都强大,1820年的GDP比西欧和其衍生国的总和还要高出将近30%。在农业文明时代,这是财富的象征。
　　本来东西方历史就是按照不同的规律发展起来的,不可能按同一种模式与速度运行。新中国成立后我国史学界曾经开展过对欧洲中心论的批判与清算,近年这一活动又有进一步发展,自觉地把这场讨论作为东方崛起文化积淀与建设的组成部分,也是东方崛起理论在文化建设战线上的具体展开,为整体崛起凝聚强大的精神力量。长期以来,国际学术界强调更多的是西学对东方的影响,而从长远的观点考察东学对西方影响的成果并不多。

   近年人们已经注意到这个问题,东方史研究被纳入全球史观的视野,正确对待东方的历史和文化,例如罗兹·墨菲在《亚洲史》中写道:“西方人力量的上升利用了亚洲人的发明:大炮和火药、远洋舰船和罗盘,连记载他们所获利润的纸也是中国发明的。”

   影响是相互的,并不是单方给予,东方社会并非西方学者所说的停滞与封闭,而是相对于西方来说是在以另一种形式与速度发展,是一个渐进的螺旋式升进的复杂系统。西方学者大都没有看到东方日本、中国和南洋一些城市活跃的商品经营并不亚于文艺复兴时期地中海一些城市所达到的水平。彭慕兰已经指出,欧洲的核心区域和世界其他一些地方(主要是东亚,或许还有其他地方)的核心区域之间经济命运的大分流发生在18世纪相当晚的时候。由于以西方近代社会发展指标作为评判东方的参照系,对东方社会实地考察太少、否定过多,看不到东方文化的可持续发展性,同时也有长期西学东渐下形成的高傲心态,因此在看待东方社会时陷入了东方社会停滞与落后的误区。要恢复东方社会的本来面目,廓清世界历史研究中的若干迷雾,确实需要东方学者长期而艰辛的努力。
　　二、东方国家崛起的道路与经验完全不同于西方,也有别于世界其他地区
　　诸葛长青：汲取西方经验，走自己的特色之路，是中华民族崛起的必然之路。照抄照搬别人的东西，是很难消化的。唯有取人之长，补己之短，走自己的独特道路。东方各国要发展，必然要走这样的道路了。

   从20世纪六七十年代以来,国际学术界与公私机构对东方的关注已不再仅仅是两大阵营、两大体系的影响问题,同时也关注东方诸国的发展道路、影响及其面临的诸多问题,对东方各国的研究空前地丰富起来。在世界各大区域竞相发展当中,东亚、东南亚、南亚无可争辩地成为世界经济的重要生长点,在投资、贸易与创新方面创造着新的东方历史。

   东方诸国先后进入工业社会乃至信息社会,证明人类社会的发展道路并非只有西方道路之一条,极大地丰富了人类社会的发展经验,东方因素也随着国力增强向外扩展传播,对国际影响是空前的。

  我们这样评断并非盲目的自我尊大,也不是忽视其他国家的既有成就,而是基于对当前东方诸国发展趋势与经济运行规律的总体把握。无论从何种意义上说,东方国家相继崛起已经引人注目,构成20世纪后半期世界的重大事件。
　　在研究中国、日本、韩国、东盟、印度社会发生的空前变革时,完全可以把它们作为一个区域整体与同时期的世界其他地区进行比较,因为只有比较才有鉴别,才能看到东方国家在横向发展中的位置。

   中国、东盟与印度等国家和地区,相对较好地处理了传统与现代、国内因素与国外因素、国家与市场的关系,适应了十九世纪七八十年代世界科技革命的崭新形势,发生有史以来的重大变迁,其深度与广度是历史上不曾有过的,崛起的成功经验已经引起西方国家的重视。从东方社会发展的总进程来看,具有重要的里程碑意义。正因为如此,它们在当今世界的普遍竞争中脱颖而出,成为当今世界经济的最大亮点。东方国家崛起的道路与经验完全不同于西方,也有别于世界其他地区的现代化模式,经济、思想、文化与政治方面发生的急剧变革将以特有的方式影响整个世界。
　　在上个世纪60年代以后东方各国相继发生的历史巨变,已经表明在欧洲、北美之外形成一个新的文明区域,世界已经进入多中心并存与竞争的时代,出现了多中心、多极化的竞相发展新格局,也使当前的全球化进程获得新的动力；不论在农业文明时代还是工业文明时代,都不可能只有一个文明中心,也不可能世界上只有一种发展模式,发展道路有多种选择。有人估计,在2020年中国经济总量将达到占世界经济比重的15%,印度、东盟和其他国家经济总量持续向上攀升。量变是质变的基础,最终会引起质变。东方国家发生的巨变对国际经济与政治的影响是长期的、深刻的,带来的不仅是文化的自尊,找回了失去已久的“自性”,更为重要的是东方各国在国际关系中地位的整体提高,角色地位发生根本性的改变。
　　三、拥有深厚历史文化底蕴的国家,在克服了传统的一些惰性之后,深藏在伟大传统背后的能量反而会得到进一步释放,从而进入一个崭新的文明时代
   诸葛长青：文化底蕴是深厚还是浅显，决定了国家发展的后劲。

 　战后以来,日本、中国、东盟和印度为代表的东方国家和地区整体崛起,无疑是20世纪世界最有影响的重大事件。它们向世界提供的不仅是商品和服务,更重要的是在政治、经济、军事、科技、文化以及思想方面发生深刻变化,形成本地区发展的巨大优势,证明现代化道路的多样性、复杂性与特殊性,在不远的将来必将重塑大国关系和规定世界大势的基本走向。到目前为止,国际上对东方国家崛起研究已经不再停留在对东方模式的初步认识阶段,而是开始展开对东方国家发展的战略、影响以及与西方国家关系的具体研究上。
　　从世界历史的长远视角观察东方社会的整体变迁具有重要意义。以中国、印度为代表的东方文明古国从古代的先进到近代的衰落,从近代的衰落再到今天的重新崛起,反映了人类历史发展的长期趋势与规律,其影响远远超过发生变革国家的本身而具有世界意义。

   在谈到现代化时,C·E·布莱克曾经指出:“我们正经历着一场人类伟大的革命性转变。……目前这场社会变迁所具有的广度和强度人类只经历过两次,只有在整个世界历史进程的脉络中,才能正确地判定它的意义。”“现代社会变迁同史前生存在人类生活、原始社会到文明社会一样,具有同等的重要性,在指导人类事务方面,这场伟大的革命性转变是最富动力性的。”东方国家社会变化之所以称得上是一场空前变革,其原因在于市场经济与现代文明诸条件的有机结合,以相对集中的国家权力作为推动社会经济发展的巨大杠杆,以及深藏在高速增长背后的伟大历史传统。这个变革一旦启动,将深刻触及社会的所有方面,是不停顿的、永无终止的前进运动。在东方各国整体崛起过程中,各国的政治结构、经济结构以及国民的思想观念都发生相应的变化,长期被西方认为“停滞”与“专制”的地区发生有史以来历史性变迁,尤其像中国、印度这两个世界上古老而文明的国家实行了市场经济,跻身世界大国行列,创造出举世公认的成就,使世界进入了由各国共同创造文明的崭新历史时期,彻底打破和解构了东方历史的循环论与直线发展论的分析模式。
　　我们认为,社会的发展是永恒的,变化是绝对的,本质是真实的,不同时期发展只不过是有快有慢罢了,没有任何东西永远是固定不变的。西方政治家、哲学家、社会学家和经济学家对东方社会的看法存在重大缺陷,突出地表现为以机械的和形而上学的观点看待历史,历史的视野极为有限,说到底还是以欧洲为中心向外观察世界的,没有看清欧洲路灯光影以外的东西,因此不能得出对东方社会观察的正确结论。以欧洲为中心来观察世界不仅在非西方受到批判,即使是西方学者也多有批评,正如杰克·戈德斯通所批评的那样:“19世纪的学者们试图通过有限的记载来理解亚洲数千年的历史,这样做他们非但不能了解亚洲的本质特征,反而会产生‘亚洲总是一成不变地处于停滞状态’这样的错误观点。”
　　人类历史是一个永恒运动的过程,从古代到现代始终存在多个文明中心,不可能只有一个文明中心存在。进入近代工业文明之后,国家间、地区间的竞争与兴衰比以前剧烈得多,强弱相互转化已经成为一个不变的铁律。在农业文明时代,一个国家或一个地区崛起一般需要上百年时间,而进入近代工业文明以后崛起的时间已经大大缩短,一般只有几十年时间。

   20世纪是世界发生变化与进步最快的一个世纪,也是问题最多的世纪,竞争最为剧烈的世纪。以中国、东盟、印度为代表的东方国家和地区的整体崛起已经为世界提供了一个新的发展模式与发展观,不仅以伊曼纽尔·沃勒斯坦为代表的传统的世界体系“中心—边缘”理论受到质疑与挑战,就是西方经典的现代化理论、经济学理论和国际关系学理论也无法解释东方国家整体崛起的现实与发展趋势。像中国、印度这样拥有深厚历史文化底蕴的国家正处在大变革的时代,在克服了传统的一些惰性之后,深藏在伟大传统背后的能量将得到进一步释放,市场经济机制与人的潜能也将得到进一步发挥,这一切都标志着她们将要进入一个崭新的文明时代,与世界各国一道进入人类共同命运的决定者行列。　　
  （作者：外交学院教授）

(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)

Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.

(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream

Learn from sages and carry forward virtue

Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world

 （本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）

诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。

（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）

Zhuge Changqing mailbox：

zhuge8031@163.com

  诸葛长青中国梦  

学习圣贤 弘扬善德

振兴中华 造福世界

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1The wisdom of traditional Chinese culture changes the destiny: filial piety to parents+five in one+self-improvement

1 国学智慧改命运：孝敬父母+五合一+自强不息

2Zhuge Changqing's Three Golden Keys to Changing Destiny

2诸葛长青改命运三把金钥匙诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

3Zhuge Changqing's Greeting Ritual (15 Steps Concise Version)

3 诸葛长青施食仪轨 （十五步简洁版）

4How to repent: the ritual of repentance and the method of repentance (full version)

4   如何忏悔：忏悔仪轨忏悔方法（完整版）

5How to read the Dizang Sutra: Methods for reciting Dizang Sutra (complete version)

5 如何念地藏经：念地藏经仪轨方法（完整版）

6How to release? The ritual of releasing life

6怎样放生？放生仪轨

7Zhuge Changqing's Repentance Culture: A Case Study of Repentance Methods for Changing Destiny

7诸葛长青忏悔文化：改变命运忏悔方法案例

8Free Life Culture: Free Life Culture in Ancient China

8放生文化：中国古代的放生文化

9Shocking photo of feeding: Buddha, Bodhisattva and Dharma Protector come to the scene

9施食震撼照片：佛菩萨护法神亲临现场

10Feeding Rite Return: the return is changed to simple return

10施食仪轨回向：回向修改为简洁回向