Gong Pengcheng, a Chinese scholar from Taiwan
龚鹏程:来自台湾的国学“夫子”
Chinese traditional culture needs more experts, scholars and people with lofty ideals like Mr. Gong Pengcheng to participate.
----Zhuge Changqing
Chinese traditional culture is the great wisdom of the universe, the great truth of life, and the contribution to the world.
Those who learn to use the traditional culture of Chinese traditional culture are naturally rich, lucky and peaceful.
The core of Chinese traditional culture is Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism.
When we carefully study, inherit and practice the traditional Chinese culture, we are always amazed by his profound and immeasurable wisdom. Zhuge Changqing believed that the Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are all about explaining the truth of the universe and life.
For example, the Confucian wisdom of university, the doctrine of the mean, the Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Caigentan, the thousand-character essay, the three-character scripture, disciple rules, imperial culture, filial piety culture, loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness;
For example, the Taoist Tao Te Ching, the Quiet Sutra, the Supreme Supreme Sensation, the Jade Calendar Treasure Notes, the Book of Changes, the Eight Diagrams of the Book of Changes, the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, the wisdom of Jiang Taigong, the wisdom of Sun Tzu's art of war, the wisdom of Gui Guzi, the wisdom of Zhang Liang, the wisdom of Zhuge Liang, the wisdom of Liu Bowen, the Xingxiu Culture, the divination and prediction, the geomantic metaphysics, and the view of virtue;
For example, the Buddhist Vajra Sutra, the Tibetan Sutra, the Heart Sutra, the Four Precepts of All, the Theory of Cause and Effect, the Method of Enlightenment and Wisdom, the culture of repentance, the culture of release, the culture of giving food, the culture of vegetarianism, the culture of recitation, the practice of all evil, the practice of all good, Zen, Pure Land and other cultural wisdom.
The concept of "Guoxue" has existed in the history of China. It is found in the Book of Zhou and the Book of Han, the Book of Later Han and the Book of Jin. In the Tang Dynasty, there was also the White Deer Cave Academy under Lushan Mountain, which was first built by Zhu Xi in the Southern Song Dynasty and became one of the "four major academies" at that time. But before Zhu Xi, this place was not called White Deer Cave Academy, but "White Deer Cave Chinese Studies". What is the meaning of White Deer Cave National Studies? It's a school. It can be seen that in the history of China, the concept of "national learning" and the term of "national learning" have existed, but the so-called "national learning" always means "national school". At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Guozi School was set up as the capital of China, and later changed to Guozijian, which was in charge of the political orders of the students of Guoxue. The Imperial College has teaching subjects such as etiquette, music, law, shooting, imperial examination, calligraphy and mathematics. Zhuge Changqing believes that China's revitalization cannot be separated from the support of the connotation of traditional Chinese culture, which is also the fundamental reason why the Chinese nation has continued to today.
In 1904, Deng Shi published "On the Preservation of National Studies", which discussed the importance of preserving "National Studies". In 1905, Deng Shi, Huang Jie and others set up the Society for the Preservation of National Studies in Shanghai. With the purpose of "studying the Chinese culture and preserving the essence of the Chinese culture" (the Brief Chapter of the Society for the Preservation of National Studies), they published the Journal of the Essence of Chinese Culture. In addition to Deng Shi and Huang Jie, the contributors also include Zhang Binglin, Liu Shipei, Chen Qubing, Huang Kan, Ma Xulun, etc., who are either members of the Chinese League or tend to the democratic revolution. From April to June 1922, Zhang Binglin spoke in Shanghai about "the general idea of Chinese culture" and "the school of Chinese culture". In 1934, Zhang Binglin set up the Zhang's Sinology Seminar in Suzhou and gave a summary explanation of Sinology. After recording and sorting out the above-mentioned speeches, Zhang Binglin published such books as "National Heritage and Balance", "Introduction to Chinese Studies", "Zhang Taiyan's Lectures on Chinese Studies", which had a great impact in the 1920s and 1930s. According to Zhang Binglin, Chinese traditional culture is divided into five parts: "primary school", "classics", "historiography", "scholars" and "literature", from which we can see his definition of the scope of Chinese traditional culture. In addition, Hu Shi, Gu Jiegang, Qian Mu and others have also made various statements about "Chinese culture", "national heritage" and "quintessence".
Since the spread of "Western learning" to the east, in order to distinguish "Western learning" from "Chinese learning", the concept of "Chinese traditional thought and culture" has emerged.
At present, Chinese traditional Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have spread to all parts of the world. The United States, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia and other countries in the world are learning and practicing Chinese Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Zhuge Changqing believes that the revitalization of all countries in the world cannot be separated from Chinese culture. Behind every brilliant country, there is the back of Chinese traditional culture. When you enter the West, you will be permeated with traces of Chinese culture everywhere.
At present, our national leaders, ministries and commissions, and all sectors of society attach great importance to the traditional Chinese culture. And there are even more people who are willing to contribute silently.
Tsinghua University, Peking University, Renmin University of China, Zhejiang University and other universities and colleges have also set up National Academies, all of which are studying and disseminating Chinese culture. A lot of good knowledge at home and abroad, silently contributing to the research and dissemination of Chinese culture.
At Peking University, there is a famous scholar, thinker and expert in Chinese culture from Taiwan. He is Professor Gong Pengcheng.
Professor Gong Pengcheng, who is devoted to the study of Chinese culture and continues to spread Chinese culture, is amazing.
Gong Pengcheng was born in 1956 in Taipei, Taiwan. He is a famous contemporary scholar and thinker.
Graduated from the Institute of Chinese Studies of Taiwan Normal University, he has successively served as the dean of the Faculty of Arts of Tamkang University, the founding president of the University of South China and Foguang University in Taiwan, and the president of the Eurasian University in the United States. He has won Taiwan Zhongshan Literature and Art Award, ZTE Literature and Art Award, Outstanding Research Award, etc. Since 2004, he has been a professor of Beijing Normal University, Tsinghua University and Nanjing Normal University. He is now a professor in the Chinese Department of Peking University.
The article "Gong Pengcheng: A" Teacher "of Chinese Studies from Taiwan", written by Bian Wenchao, a reporter of the Popular Daily, tells the story of Mr. Gong Pengcheng's research and dissemination of Chinese Studies. Zhuge Changqing believes that if our country has more good knowledge like Gong Pengcheng to spread traditional Chinese culture, then our country's social development pace will be faster. Here, share this article with those who are destined.
Beijing's Fourth Ring Road and Wanquanhe Interchange are busy, and Zhongguancun is being swept by the wave of entrepreneurship. At different directions of the same intersection, through the noisy construction site, there is a small building in the southwest corner of Peking University. The three words "Mingdaoshu" are hidden in the lush vegetation, keeping a low profile on the tradition.
On September 15, the reporter visited Mingdaosu.
Gong Pengcheng, the owner of Mingdao School, is currently a consultant of the China National Studies Center of the State Council, a professor of Peking University, and the director of the Cultural Resources Research Center of Peking University. In the teahouse on the third floor where the guests are met, the large books such as The Complete Works of Zeng Guofan are displayed on the bookshelf. The order is all in disorder, leaving traces of casual reading. There is a calligraphy work hanging on the wall.
"If Mingdao is ignorant, it's Lao Tzu's words. Ignorance means lethargy. Mingdao is not very public," Gong Pengcheng explained.
On the Qilu rostrum, as the keynote speaker, he reviewed the length of Chinese and Western education in ancient and modern times. He doesn't talk much and treats people with humility. In front of the private school tea table, a face-to-face interview was conducted, and the bamboo curtain hung low on the window to isolate the noise. He talked patiently and refreshed traditional ideas, like a journey through ancient and modern times.
The key point of reading is "finding clues"
Gong Pengcheng, a native of Jiangxi, was born in Taipei in 1956. He has served in the island's television stations, newspapers, publishing houses, magazines and other mass media, and later served as a consultant to the China Strategy Association and the Taipei Municipal Government to promote official cultural exchanges between the two sides. He is more praised for his commitment to education. With the support of Master Xingyun, the leading Buddhist scholar, he became the founding president of Nanhua University and Foguang University in Jiayi, Taiwan. After 2003, he taught at Peking University, Tsinghua University, Nanjing University and other universities, and went to Southeast Asia to run schools.
Apart from numerous social positions, Gong Pengcheng has published more than 80 monographs, such as Cultural Semiotics, Fifteen Lectures on Chinese Traditional Culture, Introduction to Chinese Studies, and History of Chinese Literature. Qin, chess, calligraphy, painting, poetry, wine, tea, medicine, divination, astrology, martial arts, and Zen. It has a wide range of knowledge and has a wide range of weather.
Reporter (hereinafter referred to as "Record"): Unlike Western learning, traditional Chinese learning is not a branch of learning. In the current education system, how do you complete your self-cultivation and achieve academic continuity?
Gong Pengcheng (hereinafter referred to as Gong): The first thing is to read, and spend time reading a lot of books.
After graduating from graduate school in my university, I came out to work and spent a lot of time dealing with social affairs for decades. In fact, I didn't spend much time studying. There is little time. How can I read it? I have a few points.
First, find clues. Many people have been playing in college for four years. I play back and read a lot of books. The beginning of reading is sloppy. It's useless to feel around and look around. There need to be some theme clues to link relevant knowledge.
For example, in my freshman year, I annotated Zhuangzi. I borrowed and bought all the books related to Chuang Tzu from the school library and the market bookstore at that time. Chapter 33 of "Chuang Tzu" is annotated by me word for word. In this process, I am not only reading Chuang Tzu, but also reading history.
Through the annotation of Zhuangzi, we can see the academic changes of scholars in different historical periods. The interpretation of Chuang Tzu in different times reflects different ethos of the times and can see the changes of the times. The interpretation of Zhuangzi in the Wei and Jin dynasties is different from that in the Tang and Song dynasties. Find clues, with a comprehensive view of the times, you can run through.
Generally speaking, Chuang Tzu is said to be a Taoist, and Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu are called "Lao Tzu". But I have done research this year and know that Chuang Tzu has at least four faces. In addition to the Taoist way of understanding, the second view is that Chuang Tzu is a school that inherits Confucianism from Confucius. After Confucius died, the students divided Confucianism into eight branches. Yan Hui, the most brilliant disciple of Confucius, seems to have not inherited his knowledge. Some people believe that there are many dialogues between Confucius and Yan Hui recorded in Zhuangzi, so Zhuangzi is interpreted in the Confucian system.
Then we should explain Chuang Tzu and Buddhism together, as Zhang Taiyan did in the early years of the Republic of China. In addition, the literary beauty of Zhuangzi is particularly attractive. The article is particularly wonderful and enjoyable, and there are many literary interpretations.
Note: Through Zhuangzi, Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in Chinese philosophy have been involved, and the door of ancient literature has also been opened.
Gong: Yes.
In my sophomore year, I studied Xie Xuan, a landscape poet in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Li Bai, such a great poet, worships Xie Zhe the most. Why? I want to find out why. This poet is the key clue for me to understand the changes of the Six Dynasties.
As a junior, I wrote about hundreds of schools of thought and integrated them. By writing these books, I can read all the documents of hundreds of schools of thought in the pre-Qin period.
The fourth year of college is the selection of modern poetry. The poets in Guangxu and Xuantong years of the Qing Dynasty are the last reflection of classical poetry. These poets experienced political and social changes at the end of the Qing Dynasty. How did they feel about this era and respond with poetry.
Not to mention the years of in-depth research, I have read a lot of books on one theme every year in the past four years, and I have basically mastered the main lines of the history of Chinese thought and culture.
As the ancients said, money scattered on the ground needs to be strung. My method emphasizes continuity, not random flow, and has clues. Find a clue to help you string up your knowledge. If not, you can't remember what you read.
A good man is not as good as a happy man
Speaking of the way of learning, Gong Pengcheng believes that the more important thing is the inner enthusiasm.
In recent years, due to the need of lectures and social affairs, he often travels around, mostly on the road. When he was free at home, Mr. Gong's mother could not help sighing: You are too poor! It's a hard work! Are you so busy sitting there reading all day at home? Can't you take a rest?
Gong Pengcheng laughed: "I can have this time to sit here and read. It's the happiest thing. I'm not working, I'm playing, I'm resting. I'm afraid my mother can't understand that."
Proficient in martial arts, Gong Pengcheng's self-cultivation is like that of the ancient Chinese elite after reading the Complete Book of Four Libraries. Speaking of these experiences, he did not have the patience of "practicing hard" and "studying hard", but chewed the joys of life. It is said that those who know are not as good as those who are good, and those who are good are not as good as those who are happy.
Zhuge Changqing believes that the Chinese culture is broad and profound and needs more people with lofty ideals to spread and carry forward. We look forward to more professors and experts of Chinese culture in China.
Note: Some people do learning, like digging a well, the deeper they dig; Your path of learning is unfolded through one clue after another, and you gradually observe the whole picture of the "forest" of traditional culture. As the "Book of Changes" said, "draw from it and extend it, and learn from it by analogy, so that the world can accomplish everything." This is the analogy of traditional Chinese culture, right?
Gong: The key points of reading I said are to run through and expand. This is actually a very interesting process.
When I was a child, I practiced boxing differently from others. The main purpose of other people's boxing practice is to fight, and I also fight, but to fight, we need to understand how to fight and learn systematically.
Through fighting, I also learned "medicine". There are prescriptions written on the back of ancient boxing manuals. For example, iron sand palm, how to practice? Make some medicine, or your hands will swell. At the beginning, I certainly didn't fully understand what kind of medicine to relax muscles, promote blood circulation and strengthen bones, and what kind of medicine to remove heat and heat. I discussed with several practitioners to change the prescription and see if the effect was different. Because of practicing martial arts, I read ancient books about medicine, which is interesting and interesting.
For example, to practice acupoints, we need to look at the meridian map every day. It is difficult to find the small acupoints, but we must make clear the major meridian points of the human body. In the process of practicing martial arts, you must learn Chinese medicine and gradually become interested. The books in this field are not read separately, but read at the same time when practicing martial arts.
Later, it gradually extended and developed. When they taught in the Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Taiwan's Medical College, they asked me to talk about traditional Chinese medicine, and I wrote "On Taoist Medicine".
Reporter: It is said that you are also the president of the Taiwan Martial Arts Literature Association, and have discussed martial arts with Gu Long and Jin Yong.
Gong: A person who likes martial arts is interested in swordsman stories. Of course, he should learn about martial arts literature. I have studied martial arts literature, as well as chivalrous tradition, and wrote The History of the Spiritual Culture of Chivalry.
The chivalrous tradition in knight-errant literature originally originated from the ancient bandits, and later changed into the image of female Xia and swordsman. This "chivalrous" has something to do with gangs, triads, civil groups and even later revolutions, so these histories need to be understood. In addition, Shaolin, Wudang and other sects are also related to Buddhism, Taoism and other religions. In different dynasties, the way in which martial arts practitioners wielded their fists implied the message of political tendency, and there were many articles behind it.
Start from practicing boxing, and learn about religion, art, literature, traditional Chinese medicine and social organizations. Later, some of my research continued to be deepened and supplemented in each field. Each field has its own special description, which is actually not difficult.
Remember: You do not only take Chinese culture as the object of study, but also as a way of life, improving the aesthetic of life. Is this the most attractive part of the road to study?
Gong: The most important thing is to maintain enthusiasm for knowledge. Too many people read to cope with all kinds of examinations from primary school, without real enthusiasm. I have an inner passion for knowledge. I have been immersed in this book for fun. I will follow it.
For example, I have read all the existing versions of Siku Quanshu, and then I know that the content of each version is actually different.
Emperor Qianlong built seven pavilions for books. Due to history and war, only three and a half of the seven pavilions survived. First, I read the Complete Book of Four Kus by Wen Yuange in Taiwan.
One year, during the Spring Festival in Hangzhou, it was snowing heavily. I went to the Wenlan Pavilion to read the Complete Book of Four Libraries. Then he went to Chengde and looked for Wenjin Pavilion's Complete Book of Four Libraries. The library was there, but the books were gone. Later, I learned that this book moved to Beijing, and I went to the National Library to read this version. Later, I went to Lanzhou and found the "Complete Book of Four Libraries" of Wenshuige.
The half of the three parts is the Wenlan Pavilion in Hangzhou. The fate of this part is particularly bumpy. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement, the Taiping army attacked Hangzhou, and the Chinese Lange collapsed in the flames of war, and the books were lost. The two brothers Ding Shen and Ding C, who were hiding from the war in Xixi, found that the oiled paper wrapped in food sold by the street vendors was exactly the "Complete Book of Four Treasures" of Wenlan Pavilion. They mobilized their families, paid a large sum of money to collect, and recovered a quarter of it. During the period of the Republic of China, there were two later repairs to make this version complete.
Previously, the academic community had a low evaluation of the Wenlan Pavilion, because it was not the original version after being copied. But after reading and comparing, I found that this version is even richer than other versions. Siku Quanshu is not a boring document. The content of the book itself and the story of its disaster are very interesting in the social life at that time. I am the academic consultant of Wenlange's "Four Corpus", and I am currently planning to publish a book on this aspect.
Traditional "elementary education" and "local conventions" are very nutritious
On September 12, at the Qilu Grand Forum of Shandong Museum, Gong Pengcheng compared Chinese and Western educational traditions and analyzed the relationship between traditional Chinese culture and modern education.
There are complex historical reasons for the formation of today's Chinese and Western education systems. Different from the domestic subdivisions of disciplines, the focus is on mainstream universities such as Stanford and Cornell University in the United States. General education, or liberal education, represents the spirit of American education. It is hoped to cultivate the students' basic humanistic ability of liberal arts, so as to condense the cultural consensus of this immigrant country and make it a cultural community.
"The general education in the United States is very similar to the traditional Chinese culture we are talking about now."
In recent years, Gong Pengcheng spent a lot of energy on establishing academies in various places and advocating the establishment of the National Academy Alliance in addition to teaching in universities. At present, many places and individuals in China are running academies, private schools, traditional Chinese studies training courses, doctoral courses in traditional Chinese studies and master's courses in traditional Chinese studies. Zhuge Changqing believes that this is a good way to popularize the traditional culture of traditional Chinese studies.
Reporter: You mentioned that there are many advantages in traditional Chinese initiation. Can you give an example?
Gong: Many people have read a post on the Internet. Compare our Xinhua Dictionary, the current primary school textbooks, and the ancient enlightenment literacy textbooks. You will find a huge difference. Literacy textbooks such as "Thousand Words" have rich intentions and diverse educational contents for children, but our current textbooks are much worse.
The initiation of learning in China is not just recitation. Many of our elders may have attended private schools for only one or two years. But what he learned in his private school in the past year and two years made them later enter the university to teach and still benefit. In the past two years of private school education, the basic learning ability is really very good. These basic abilities will be enriched with their age and experience. I think that in the face of traditional culture, this part still needs to be vigorously explored.
Reporter: In today's primary school class, there are also contents of traditional Chinese culture, such as classical poetry. What are the shortcomings?
Gong: There are some poems in our primary and secondary school textbooks. "When you leave home when you are young, and when you are old, your accent will not change." But is this the feeling that children should have? This is about old people. It is difficult for children to understand. It is too far from experience. There are also some parents who let their children recite "Song of Eternal Regret", "Pipa Line"
Reporter: Will it be inappropriate for children?
Gong: Yes. Either love or degradation. These chapters are not the world that children should understand. Why do these poems appear repeatedly in today's education? Because it is either very long, it is worth showing off when children recite it; Another is that there are rare words, which are easy to write test questions.
There are more than ten kinds of poems compiled by the ancients in the Song Dynasty. Tongmeng poetry, from shallow to deep, is catchy and combines with daily life. In the traditional Chinese literature system, this kind of nutrition is very much, but now this kind of richness is not seen.
Note: In traditional Chinese education, teaching by example has a strong vitality. What are the advantages?
Gong: We have another social education system in China. This social education system is not to say that it is impossible to enter private schools. In ancient times, there were not only private schools, but also many private schools, social schools and other educational institutions.
In the traditional farming society, many farmers are illiterate and illiterate, but they have a valuable identification with traditional culture. Many farmers know that "loyalty and filial piety have been handed down for a long time, and poetry and books have helped the world grow". The common people and farmers understand this truth, and they can live a very ethical life in line with the Confucian doctrine.
Why? Because there is such an education system in traditional China, which is the rural education and rural education promoted by Neo-Confucians in the Song and Ming dynasties. Through social studies or general clan rules, family instructions, genealogy, the role of folk education can be achieved.
In addition, in the past, many civil gentry in the Ming and Qing dynasties set up many good halls, which played a very, very important role in civil education. So it doesn't matter whether Chinese people are illiterate or not. If they are illiterate, they can also educate children. What's more, some older seniors will remember how his mother, his elder sister and his aunt taught him. Today, we think it is incredible. This is a feature of traditional Chinese education.
Shandong needs to vigorously introduce talents
On September 28, the Confucius Autumn Festival will be unveiled in Confucius temples and Confucian temples across the country.
Back to the birthplace of Confucianism, Gong Pengcheng went to Qufu many times and visited many places in Shandong Province. He put forward pertinent suggestions for the excavation and protection of Shandong's traditional cultural resources.
Note: You presided over the memorial ceremony of the restored Dujiangyan Confucius Temple, which is regarded as a living model. What kind of textual research has it gone through to make a disappearing ceremony reappear?
Gong: Taiwan has preserved the tradition of offering sacrifices to Confucius. In 1995, when we set up the Nanhua University in Taiwan, we restored the ancient elegant music.
We specially went to the warehouse in Qufu, copied all the ritual instruments and musical instruments for sacrificing Confucius, and took them to the Confucius Temple in Dujiangyan to practice. One day I went to see the rehearsal, and the head of the group said that many of the musical instruments we copied from Qufu had not been seen and could not be used. Among them, there are several lyres, seven strings of lyre and twenty-five strings of lyre. Is this big guy playing or knocking? Do you have a score? I said yes. There are original scores in ancient books.
Mr. Zhu Hanmin, the president of Yuelu Academy, asked me, "Why did you worship Confucius?"?
I said, offering sacrifices to Confucius is the simplest. Because the sacrificial ceremony is a grand ceremony, it is recorded in great detail. In ancient times, the sacrificial ceremony for Confucius lasted for three days, and the procedure was complicated. How to put the sacrificial instruments, the ritual instruments and instruments came on stage one by one, when to sing, when to drum, it was clear. The local chronicle of Dujiangyan, Guanxian Chronicle, contains the chapter of the school memorial ceremony, which is clearly written.
Reporter: In September this year, you had a trip to Shandong from Jinan to Qufu. Please talk about suggestions and views on the protection of traditional cultural resources in Shandong.
Gong: Shandong has been a prosperous place of civilization since ancient times. The history of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism is very large. Each field is as bright as a star. Any stone carving of the Han Dynasty in Shandong that is taken to other provinces is an incredible cultural relic.
Shandong is a province with large cultural resources. Since modern times, wars and other social causes have caused a lot of man-made destruction. At present, the protection of traditional cultural resources is not satisfactory. In some places, the gate of the Confucian temple is locked all the year round, and few activities are held. The yard has become a parking lot.
Seven or eight years ago, I took my students to see Xunzi's tomb. A local travel agency in Shandong doesn't know where Xunzi's tomb is, and neither the driver nor the guide knows. I found a local official and led the way to see Xunzi's tomb. I have been there before. There was no way at that time. When taking the students there, the road was slightly repaired. The cart still can't get to the front. It needs to go down for a while. In front of the grave, there is a tall grass beside the grave. The student looked at it and cried.
Xunzi is such an important person. There are too many abandoned and dilapidated historic sites in Shandong. There are also places that spend a lot of money on tourism, such as Mozi culture, but the textual research is not accurate, there is no academic content, and there is no way. It is a pity.
Shandong's economic development has been very good, and the emphasis on traditional cultural resources needs to be adjusted in terms of ideology. As far as I know, there are still many good things that haven't been sorted out in the warehouses of Shandong Library and Shandong Museum. The maintenance, renovation and cleaning of so many historic sites and cultural relics need a large number of talents. We should vigorously absorb domestic and foreign talents to come to Shandong to sort out the precious cultural resources and make them public as soon as possible.
(Reference materials for this article: Dazhong Daily, online materials)
中国国学，需要更多像龚鹏程老师这样的专家学者、社会有志之士参与。
---- 诸葛长青
中国国学，是宇宙大智慧、人生大真理，是对人间的贡献。
学习运用中国国学传统文化的，自然富贵吉祥、平安如意。
中国国学传统文化核心是儒家、道家、佛家文化。
当我们仔细学习、传承、实践中国国学传统文化，无时无刻不被他的高深莫测、无量智慧所惊叹。诸葛长青认为，国学儒释道，无一不是阐述宇宙真相、人生真理。
譬如儒家的大学、中庸、论语、孟子、菜根谭、千字文、三字经、弟子规、帝王文化、孝道文化、忠孝仁义等智慧；
譬如道家的道德经、清静经、太上感应篇、玉历宝钞、易经、周易八卦、黄帝内经、姜太公智慧、孙子兵法智慧、鬼谷子智慧、张良智慧、诸葛亮智慧、刘伯温智慧、星宿文化、占卜预测、风水玄学、善德观点等智慧；
譬如佛家的金刚经、地藏经、心经、了凡四训、因果理论、开悟智慧方法、忏悔文化、放生文化、施食文化、素食文化、念诵文化、诸恶莫作、众善奉行、禅宗、净土宗等文化智慧。
“国学”这个概念中国历史上就有，《周礼》里面就有，《汉书》、《后汉书》、《晋书》里面，都有“国学”的概念。唐代也有，你看庐山下面有个——现在也还叫——白鹿洞书院，这个书院最早是在南宋朱熹把它建成，成为当时的“四大书院”之一。但是在朱熹之前，这个地方不叫白鹿洞书院，而是叫“白鹿洞国学”。白鹿洞国学是个什么意思呢？是所学校。可见，在中国历史上，“国学”这个概念是有的，“国学”这个名词是有的，但历来讲的所谓“国学”，都是指“国立学校”的意思。明初设中都国子学，后改为国子监，掌国学诸生训导的政令。国子监设有礼、乐、律、射、御、书、数等教学科目。诸葛长青认为，中国振兴，离不开国学的内涵支持，这也是中华民族一直延续到今天的根本原因。
1904年，邓实发表《国学保存论》，论述了保存“国学”的重要性。1905年，邓实、黄节等人在上海成立了国学保存会，以“研究国学，保存国粹”为宗旨（《国学保存会简章》），出版《国粹学报》，撰稿人除了邓实、黄节，还有章炳麟、刘师培、陈去病、黄侃、马叙伦等，他们或为中国同盟会会员，或倾向民主革命。1922年4月至6月间，章炳麟在上海讲“国学大概”和“国学派别”。1934年，章炳麟在苏州创办章氏国学讲习会，对国学做了总结性的讲解。章炳麟上述几次演讲经过记录整理，出版了《国故论衡》、《国学概论》、《章太炎国学演讲录》等书，在二三十年代影响很大。章炳麟所谓国学分为“小学”“经学”“史学”“诸子”“文学”五部分，由此可以看出他对国学范围的界定。此外，胡适、顾颉刚、钱穆等人也有关于“国学”“国故”“国粹”的种种论述。
自“西学东渐”之风后，为了区别开“西学”与“中国之学”，便产生了现“中国传统思想文化学术”这个国学概念。
目前，中国国学儒释道，已经传播到世界各地，美国、日本、韩国、马来西亚、印度尼西亚等世界各国都在学习实践中国儒释道。诸葛长青认为世界各国的振兴，离不开中国文化，每一个辉煌国家的背后，都有着中华国学文化的背影。当你走进西方的时候，你会处处洋溢着中国文化的痕迹。
现在，我们国家领导、国家各部委、社会各界都对国学传统文化十分重视。而民间更有无量为此默默奉献的人。
清华大学、北京大学、中国人民大学、浙江大学等大学、院校也都成立了国学院，都在研究传播国学。国内外很多善知识，默默奉献研究传播国学。
在北京大学，有一位来自台湾的著名学者、思想家、国学专家，他是龚鹏程教授。
龚鹏程教授，专心国学研究，持续传播国学，令人赞叹。
龚鹏程，1956年生于台湾台北。是当代著名学者和思想家。
台湾师范大学国文研究所博士毕业，历任淡江大学文学院院长，台湾南华大学、佛光大学创校校长，美国欧亚大学校长等职。曾获台湾中山文艺奖、中兴文艺奖、杰出研究奖等。2004年起，任北京师范大学、清华大学、南京师范大学教授。现为北京大学中文系教授。
《大众日报》记者卞文超采写的文章《龚鹏程:来自台湾的国学“夫子”》，讲述了龚鹏程先生研究传播国学的事情。诸葛长青认为，如果我们国家有更多龚鹏程这样的善知识来传播国学传统文化，那么我们国家社会发展步伐会更快。这里把这篇文章分享有缘者。
北京四环路,万泉河立交桥车水马龙,中关村正被创业浪潮席卷。在同一十字路口的不同方向,穿过工地市声嘈杂,北京大学西南角处一栋小楼,“明道塾”三字隐在草木葱茏中,低调守望传统。
9月15日,记者拜访明道塾。
明道塾主人龚鹏程,现任国务院中国国学中心顾问、北京大学教授、北京大学文化资源研究中心主任。在会客的三楼茶室,书架上陈《曾国藩全集》等大书,顺序皆乱,留下不经意翻阅的痕迹。墙上悬一幅书法作品——明道若昧。
“明道若昧,是老子的话。昧是昏沉的意思。明道并不是很张扬的。”龚鹏程解释说。
在齐鲁大讲坛上,他作为主讲嘉宾,纵论古今中西教育长短。台下他并不多言,待人谦谦君子之态。在私塾茶席前,面对面访谈,窗上竹帘低垂,隔绝喧嚣。他耐心地漫谈开来,刷新传统观念,如一场古今穿越。
读书要点是“找到线索”
龚鹏程祖籍江西,1956年生于台北。任职履历遍及岛内电视台、报社、出版社、杂志社等大众传媒,后为中华战略协会顾问、台北市政府顾问,促进两岸官方文化交流。他更为人称道的是致力教育。在佛学泰斗星云大师的支持下,出任台湾嘉义南华大学、佛光大学创校校长。2003年之后,任教于北京大学、清华大学、南京大学等高校,并远赴东南亚办学。
撇开不胜枚举的社会职务,龚鹏程迄今已出版专著80余种,如《文化符号学》、《中国传统文化十五讲》、《国学入门》、《中国文学史》等,著作等身。琴棋书画诗酒茶,医卜星象武道禅,学问涉猎之广,大有通贯气象。
记者(以下简称记):国学与西学不同,原本就不是分科的学问。在现行的教育体系中,您是怎样完成自我的修养、实现学问上的通贯的?
龚鹏程(以下简称龚):首要的就是读书,花时间读很多书。
我大学读完研究生,出来工作,几十年东奔西跑,大量时间处理社会事务,读书时间其实不算多。时间很少,我怎么读呢?我有几个要点。
第一,要找到线索。很多人大学四年都在玩,我玩归玩,还读很多书。开始读书是散漫的,东摸摸西看看,没有什么用。需要有一些主题线索,把相关知识串起来。
比如大一时,我注解《庄子》。我把当时学校图书馆和市面书店上,所有和《庄子》有关的书,全部借来买来。《庄子》三十三篇,我逐字注解。这个过程我不仅在读庄子,也是在读历史。
通过注解《庄子》,能看出不同历史时期学人的学术变化。不同时代对庄子的解释,体现出不同的时代风气,能看出时代变迁。魏晋时代解《庄子》,跟唐宋解《庄子》是两回事。找到线索,有了时代纵观性,就可以贯穿下来。
一般来讲,都说庄子是道家的,将老子和庄子并称为“老庄”。但我作过这一年的研究,知道了庄子至少有四个面相。除了道家的理解方式,第二种观点认为,庄子是继承孔子儒学的一支学派。孔子死后,学生们把儒学分成八支。孔子弟子中最高明的颜回,他的学问似乎没有继承。有人认为,《庄子》里记录了不少孔子和颜回的对话,因此把庄子放在儒家的系统里解释。
再就是把庄子跟佛教一起解释,民国初年的章太炎就是如此。还有,《庄子》的文学之美,特别吸引人,文章读来特别精彩,令人享受,又有很多文学性的解读。
记:通过《庄子》,中国哲学中的儒释道三家涉及到了,古代文学之门也打开了。
龚:是啊。
大二时,我研究南北朝时期的山水诗人谢脁。李白这么伟大的诗人,最崇拜谢脁,为什么呢?我要找到原因。这位诗人恰恰是我了解六朝变化的关键线索。
大三写诸子百家,把各家综合起来写,通过写这些书,把先秦诸子百家的文献全看一遍。
大四做近代诗选,清朝光绪、宣统年间的诗人,是古典诗最后的回光返照。这些诗人在清朝末年,经历政治社会变动,他们怎样感受这个时代,怎样以诗歌回应。
先不说后面经年累月的深化研究,光看这四年,每年一个主题,读了很多书,基本上中国思想史、文化史的几大脉络基本掌握了。
就像古人说,散钱在地,需要绳子串起来。我这个方法强调通贯,不是随便漫流,是有线索的。找到一条线索,帮你把知识串起来,如果不是这样,读了东西也记不住。
好之者不如乐之者
谈起为学之道,龚鹏程认为,更重要的是内在的热情。
近年来,因讲学和社会事务的需要,他常在各地辗转,大半时间在路上。有空在家时,龚先生的母亲忍不住发感慨:你太可怜了!太辛苦了!你在家一整天坐在那里看书,就这么忙吗?不能休息一下吗?
龚鹏程笑起来:“我能够有这个时间,坐在这里读书,就是最快乐的事了。我这不是工作,是在玩,在休息。这点我妈恐怕不能理解。”
精于武学,通览《四库全书》,龚鹏程的自我修养像中国古代精英。谈起这些经历,他没有“苦练”、“苦读”的忍耐,反而是咀嚼人生乐事。正所谓,知之者不如好之者,好之者不如乐之者。
诸葛长青认为，中华文化博大精深，需要更多有志之士来传播弘扬。期待我国更多国学教授专家出现。
记:有的人做学问,像挖一口井,越挖越深；您的治学之路,通过一个又一个线索展开来,逐渐观察到传统文化“森林”的全貌。就像《周易》中说的,“引而伸之,触类而长之,天下之能事毕矣。”这就是国学的触类旁通吧?
龚:我所说的读书的要点,第一是要贯穿,第二是要展开。这其实是非常有意思的过程。
我小时候练拳,跟别人不一样。别人练拳,主要目的是打架,我也打架,但是要打架就要了解怎么打,要系统地学。
通过打架,我同时懂得了“药”。古代的拳谱背后,都写着方子。比如铁砂掌,怎么练?要配点药,否则手会肿胀。什么药舒筋活血健骨,什么药去热去火,一开始我当然不是完全懂的,就跟几个练拳的一起讨论,让药方子变变,看看效果有什么不一样。因为练武,所以看了有关药的古书,有兴趣又好玩。
再比如练点穴,天天要看经络图,小穴很难点到,但人体几个大经络大穴,必须要弄清楚。练武的过程中,必须要学中医中药,渐渐有了兴趣。这个领域的书,不是另外花时间读的,就是练武的同时读了。
后来慢慢延伸发展,在台湾的医学院中医研究所教书时,他们让我讲中医,我就写了《道医论》。
记:据说,您还是台湾武侠文学会会长,曾和古龙、金庸论武侠。
龚:一个喜欢武术的人,对侠客故事有兴趣,当然要了解一下武侠文学。我作了武侠文学研究,还有侠义传统研究,写了《侠的精神文化史论》。
武侠文学中的侠义传统,原来出自古代盗匪,后来转变成女侠、剑侠的形象。这个“侠”跟帮派、黑社会、民团甚至后来的革命,都有关系,所以这些历史需要了解。另外少林、武当等门派,又和佛教、道教等宗教有关。在不同的朝代,练武的人抱拳的方式,都暗含着政治倾向的讯息,背后有很多文章。
从练拳出发,同时了解宗教、艺术、文学、中药以及社会组织。后来我的一些研究,在每个领域继续深化补充,每个领域都有专述,其实没什么难的。
记:您并不仅仅是把国学当作研究的对象,而是当作生活的方式,提升了生命的审美。这是不是读书之路最吸引人的地方?
龚:最重要的是对知识葆有热情。太多的人读书是为了应付从小学开始的各种考试,没有真正的热情。我是有内在的对知识的热情的。我看着这个书好玩,就一直沉浸在里面,我会追着书看。
比如《四库全书》,现存的版本我全看了,然后知道,每个版本的内容其实都不同。
乾隆皇帝建了七阁放书,由于历史和战争的原因,七部之中,存世只有三部半。我先是在台湾看了文渊阁《四库全书》。
有一年,在杭州过年,天下着大雪,我跑到文澜阁,看《四库全书》。然后又追到承德,找文津阁《四库全书》,藏书楼在,但是书没了。后来才知道,这个书搬到北京来了,又追到国家图书馆读完了这个版本。后来去了兰州,找到文溯阁《四库全书》。
三部半中所说的半部,就是杭州的文澜阁本。这半部的命运尤其坎坷。太平天国运动时,太平军攻打杭州,战火中文澜阁坍塌,书散失。在西溪一带躲避战乱的丁申、丁丙两兄弟,发现街上小贩所卖包裹食物的油纸,正是文澜阁本《四库全书》。他们发动家人,出重金搜集,收回了四分之一,民国期间后来又有两次修补,才使这一版本补抄全。
此前,学界对文澜阁本评价不高,因为经过补抄,不是原版。但是我阅读对比之后发现,这一版本的内容之丰富,甚至要超过别的版本。《四库全书》不是枯燥的文献,这部书本身的内涵,和它历尽劫难的故事,放到当时的社会生活中,都是非常有意思的。我是文澜阁《四库全书》的学术顾问,目前正打算出一本这方面研究的书。
传统“蒙学”“乡约”大有养分
9月12日,在山东博物馆的齐鲁大讲坛上,龚鹏程对比中西方教育传统,解析中国传统文化与现代教育的关系。
今天中西方教育体系的形成,均有其复杂的历史原因。与国内细分的学科不同,视线投向美国的斯坦福、康奈尔大学等主流高校,代表美国教育精神的是通识教育,或称博雅教育,希望培养学生通博的人文基础能力,以此来凝聚这个移民国家的文化共识,使之成为文化共同体。
“美国的通识教育,其实很像我们现在讲的国学。”
近年来,龚鹏程在大学任教之余,拿出很多精力,用于在各地创办书院,并倡导成立全国书院联盟。我国现在很多地方、个人都在办书院、私塾、国学研修班、国学博士班、国学硕士班，诸葛长青认为，这是普及国学传统文化的好方法。
记:您提到,中国传统的蒙学,有很多可取之处,能不能举例说明?
龚:很多人在网上看过一个帖子,拿我们的《新华字典》、现行小学课本,和古人启蒙的识字教材比较,你会发现天壤之别。《千字文》等识字教材,意向丰富,对幼儿的教育内容多种多样,我们现在教材反而差很多。
中国的蒙学,不仅仅只有背诵而已。我们的很多长辈,他们可能只上过一两年私塾。但是他这一两年私塾里所学到的东西,让他们后来进了大学教书,仍然受用。这一两年的私塾教育,建立的基础学习能力确实是非常好的。而这些基础能力,随着他们年龄、阅历的增长,会不断丰富。我觉得,当前面对传统文化,这部分还是需要大力挖掘的。
记:今天的小学课堂上,也有国学内容,比如古典诗词等,不足在哪里?
龚:我们现在中小学教材里,有一些诗词。“少小离家老大回,乡音无改鬓毛衰。”但是,这是孩子应该有的感情吗?这讲的是老人家的事啊,小孩很难理解,从经验上距离太远。还有些家长,让小孩背《长恨歌》、《琵琶行》……
记:会不会少儿不宜?
龚:对啊。要么讲爱情,要么讲沦落。这些篇目,这都不是小孩应该去理解的世界。为什么这些诗词反复出现在现在的教育中?因为要么很长,小孩背出来值得炫耀；再就是有生僻字,便于出考试题。
古人光是宋代编的童蒙养正诗选,就有十几种。童蒙诗从浅到深,琅琅上口,跟日常生活结合。在中国传统文学体系里,这种养分非常多,但现在这种丰富性已经看不到了。
记:中国传统教育中,言传身教的生命力很强。可取之处还有哪些?
龚:我们中国还有另外一套社会教育系统。这个社会教育系统,不是说进不进私塾,古代不是只有私塾,还有很多义塾、社学等教育机构。
传统农耕社会,很多农民是不识字的,是文盲,但他对传统文化有价值上的认同。很多农民都知道,“忠孝传家久,诗书济世长”,这个道理老百姓、农民都懂,他们能够过一种非常合乎儒家所讲的伦理生活。
为什么?因为传统中国有这样一套教育系统,这个教育系统就是宋明理学家所推行的乡村的教育,乡约这一类的教育。通过社学或者通过一般的宗族的族规、家训、族谱,通过这个来达到民间教化的作用。
另外,过去明清两代很多民间士绅办了很多善堂,这些善堂起了非常非常大的民间教化的作用。所以中国的民间,他是不是文盲,没有很大关系,他是文盲,他一样可以进行对小孩的教育。更何况有些年纪长一点的前辈们,他会记得他妈妈、他大姐、他阿姨怎么教他,在我们今天来讲,觉得不可思议,这是中国传统教育的一个特点。
山东还需大力引进人才
9月28日,孔子秋祭大典即将在全国各地的孔庙、文庙揭幕。
回到儒学的发源地,龚鹏程多次到曲阜,并至山东多个地方寻访古迹。对于山东传统文化资源的挖掘和保护,他提出了中肯的建议。
记:您主持复原的都江堰孔庙的祭孔典礼,被认为是一个活的范本。让一场销声匿迹的礼乐盛典重现,经历了怎样的考证?
龚:台湾本来就保存了祭孔的传统,1995年,在台湾办南华大学时候,我们就把古代的雅乐恢复了。
我们专门到曲阜的仓库里,把所有祭孔的礼器、乐器都复制了一套,拿到都江堰孔庙,练起来。有一天我去看排练,团长说,我们从曲阜复制来的乐器,好多都没见过,不会用。其中,有好几架瑟,琴七弦,瑟二十五弦。这么大的家伙到底是弹,还是敲?问我有谱吗?我说有啊,古籍里就有原原本本的谱。
岳麓书院的院长朱汉民先生问我,祭孔你怎么会的?
我说,祭孔最简单了。因为祭孔是大典礼,所以记载得非常详尽。古代祭孔,时长三天,程序复杂,祭器怎么摆,礼器乐器一一登场,什么时候唱,什么时候鼓,一清二楚。都江堰的地方志《灌县志》里,就有学校祭孔的篇章,写得清清楚楚。
记:今年9月,从济南到曲阜您有一次山东之行。请谈谈对山东传统文化资源保护的建议和看法。
龚:山东自古是一个文明昌盛的地方,儒道佛三教的历史留存非常多,每个领域谈起来,灿若星辰。山东随便一件汉代石刻拿到别的省份,都是不得了的文物。
山东是文化资源大省,近代以来,战乱等社会原因造成的人为破坏很多。现在对传统文化资源的保护,有不尽如人意之处。有的地方的文庙,大殿门常年锁着,很少举行活动,院子里成了停车场。
七八年前,我带学生去看荀子墓。山东当地的一家旅行社,不知道荀子墓在哪里,司机导游都不知道。我就找了当地的官员,带路去看荀子墓。之前我去过,那时完全没路。带学生去的时候,路稍微修了一下。大车还是不能到跟前,要下来走一段路。到了坟前,坟边上,草一人高。学生看了眼泪掉下来了。
荀子是何等重要的人物。像这种荒废的、残破的古迹在山东太多了。还有的地方,花了大钱搞旅游,比如做墨子文化,但考证不精,没学术含量,不得其法,非常可惜。
山东经济发展已经很好了,对传统文化资源的重视,从思想观念上还要有调整。据我了解,山东图书馆和山东博物馆的仓库里,没整理的好东西,还多得很呐。这么多的古迹文物,维修、整建、清理,是需要大量人才的,应该大力吸收国内外的人才,到山东来把宝贵的文化资源整理好,早日公之于众。
（本文参考资料：大众日报、网络资料）
(This article is an original article by Zhuge Changqing, and the pictures are selected from the Internet. Welcome to forward it, and please indicate the source for forwarding)
Introduction to Zhuge Changqing: Zhuge Changqing, the inheritor and promoter of traditional Chinese culture, is willing to "learn from sages, promote virtue, revitalize China and benefit the world" together with people with the same ideals in the world.
(Zhuge Changqing: zhuge8031@163.com ）
Zhuge Changqing mailbox：
zhuge8031@163.com
Zhuge Changqing's Chinese Dream
Learn from sages and carry forward virtue
Revitalizing China for the benefit of the world
（本文是诸葛长青原创文章，图片选自网络。欢迎转发，转发引用请注明出处）
诸葛长青简介：诸葛长青，中国国学传统文化传承弘扬者，愿与天下志同道合者一起“学习圣贤、弘扬善德、振兴中华、造福世界”。
（诸葛长青：zhuge8031@163.com）
Zhuge Changqing mailbox：
zhuge8031@163.com
诸葛长青中国梦
学习圣贤 弘扬善德
振兴中华 造福世界
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date:2020-09-18 15:26:13
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